This document provides an introduction to the concepts of sensation and perception in psychology. It discusses sensation as the process by which the sensory receptors detect and respond to physical stimuli from the external world. It also covers sensory thresholds, habituation, and adaptation. For perception, it explains that this involves interpreting sensations in a meaningful way. It discusses perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles of perception. Depth perception and visual illusions are also summarized. The document briefly touches on concepts of extrasensory perception and subliminal perception.
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
What is Perception? what is the difference of Perception and Sensation? I hope that this Presentation will help... Credits: Professor Charmaine Maglangit
This PPT contains Perception from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Perception is a fundamental cognitive process that involves interpreting and making sense of sensory information received from the environment. It's how we organize and interpret what we see, hear, feel, taste, and smell, allowing us to create a meaningful understanding of the world around us. Perception plays a crucial role in shaping our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions with the external world.
What is Perception? what is the difference of Perception and Sensation? I hope that this Presentation will help... Credits: Professor Charmaine Maglangit
This PPT contains Perception from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Perception is a fundamental cognitive process that involves interpreting and making sense of sensory information received from the environment. It's how we organize and interpret what we see, hear, feel, taste, and smell, allowing us to create a meaningful understanding of the world around us. Perception plays a crucial role in shaping our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions with the external world.
Perception: definition, nature, importance, gestalt laws of grouping, bottoms up top down processing, perceptual process and perceptual constancy.
#psychology #perception #perceptualgrouping #perceptualconstancy
Chapter 6: Perception
Selective Attention
At any moment we are conscious of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experiencing. One example of this selective attention is the cocktail party effect—attending to only one voice among many. Another example is inattentional blindness, which refers to our blocking of a brief visual interruption when focusing on other sights.
Perceptual Illusions
Visual and auditory illusions were fascinating scientists even as psychology emerged. Explaining illusions required an understanding of how we transform sensations into meaningful perceptions, so the study of perception became one of psychology’s first concerns. Conflict between visual and other sensory information is usually resolved with the mind’s accepting the visual data, a tendency known as visual capture.
Perceptual Organization
From a top-down perspective, we see how we transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions when we are aided by knowledge and expectations.
The early Gestalt psychologists were impressed with the seemingly innate way we organize fragmentary sensory data into whole perceptions. Our minds structure the information that comes to us in several demonstrable ways:
Form Perception
To recognize an object, we must first perceive it (see it as a figure) as distinct from its surroundings (the ground). We must also organize the figure into a meaningful form. Several Gestalt principles—proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure—describe this process.
Depth Perception
Research on the visual cliff revealed that many species perceive the world in three dimensions at, or very soon after, birth. We transform two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions by using binocular cues, such as retinal disparity, and monocular cues, such as the relative sizes of objects.
Motion Perception
Our brain computes motion as objects move across or toward the retina. Large objects appear to move more slowly than smaller objects. A quick succession of images, as in a motion picture or on a lighted sign, can also create an illusion of movement.
Perceptual Constancy
Having perceived an object as a coherent figure and having located it in space, how then do we recognize it—despite the varying images that it may cast on our retinas? Size, shape, and lightness constancies describe how objects appear to have unchanging characteristics regardless of their distance, shape, or motion. These constancies explain several of the well-known visual illusions. For example, familiarity with the size-distance relationships in a carpentered world of rectangular shapes makes people more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Perceptual Interpretation
The most direct tests of the nature-nurture issue come from experiments that modify human perceptions.
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
For many species, infancy is a critical period during which experience must activate the brain’s innate visual mechanisms. If cataract removal restores eyesight to adults who were blind from birth, they remain unable to perceive the world normally. Generally, they can distinguish figure from ground and can perceive colors, but they are unable to recognize shapes and forms. In controlled experiments, animals have been reared with severely restricted visual input. When their visual exposure is returned to normal, they, too, suffer enduring visual handicaps.
Perceptual Adaptation
Human vision is remarkably adaptable. Given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right, or even turn it upside down, people manage to adapt their movements and, with practice, to move about with ease.
Perceptual Set
Clear evidence that perception is influenced by our experience—our learned assumptions and beliefs—as well as by sensory input comes from the many demonstrations of perceptual set and context effects. The schemas we have learned help us to interpret otherwise ambiguous stimu
Explain the concepts perception and sensation in terms of the functioning of the sense organs
- Discuss organisation under: form perception, depth perception, perceptual consistency, perception of movement
- Describe the concept Illusion
- Describe extra sensory perception (ESP)
- Outline 3 main types of ESP
Emerging Technologies such as artificial
intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML),
augmented reality (AR), the Internet of Things
(IoT) and quantum computing can help
organizations scale on demand, improve
resiliency, minimize infrastructure
investments and deploy solutions rapidly
and securely.
1. Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (AI & Robotics)
2. Data Science, Datafication
3. Block Chain (Crypto, Metaverse, AR,VR, Web 3.0, NFT)
4. Cyber Security
5. DevOps (Cloud Computing, Trello, Project Management)
6. 3D Printing Technology, Genomics
7. 5G and IoT (the Internet of Things)
8. Quantum Computing
9. Digital Marketing
10. E Commerce (Amazon, Alibaba, Shopify)
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
3. THE ABCs of SENSATION
• SENSATION
Process by which
information from the
outside world enters
the brain
• related to the activation of receptors in the various
sense organs
• detected by sensory receptors
• sometimes "ignored" through sensory adaptation or
cognitive habituation
• related to changes in physical stimuli
4. Sensory Thresholds
• Ernst Weber (1795–1878) did studies trying to determine the smallest
difference between two weights that could be detected. His
research led to the formulation known as Weber’s law of just
noticeable differences (jnd, or the difference threshold).
• Gustav Fechner (1801–1887) expanded on Weber’s work by studying
something he called the absolute threshold (Fechner, 1860). An
absolute threshold is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can
consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present
5. Examples of Absolute Thresholds
Threshold
A candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night
The tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room
Sense
Sight
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
One drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment
1 teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
A bee’s wing falling on the cheek from 1 centimeter above
Stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness are called subliminal
stimuli. (The word limin means “threshold,” so sublimin means “below the
threshold.”)
6. Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
• Some of the lower centers of the brain filter sensory stimulation and
“ignore” or prevent conscious attention to stimuli that do not
change.
• The brain is primarily interested in changes in information. That’s
why people don’t really “hear” the noise of the air conditioner unless
it suddenly cuts off, or the noise made in some classrooms, unless it
gets very quiet or someone else directs their attention toward it.
• Although they actually are hearing it, they aren’t paying attention to
it. This is called habituation, and it is the way the brain deals with
unchanging information from the environment.
7. Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
• Although different from habituation, sensory adaptation is another
process by which constant, unchanging information from the sensory
receptors is effectively ignored.
• In habituation, the sensory receptors are still responding to
stimulation but the lower centers of the brain are not sending the
signals from those receptors to the cortex.
• The process of sensory adaptation differs because the receptor
cells themselves become less responsive to an unchanging
stimulus—garbage odors included—and the receptors no longer
send signals to the brain.
8. The ABCs of Perception
• Perception is the method by which the brain takes all the sensations
a person experiences at any given moment and allows them to be
interpreted in some meaningful fashion.
• Perception has some individuality to it. For example, two people
might be looking at a cloud and while one thinks it’s shaped like a
horse, the other thinks it’s more like a cow. They both see the same
cloud, but they perceive that cloud differently
11. Perceptual Constancies
• One form of perceptual constancy* is size constancy, the
tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size,
regardless of its distance from the viewer.
• Another perceptual constancy is the tendency to interpret the
shape of an object as constant, even when it changes on the
retina.
• A third form of perceptual constancy is brightness constancy, the
tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the
same even when the light conditions change.
12. The Gestalt Principles
• Figure–Ground Relationships
• Figure–ground relationships refer to the tendency to perceive
objects or figures as existing on a background. People seem to have
a preference for picking out figures from backgrounds even as early
as birth.
• Proximity Another very simple rule of perception is the tendency to
perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same
grouping, a principle called proximity, or “nearness.”
13. The Gestalt Principles
• Similarity It refers to the tendency to perceive things that look
similar as being part of the same group. When members of a sports
team wear uniforms that are all the same color, it allows people
viewing the game to perceive them as one group even when they
are scattered around the field or court.
• Closure It is the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.
A talented artist can give the impression of an entire face with just a
few cleverly placed strokes of the pen or brush— the viewers fill in
the details.
14. The Gestalt Principles
• Continuity It refers to the tendency to perceive things as simply as
possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex,
broken-up pattern.
15.
16. Depth Perception
• What is depth perception and what kind of cues are important
for it to occur?
• The capability to see the world in three dimensions is called depth
perception. It’s a handy ability because without it you would have a
hard time judging how far away objects are.
• Various cues exist for perceiving depth in the world. Some require the
use of only one eye (monocular cues) and some are a result of
the slightly different visual patterns that exist when the visual
fields** of both eyes are used (binocular cues).
**visual field: the
entire area of space
visible at a given
instant without
moving the eyes.
17. Perceptual Illusions
• What are visual illusions and how can they and other factors
influence and alter perception?
• An illusion is a perception that does not correspond to reality:
People think they see something when the reality is quite different.
Another way of thinking of illusions is as visual stimuli that “fool”
the eye.
18.
19.
20.
21. Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
• Coined by renowned psychologist J.B. Rhine, the term was used to
refer to psychic abilities and temporal operations.
• ESP is commonly called sixth sense, a fairly popularized topic in
media and related industries.
• The four types of extrasensory perception include clairvoyance,
psychokinesis, telepathy and precognition.
22. ESP
• TELEPATHY thought transference from one person to another.
• CLAIRVOYANCE similar to telepathy except that the source of
information is an object or event rather than another mind.
• PRECOGNITION perception of a future event.
• PSYCHOKINESIS mind over matter
23. SUBLIMINIAL PERCEPTION
•Subliminal perception is supposed to occur when a stimulus is too
weak to be perceived yet a person is influenced by it.
• An organization's marketing is effective when it delivers a message
that sticks in consumers' minds and influences them to buy.
• Consumers experience subliminal perception from marketing
messages that influence them without their conscious knowledge.
24. • Marketing with subliminal messages aims to encourage the
purchase of the product through subtle effects that are not
normally visible to the naked eye.
• t’s not only the images that are used to get into your head; sounds
and other techniques are also used to help the message sink into your
subconscious.