The document discusses the basics of CPU organization and behavior. It explains that the CPU transfers instructions and data between its registers and main memory, executes instructions sequentially or through branching, and transfers output data to main memory. It also describes the different modes programs run in, including user programs and supervisor programs, and how the CPU switches between them, such as through interrupts. Finally, it provides an overview of the components of an accumulator-based CPU and how instructions are handled.

1. Processor Basics
Prof. Anish Goel

2. CPU Organization
 Fundamentals
 CPU transfers instructions and when necessary, their input
data from main memory to its registers.
 CPU executes the instructions in their stored sequence except
when execution sequence is explicitly altered by branching
instructions.
 When necessary, the CPU transfers the output data from its
registers to the main memory.
Prof.Anish Goel

3. External Communication
Prof.Anish Goel

4. User and Supervisor Modes
 The programs executed by GP computer falls into two
broad groups:
 User Programs
 Supervisor Programs.
 A user program is an application program.
 A supervisor program manages the various routine
aspects of the computer system on behalf of its users.
 It’s a part of computers operating system.
 The CPU continuously switches between a user program
and a supervisor program.
 Interrupt is one such factor causing the switching from
one mode to another.
Prof.Anish Goel

5. Overview of CPU Behaviour
Prof.Anish Goel

6. Accumulator Based CPU
Instruction Decoder
IR AR PC
DR AC
System Bus
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Data Processing Unit
Program
control
unit
Control Signals
To Memory and IO
devices
Prof.Anish Goel

7. Instruction Set
Prof.Anish Goel
Type Instruction HDL Format Assembly
Format
Narrative
Format
DataTransfer Load AC:=M(X) LD X Load F from M
into AC
Store M(X):=AC ST X Store contents
of AC in M as
X
Move Reg. DR:=AC MOV DR,AC Copy contents
of AC to DR
Move Reg. AC:=DR MOV AC,RD Copy contents
of DR to AC

8. Instruction Set
Prof.Anish Goel
Type Instruction HDL Format Assembly
Format
Narrative
Format
Data
Processing
Add AC:=AC+DR ADD Add DR to AC
Subtract AC:=AC-DR SUB Subtract DR
from AC
And AC:= AC and
DR
AND And bitwise
DR to AC
Not AC:=Not(AC) NOT Complement
the contents of
AC

9. Instruction Set
Prof.Anish Goel
Type Instruction HDL Format Assembly
Format
Narrative
Format
Program
Control
Branch PC:=M(adr) BRA Adr Jump to
Instruction
with address
adr
Branch Zero If AC = 0 then
PC:= M(adr)
BZ adr Jump to
instruction
address adr if
AC = 0

10. Instructions
 X1 : = fi(X1,X2);
 X1 and X2 denotes CPU registers (AC, DR or PC)
 IR.AR := M(PC);
 IR := op,AR := adr
 Load store instructions
 AC := M(adr);
 M(adr) := AC;
Prof.Anish Goel

11. Additional Features
 Architecture extensions
 Multipurpose register set for storing data and addresses.
 Additional data, instruction, and address types.
 Register to indicate computation status.
 Program control stack.
 Pipelining.
Prof.Anish Goel

12. CPU with general register organization
Data
Register
ALU
DPU
PCU
Register
File
Status
Register
System Bus
Address Register Instruction Register
Address
Generation
Logic
Control Circuits
Program Counter
Stack Pointer
To Memory and IO
devices
Prof.Anish Goel

13. Instruction Pipeline
Prof.Anish Goel

14. ALU Design
Prof.Anish Goel
 The various circuits used to execute data-processing
instructions are usually combined in a single circuit called
ALU.
 The complexity of an ALU is determined by the way in
which its arithmetic instructions are realized.
 Simple ALUs that perform fixed-point addition and
subtraction as well as word-based logic operation can be
realized by combinational circuits.
 More extensive data processing and control logic is
necessary to implement floating point arithmetic in
hardware.

15. Combinational ALU: basic n-bit ALU
Prof.Anish Goel
N-bit
logic unit
N-bit
Adder-
Subtracter
2 way n-bit
multiplexer
X
Y
Data in
Data OutZ
Mode MCarry InSelect S
Flags