the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
Power Factor Correction Methods
Fixed Capcitors
Synchronous Condensors
Phase Advancers
Switch Capacitors
Static Var Compensator(SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM)
Modulated power filter capacitor compensator
Economics of power factor improvement
Economical comparison of increasing the power supply
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
Power Factor Correction Methods
Fixed Capcitors
Synchronous Condensors
Phase Advancers
Switch Capacitors
Static Var Compensator(SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM)
Modulated power filter capacitor compensator
Economics of power factor improvement
Economical comparison of increasing the power supply
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
Light as an important architectural element in contemporary architecture..A short dissertation /presentation by..... Atul Pathak ,BIT MESRA..Department of Architecture
Reactive Power Compensation in 132kv & 33kv Grid of Narsinghpur Areaijceronline
Power Sector is considered to be very important and priority sector as it leads to overall development of country. The cost of installation of new generating units is rising; hence generated electrical energy has to be utilized carefully and efficiently, which changes through each AC cycle. It is proposed to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur, to assess its adequacy and saving in transmission losses. An optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system shall be worked out. Load Flow Study for the effect of group shunt compensation provided on 132KV bus of 220KV sub-station Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132KV sub stations Srinagar, Narsinghpur, Gadarwara and Burman sub-stations for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from partial grid network in Narsinghpur district. If reactive power is supplied near the load, the line current can be reduced or minimized, reducing power losses and improving voltage regulation at the load terminals. The leading current drawn by the shunt capacitors compensates the lagging current drawn by the load. The selection of shunt capacitors depends on many factors, the most important of which is the amount of lagging reactive power taken by the load. Objective was to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur and to assess the adequacy and saving in transmission losses & to work out an optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system. Depending on the stages of 'ON' and 'OFF', operations to be carried out in various permutations and combinations of shunt compensators i.e. switchable capacitor banks provided on 132 KV bus of 220KV substation Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132 KV substations
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. 1
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
HASHMAT ALI SHAH
STUDENT ID 3205388
2. 2
OUTLINE
DEFINITION
CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. DEFINITION:
Power factor (P.F) is the ratio between actual power to the
apparent power.
Actual power/Apparent power.
P.F=Kw /Kva.
For a purely resistive load the power factor is unity. Active
and reactive power are designated by P &Q respectively.
The average power in a circuit is called active power and
the power that supplies the stored energy in reactive
elements is called reactive power.
3
4. Active Power:
Also known as “real power” or simply “power.” Active power
is the rate of producing, transferring, or using electrical
energy. It is measured in watts and often expressed in
kilowatts (KW) or megawatts (MW). The terms “active” or
“real” power are used in place of the term “power” alone to
differentiate it from “reactive power.
Apparent Power:
The product of the voltage (in volts) and the current
(in amperes). It comprises both active and reactive power .
It is measured in “volt-amperes” and often expressed in
“ kilovolt-amperes” (KVA) or “megavolt-amperes” (MVA).
4
5. 5
POWER FACTOR DEFINITION
Inductive loads cause the current to lag behind the
voltage. The wave forms of voltage and current are then
"out of phase" with each other. The more out of phase
they become then the lower the Power Factor. Power
Factor is usually expressed as Cos Phi. (Ø)
6. 6
Consider a canal boat being pulled by a horse.
If the horse could walk on water then the angle (Phi) Ø
would be zero and COSINE Ø=1. Meaning all the horse
power is being used to pull the load.
However the relative position of the horse influences the
power. As the horse gets closer to the barge, angle Ø1
increases and power is wasted, but, as the horse is
positioned further away, then angle Ø2 gets closer to
zero and less power is wasted.
7. 7
CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
A poor power factor can be the result of either a
significant phase difference between the voltage and
current at the load terminals or it can be due to a high
harmonic content or distorted/discontinuous current
waveform. Poor load current phase angle is generally the
result of Poor load current phase angle is generally the
result of an inductive load such as an induction motor
power transformer, lighting ballasts, welder or induction
furnace, Induction generators Wind mill generators and
high intensity discharge lightings.
8. 8
CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
A distorted current waveform can be the result of a
rectifier variable speed drive, switched mode power
supply, discharge lighting or other electronic load.
9. 9
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Power factor decreases with the installation of non
resistive loads such as induction motors, Transformers.
Lighting ballasts and electronic equipments. Power
factors can be corrected by using capacitors. These are
rated in electrical units called VAR or KVAR.One VAR is
equivalent to one volt of reactive power. VAR then are
units of measurement for indicating just how much
reactive power the capacitor will supply.
10. 10
As reactive power is usually measured in thousands the
letter K is used for thousand. the capacitor KVAR rating
then shows how much reactive power the capacitor will
supply. Each unit of the capacitor's KVAR will decrease
the inductive reactive power demand.
11. 11
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Most loads on an electrical distribution system fall into
one of three categories; resistive, inductive or capacitive.
In most plant, the most common is likely to be inductive.
Typical examples of this include transformers, fluorescent
lighting and AC induction motors. Most inductive loads
use a conductive coil winding to produce an
electromagnetic field, allowing the motor to function.
12. All inductive loads require two kinds of power to operate:
Active power (KW) - to produce the motive force
Reactive power (KVAR) - to energize the magnetic field
The operating power from the distribution system is
composed of both active (working) and reactive (non-working)
elements. The active power does useful work in
12
driving the motor whereas the reactive power only
provides the magnetic field.
13. 13
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
The amount of Power Capacitor KVAR required to correct
A system to a desired Power Factor level is the difference
between the amount of KVAR in the uncorrected system
and the amount of desired KVAR in the corrected system.
The most efficient location for power factor capacitors is
at the load. Capacitors work from the point of installation
back to the generating source. Individual motor correction
is not always practical, sometimes it is more practical to
connect larger capacitors on the distribution bus or install
an automatic system at the incoming service along with
fixed capacitors at the load.
14. 14
KVAR CORRECTION
Capacitive Power Factor correction (PFC) is applied to
electric circuits as a means of minimising the inductive
component of the current and thereby reducing the
losses in the supply.
The introduction of Power Factor Correction capacitors is
a widely recognised method of reducing an electrical
load, thus minimising wasted energy and hence
improving the efficiency of a plant and reducing the
electricity bill.
15. It is not usually necessary to reach unity, i.e. Power
Factor 1, since most supply companies are happy with a
PF of 0.95 to 0.98.
By installing suitably sized switched capacitors into the
circuit, the Power Factor is improved and the value
becomes nearer to 1 thus minimising wasted energy and
improving the efficiency of a plant or power factor can be
increased by synchronous motor or Synchronous
generators.
15
16. 16
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
METHODS
Static Var Compensator(SVC)
Fixed Capcitors
Switch Capacitors
Synchronous Condensors
Static Synchronous Compensator(STATCOM)
Modulated power filter capacitor compensator
17. 17
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
(SVC)
The Static Var Compensator (SVC) is a shunt device of
the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) family
using power electronics to control power flow and
improve transient stability on power grids [1]. The SVC
regulates voltage at its terminals by controlling the
amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from
the power system. When system voltage is low, the SVC
generates reactive power (SVC capacitive). When
system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (SVC
inductive).
18. The variation of reactive power is performed by switching
three-phase capacitor banks and inductor banks
connected on the secondary side of a coupling
transformer. Each capacitor bank is switched on and off
by three thyristor switches (Thyristor Switched Capacitor
or TSC). Reactors are either switched on-off (Thyristor
Switched Reactor or TSR) or phase-controlled (Thyristor
Controlled Reactor or TCR).
18
19. 19
A rapidly operating Static Var Compensator (SVC) can
continuously provide the reactive power required to
control dynamic voltage swings under various system
conditions and thereby improve the power system
transmission and distribution performance.
Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the
network will increase transfer capability through
enhanced voltage stability, while maintaining a smooth
voltage profile under different network conditions. In
addition, an SVC can mitigate active power oscillations
through voltage amplitude modulation
20. 20
FIXED CAPACITOR
where the load does not change or where the capacitor
is switched with the load, such as the load side of a
Ideally suited for power factor correction in applications
motor contactor. It is suitable for locations using
induction motors, like food processing plants, or
where small multiple loads require reactive power
compensation.
Each Fixed Capacitor Bank is designed for high reliability
and long life. These products are designed for
applications that do not contain harmonic generating
21. 21
SWITCHED CAPACITOR
It is suited for centralized power factor correction in
applications where plant loading is constantly changing,
resulting in the need for varying amounts of reactive
power. An advanced microprocessor-based reactive
power controller measures plant power factor via a
single remote current transformer (included), and
switches capacitor modules in and out of service to
maintain a user-selected target power factor. Typically
applied at service entrance or near fluctuating loads.
22. 22
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
Synchronous condenser is a salient pole synchronous
generator without prime mover. Synchronous condenser
stabilizes power system voltage by supplying reactive
power to the power system and Use for power factor
correction. It is more economical than capacitors.
24. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSTOR
24
(STATCOM)
The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a
shunt device of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems
(FACTS) family using power electronics to control power
flow and improve transient stability on power grids [1].
The STATCOM regulates voltage at its terminal by
controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or
absorbed from the power system. When system voltage
is low, the STATCOM generates reactive power
(STATCOM capacitive).
25. 25
When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power
(STATCOM inductive).Similarly to the SVC the
STATCOM can provide instantaneous and continuously
variable reactive power in response to grid voltage
transients enhancing the grid voltage stability
26. Installing a STATCOM at one or more suitable points in
the network will increase the grid transfer capability
through enhanced voltage stability, while maintaining a
smooth voltage profile under different network
conditions. The STATCOM provides additional versatility
in terms of power quality improvement capabilities
26
27. 27
DETERMINING CAPACITOR VALUE
Example
Power Factor1=74%
Actual Power=594 kw
Interested to boost up=97% ,Power Factor2=97%
Power Factor=KW/KVA
Cos = kW / kVA
= Cos-1 (PF1)
= Cos-1 (74%) =42.27 o
28. 28
The reactive power was about:
Tan = kVAr / kW
kVAr = kW x tan
kVAr = 594 kW x tan (42.27) = 540 kVAr
If the power factor were increased to 97%, the reactive
power would be about:
Cos = kW / kVA
= Cos-1 (PF2)
= Cos-1 (97%) = 14.07 o
kVAr = kW x tan
kVAr = 594 kW x tan (14.07) = 149 kVAr
29. 29
Thus, the amount of capacitance required to boost
power factor from 74% to 97% :
540 kVAr – 149 kVAr = 391 kVAr
So I recommended 400kvar
31. 31
POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT
Power factor can measure by using power factor meter
which is well known in power industry.
Power factor can also be calculated by installing watt
meter along with the Ampere meter and volt meter by
using the power factor basic formula.
Power factor=Actual Power/ Apparent power
33. 33
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION
Eliminate Power Factor Penalties
Increase System Capacity
Reduce Line Losses in distribution systems
Conserve Energy
Improve voltage stability
34. 34
Increase equipment life
Save on utility cost
Enhance equipment operation by improving voltage
Improve energy efficiency
35. Reduction in size of transformers, cables and switchgear
in new installations.
Delay costly upgrades.
Less total plant KVA for the same KW working power.
Improved voltage regulation due to reduced line voltage
drop.
35
36. 36
POWER COST REDUCTION
Utility companies in many areas include a penalty charge in
the electrical rate for low power factor. The installation of
power factor capacitors on the user's electrical distribution
system eliminates the necessity of paying premium rates to
the utility company for poor power factor.
37. 37
The savings the utility company derives in reduced
generation, transmission and distribution costs are
passed on to the user in the form of lower electrical
charges. Three of the more common ways a utility
charges a user for poor power factor are based on
38. 38
KW demand with a trigger point typically between 85%
and 95%
KVA demand
KVAR demand
When the utility uses either KVA demand or KVAR
demand as the basis for its penalty structure, all users
pay a penalty, but those with high power factor pay a
much lower penalty or none at all.
39. 39
SYSTEM CAPACITY INCREASE
By adding capacitors to the system, the power factor is
improved and the KW capacity of the system is
increased. For example, a 1,000 KVA transformer with a
70% power factor provides 700 KW of power to the main
bus. With the installation of capacitors so that the power
factor is improved, say, to 90%, the KW capacity of the
system is increased to 900 KW. When a system power
factor is improved, the amount of reactive current flowing
Is lowered thus reducing transformer and distribution
circuit loads, and releasing system capacity.
40. 40
VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT AND POWER
LOSS REDUCTION
System losses are also reduced through power factor
correction by reducing the total current and power in the
system. A 20% reduction in current will yield a 36%
reduction in distribution system losses. In this situation,
an energy savings of as much as 50% will be realized
with the installation of power factor capacitors.
In addition, power factor capacitors decrease the
distribution system voltage drops and fluctuations.
41. 41
DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER
FACTOR
Increases heating losses in the transformers and
distribution equipments.
Reduce plant life.
Unstabilise voltage levels.
Increase power losses.
Upgrade costly equipments.
Decrease energy efficiency.
Increase electricity costs by paying power factor
surcharges.
42. 42
CONCLUSION
By observing all aspects of the power factor it is clear that
power factor is the most significant part for the utility
Company as well as for the consumer. Utility company
rid of from the power losses while the consumer free
from low power factor penalty charges.
By installing suitably sized power capacitors into the
circuit the Power Factor is improved and the value
becomes nearer to 1 thus minimising line losses and
improving the efficiency of a plant.
43. 43
REFERENCES
Electrical Power System Design and Analysis
by M.E.EI-Hawary.
Power System Operations
by Robert H Miller.
IEEE papers
www.ABB.com
BC Hydro (www.bchydro.ca)