This document discusses programmable logic devices (PLDs), including their basic components and types. PLDs are integrated circuits that can be configured by the user to perform different logic functions. They contain programmable AND and OR gates that allow the user to define the logic function by programming the connections between the gates. Common types of PLDs include PROM, PAL, and PLA, which differ in whether their AND gates and/or OR gates are programmable. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate how basic logic functions can be implemented using each type of PLD.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
A digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses. Each pulse is a signal element. Binary data '0' and '1' are transmitted over digital channel by encoding each data bit into signal elements. Encoding scheme is mapping from data bits to signal elements. Line coding is done to prevent DC wandering and loss of synchronisation on long strings of '0' and '1'. It may give some amount of error detection as in AMT.
Those slides describe digital design using Verilog HDL,
starting with Design methodologies for any digital circuit then difference between s/w (C/C++) and H/w (Verilog) and the most important constructs that let us start hardware design using Verilog HDL.
This presentation discusses the basics of Pass Transistor Logic, its advantages, limitation and finally implementation of Boolean functions/Combinational Logic circuits using Pass Transistor Logic.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
A digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses. Each pulse is a signal element. Binary data '0' and '1' are transmitted over digital channel by encoding each data bit into signal elements. Encoding scheme is mapping from data bits to signal elements. Line coding is done to prevent DC wandering and loss of synchronisation on long strings of '0' and '1'. It may give some amount of error detection as in AMT.
Those slides describe digital design using Verilog HDL,
starting with Design methodologies for any digital circuit then difference between s/w (C/C++) and H/w (Verilog) and the most important constructs that let us start hardware design using Verilog HDL.
This presentation discusses the basics of Pass Transistor Logic, its advantages, limitation and finally implementation of Boolean functions/Combinational Logic circuits using Pass Transistor Logic.
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
This is a classroom presentation for the basic concepts of HDL, using Verilog as the programming language. Module 3 deals with programmable logic devices.
Lab 2Lab ObjectivesThe objective for this lab is to review.docxDIPESH30
Lab 2
Lab Objectives
The objective for this lab is to review the Motorola assembly language instruction set using digital logic gates. This lab will also serve as a review of digital logic and introduce the concept of coding logic designs in assembly.
Description
In this lab, you will overview the assembly logic instructions that can be used for logic gates. A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a logic output(s). You will then use these logic gates to create a logic circuit in assembly.
Work Task
Design, implement, and test the following logic gates. For parts 1-4, your code must reside on the EEPROM (ROM). For parts 5 and 6, your code must be in program section of RAM (PROG). And your variables must reside in the data section of RAM (DATA). You must use the assembly logic instructions available to you (e.g., ANDA for the AND gates).
1. NOT Gate
The overall objective is to create a NOT gate. The system has one digital input and one digital output, such that the output is the logical complement of the input. Investigate the complement (i.e., COMA and COMB) and the BCLR instructions.
IN
OUT
0
1
1
0
2. 3-Input AND Gate
The overall objective is to create a 3-input AND gate. The system has three digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical AND of the three inputs. Investigate the AND instruction (i.e., ANDA or ANDB).
IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
OUT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
3. 3-Input OR Gate
The overall objective is to create a 3-input OR gate. The system has three digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical OR of the three inputs. Investigate the OR instruction (i.e., ORAA or ORAB).
IN 1
IN 2
IN 3
OUT
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
4. 2-Input XOR Gate
The overall objective is to create a 2-input XOR gate. The system has two digital inputs and one digital output, such that the output is the logical XOR of the two inputs. Investigate the XOR instruction (i.e., EORA or EORB).
IN 1
IN 2
OUT
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
5. Sum-of-Products (SoP)
Using the sum-of-products expression, find and code the simplified logic function for Table 1 using the assembly logic instructions. Show your work in the discussion section of your report (i.e., k-maps and digital logic schematic).
A
B
C
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
Table 1: Truth table 1.
6. Product-of-Sums (PoS)
Using the products-of-sums expression, find and code the simplified logic function for Table 2 using the assembly logic instructions. Show your work in the discussion section of your report (i.e., k-maps and digital logic schematic).
A
B
C
D
F
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table ...
A programmable logic array (PLA) is a kind of programmable logic device used to implement combinational logic circuits. The PLA has a set of programmable AND gate planes, which link to a set of programmable OR gate planes, which can then be conditionally complemented to produce an output.
Time delays & counter, Need of Counter and Time Delays, Using a Register Pair as a Counter, Delay Loops, Using a Register Pair as a Loop Counter, Delay Calculation of Nested Loops, Increasing the delay.
3. Addressing Modes in 8085 microprocessor.pptxISMT College
Addressing Modes in 8085, Register Addressing Mode with example, Direct Addressing Mode with example, Register Indirect Addressing Mode with example, Immediate Addressing Mode with example, Implicit/Implied Addressing Mode with example
8085 Microprocessor, Features/Characteristics of 8085, Communication between Microprocessor & Memory, 8085 Programming Model, 8085 Registers, Flag Register, General Purpose Register, Special Purpose Register, Stack Pointer, Program Counter, Interrupts, Control Unit, Architecture/Block Diagram of 8085 & its explanation, Pin diagram of 8085
1. Introduction to Microprocessor.pptxISMT College
Microprocessor, Microcontroller, Features/characteristics of Microprocessor, System Bus, Address Bus, Data Bus, Control Bus, Stored Program Concept, Von-Neumann Architecture, Harvard Architecture, Bus organization, Evolution of Microprocessor.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital LogicISMT College
BCA 1st semester. Chapter 1 (One), Digital Logic. Analog & Digital Signal, Digital Waveform, Digital Pulse, Ideal Pulse, Periodic & Aperiodic Pulse, Clock Signal, Digital Logic Gate, Integrated Circuit(IC)
Chapter 2.1 introduction to number systemISMT College
Binary Number System, Decimal Number System, Octal Number System, Hexadecimal Number System, Conversion, Binary Arithmetic, Signed Binary Number Representation, 1's complement, 2's complement, 9's complement, 10's complement
AND, OR, NOT, EX-OR, EX-NOR, NAND, NOR Gates with description, truth table, circuiy diagram and universal gate. Conversion of universal gate to basic gates
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Programmable Logic Device (PLD)
• A logic device is an electronic component which performs a definite
function which is decided at the time of manufacture and will never
change.
• For example, a not gate always inverts the logic level of the input
signal and does/can-do-nothing else.
• On the other hand, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are the
components which do not have a specific function associated with
them.
• These can be configured to perform a certain function by the user, on a
need basis and can further be changed to perform some other function
at the later point of time, i.e. these are re-configurable. However, the
amount of flexibility offered depends on their type.
3. • Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are the integrated circuits which
contain an array of AND gates & another array of OR gates.
• The process of entering the information into these devices is known
as programming.
• Here, the term programming refers to hardware programming but not
software programming.
• The internal logic gates AND/OR connections of PLDs can be
changed/configured by a programming process
4. • One of the simplest programming technologies is to use fuses.
• In the original state of the device, all the fuses are intact.
• Programming the device involves blowing those fuses along the paths
that must be removed in order to obtain the particular configuration of
the desired logic function.
5. Array logic
• A typical programmable logic device may have hundreds to millions
of gates interconnected through hundreds to thousands of internal
paths.
• In order to show the internal logic diagram in a concise form, it is
necessary to employ a special gate symbology applicable to array
logic.
6.
7. Types
• Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
• Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
• Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
• Assignment : Advantages of using PLDs:
8. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
• Programmable ROM is a one-time programmable chip that, once
programmed, cannot be erased or altered.
• PROM is also referred as One Time Programmable(OTP)
• These memories are bought in blank form and are programmed using a
special PROM programmer.
• Typically a PROM will consist of an array(collection) of fusible links
some of which are “blown” during the programming process to
provide the required data pattern.
• For every bit of PROM, these exist a fuse. PROM is programmed by
blowing the fuse.
9. • A typical PROM comes with all bits reading as "1".
• Burning a fuse bit during programming causes the bit to read as "0".
• The memory can be programmed just once after manufacturing by
"blowing" the fuses, which is an irreversible process.
• In the programming process, a sufficient current is injected through
the fusible link to burn it open to create a stored 0. The link is left
intact for a stored 1.
11. • PROM is a programmable logic device that has fixed AND array &
Programmable OR array.
• The block diagram of PROM is shown in the following figure.
12. • Here, the inputs of AND gates are not of programmable type. So, we
have to generate 2n product terms by using 2n AND gates having n
inputs each. We can implement these product terms by using
nx2n decoder. So, this decoder generates ‘n’ min terms.
• Here, the inputs of OR gates are programmable. That means, we can
program any number of required product terms, since all the outputs of
AND gates are applied as inputs to each OR gate. Therefore, the
outputs of PROM will be in the form of sum of min terms.
13. Example
• Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PROM
• The given two functions are in sum of min terms form and each
function is having three variables X, Y & Z. So, we require a 3 to 8
decoder and two programmable OR gates for producing these two
functions.
14.
15. • Here, 3 to 8 decoder generates eight min terms. The two
programmable OR gates have the access of all these min terms.
• But, only the required min terms are programmed in order to produce
the respective Boolean functions by each OR gate.
• The symbol ‘X’ is used for programmable connections.
18. EPROM
• An EPROM is an erasable PROM.
• Unlike an ordinary PROM, an EPROM can be reprogrammed if an
existing program in the memory array is erased first.
• Assignment : Complete the note
19. Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
• PAL is a programmable logic device that has Programmable AND
array & fixed OR array.
• The advantage of PAL is that we can generate only the required
product terms of Boolean function instead of generating all the min
terms by using programmable AND gates.
• The block diagram of PAL is shown in the following figure.
20. • Here, the inputs of AND gates are programmable. That means each
AND gate has both normal and complemented inputs of variables. So,
based on the requirement, we can program any of those inputs. So, we
can generate only the required product terms by using these AND
gates.
• Here, the inputs of OR gates are not of programmable type. So, the
number of inputs to each OR gate will be of fixed type. Hence, apply
those required product terms to each OR gate as inputs. Therefore, the
outputs of PAL will be in the form of sum of products form.
21. Example
• Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PAL
• The given two functions are in sum of products form. There are two
product terms present in each Boolean function. So, we require four
programmable AND gates & two fixed OR gates for producing those
two functions.
22.
23. • The programmable AND gates have the access of both normal and
complemented inputs of variables.
• So, program only the required literals in order to generate one product
term by each AND gate. The symbol ‘X’ is used for programmable
connections.
• Here, the inputs of OR gates are of fixed type. So, the necessary
product terms are connected to inputs of each OR gate. So that the OR
gates produce the respective Boolean functions. The symbol ‘.’ is used
for fixed connections.
25. Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
• PLA is a programmable logic device that has both Programmable
AND array & Programmable OR array.
• Hence, it is the most flexible PLD.
• The block diagram of PLA is shown in the following figure.
26. • Here, the inputs of AND gates are programmable. That means each
AND gate has both normal and complemented inputs of variables. So,
based on the requirement, we can program any of those inputs. So, we
can generate only the required product terms by using these AND
gates.
• Here, the inputs of OR gates are also programmable. So, we can
program any number of required product terms, since all the outputs of
AND gates are applied as inputs to each OR gate. Therefore, the
outputs of PAL will be in the form of sum of products form.
27. Example
• Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PLA.
• The given two functions are in sum of products form. The number of
product terms present in the given Boolean functions A & B are two
and three respectively. One product term, is common in each
function.
• So, we require four programmable AND gates & two programmable
OR gates for producing those two functions.
28.
29. • The programmable AND gates have the access of both normal and
complemented inputs of variables. So, program only the required
literals in order to generate one product term by each AND gate.
• All these product terms are available at the inputs of
each programmable OR gate. But, only program the required
product terms in order to produce the respective Boolean functions by
each OR gate. The symbol ‘X’ is used for programmable connections.