Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
forgetfulness is very common these days. the causes can be either organic or psychological. there are numerous psychological theories behind it. The presentation will also stress upon the types of forgetting. As a remedial measure their are manyy ways by which memory power can be boosed up.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.
We are particularly attentive to stimuli that appear exceptionally bright, large, loud, novel or high in contrast.
We also pay greater attention to stimuli that are particularly meaningful or are relevant to our motivations.
E.g., If we are hungry ,we are more apt to be sensitive to food and food related stimuli.
It also includes listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversation in a room.
Why do we pay attention to something and not to others? What directs our attention?
Objective Factors
Subjective Factors
The external factors are concerned with the environment. These are also called Objective Factors. Intensity
Size
intensity
Movement
Repetition
Duration
Abrupt change
Novelty
forgetfulness is very common these days. the causes can be either organic or psychological. there are numerous psychological theories behind it. The presentation will also stress upon the types of forgetting. As a remedial measure their are manyy ways by which memory power can be boosed up.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.
We are particularly attentive to stimuli that appear exceptionally bright, large, loud, novel or high in contrast.
We also pay greater attention to stimuli that are particularly meaningful or are relevant to our motivations.
E.g., If we are hungry ,we are more apt to be sensitive to food and food related stimuli.
It also includes listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversation in a room.
Why do we pay attention to something and not to others? What directs our attention?
Objective Factors
Subjective Factors
The external factors are concerned with the environment. These are also called Objective Factors. Intensity
Size
intensity
Movement
Repetition
Duration
Abrupt change
Novelty
This is about a topic of psychology.
This is an important topic in pschology.
In this docx, I have explained about the definition, types and other data of the topic Attention.
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This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
Understand Attention & Implement it in your Business, Daily Life , By Practicing
Topic
"ATTENTION"
+ Factors of ATTENTION
1- Objective Factors
2- Subjective Factors
+ Span of ATTENTION
+ Distraction of ATTENTION
+ Fluctuation of ATTENTION
Takaful comes from the Arabic root-word “kafala”_ guarantee.
Takaful means mutual protection and joint guarantee.
Operationally, takaful refers to participants mutually contributing to a common fund with the purpose of having mutual indemnity in the case of peril or loss.
Mutuality and cooperation.
Takaful contract pertains to Tabarru’at as against mu’awadat in case of conventional insurance.
Payments made with the intention of Tabarru'at (contribution)
Eliminates the elements of Gharrar, Maisir and Riba.
Wakalah/ Mudaraba basis of operations.
Joint Guarantee/ Indemnity amongst participants – shared responsibility.
Constitution of “Sariah Supervisory Board.”
Investments as per Sariah.
KFC Founded on September 24, 1952, United States. Presently, KFC is among the best chicken restaurants recognized globally. Colonel Harland Sanders, the founder of KFC, initially used to sell fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Kentucky, USA. KFC has its branches in about 150 countries and 22622 outlets making it the 4th largest fast-food restaurant in the world. KFC is the second largest fast-food restaurant after MacDonald's. It was one of the 1st American Fast- Food chains to expand Internationally. KFC is operated partly as equity, and partly as a franchised model with the reports as late as December 2018, 98% of its restaurants are operating as franchises. With the main focus being on fried chicken, the company also sells chicken pieces, wraps, salads, and sandwiches. KFC is one of the best-established brands in the Western Quick Service Restaurants. It has earned a revenue of about US$27.9 billion as of 2020.
In 1964, Sanders sold KFC to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for US$2 million (around US$17 million in 2020).
The chain had reached 3,000 outlets in 48 countries by 1970. In July 1971, Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and drinks corporation, for US$285 million (around US$1.8 billion in 2020).
As of 2022, there are 24,999 KFC outlets in 147 countries and territories in the world.
The first KFC franchise opened in the US in 1952 and the first overseas franchise was established in the UK in May 1965.
The major markets for KFC include China (7166 stores), US (3943 stores), Japan (1140 stores), Russia (979 stores), South Africa (955 stores), UK (928 stores), Thailand (853 stores), Malaysia (743 stores), Indonesia (742 stores), Australia (699 stores), and Canada (601 stores).
Genetic Information Non Discrimination Act.pptxWasif Ali Syed
With the advancements in genetic information, it has become easier to detect the genetics of people and even their family histories before hand.
Due to genetic variation among individuals certain diseases are common among individuals belonging to certain families or races. Similarly certain genetic diseases can be detected before hand in prenatal life of an individual with the use of genetic testing methods. For example Sickle Cell anemia is more common among black Americans as compared to White Americans and can be detected before hand in prenatal life.
These genetic variations either beneficial or not give ways to discriminate individuals.
Genetic variations that may cause discrimination among individuals are
Certain genetic diseases including hemophilia, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia’s
Certain genetic traits i.e. skin complexion leading to discrimination among individuals especially White and Black Americans.
It does not covers the discrimination being practiced at schools, housing schemes, mortgages and many other disciplines of life.
GINA also does not protect against genetic discrimination in forms of insurance other than health insurance, such as life, disability, or long-term care insurance
Rules for Intangible Asset Recognition, Research and Development, Software De...Wasif Ali Syed
Intangible Asset
An intangible asset is an asset that is not physical in nature. Goodwill, brand recognition and intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, are all intangible assets. Intangible assets exist in opposition to tangible assets, which include land, vehicles, equipment, and inventory.
Recognition and Cost of Intangible Assets (IAS 38)
An intangible asset is recognized when it meets all of the criteria below (IAS 38.18,21):
Identifiability
Probability of future economic benefits,
Control over the future economic benefits,
The general concept of control is discussed in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. The most common specific application of the control criterion in intangible assets relates to training expenditures and employees expertise, which normally cannot be recognized as assets because of insufficient control over the expected future economic benefits (IAS 38.15)
Research is original and planned investigation, undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding.
An example of research could be a company in the pharmaceuticals industry undertaking activities or tests aimed at obtaining new knowledge to develop a new vaccine. The company is researching the unknown, and therefore, at this early stage, no future economic benefit can be expected to flow to the entity.
Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems, or services, before the start of commercial production or use.
An example of development is a car manufacturer undertaking the design, construction, and testing of a pre-production model.
Financial Statement Analysis of Engro FertilizersWasif Ali Syed
Engro Fertilizers Limited is a subsidiary of Engro Corporation and a renowned name in Pakistan fertilizer industry.
It is traded on the stock market under the symbol ‘EFERT.
Engro holds a vast, nationwide production and marketing infrastructure and produces leading fertilizer brands optimized for local cultivation needs and demand.
Engro is also a leading importer and seller of Phosphate products, which are marketed extensively across Pakistan as phosphatic fertilizers.
National Safety Council USA for Safety Leadership
9th Annual Fire Safety Excellence Awards
Asia Responsible Enterprise Awards for PAVE
Green Office Certification by WWF
Shared Value Awards Australia for PAVE
16th Annual Environment Excellence Awards
CSR Initiatives for Livelihood & Health by NFEH
Best Environment Performance & Tree Plantation Award
Quran says:
As a mother
“ Show gratitude to me and to your parents: to Me is destiny ”
As a wife
“ And among his signs is this, that he created for you mates from among yourselves that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and he has put love and mercy between your(hearts); verily in that are signs for those who reflect.” (Quran 30:21)
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Said:
As a daughter
“ Whosoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not insult her, and does not favor his son over her, God will enter him into paradise. (ibn hanbal, No. 195)”
“Whosoever supports two daughters till they mature, he and I will come in the say of judgment as this (and he pointed with his two fingers held together).
The female has the rights to accept or reject marriage proposals
Right to retain her family name
Right to a separate home
Full right to her mahr – marital gift
Right to divorce her husband
Following international human rights instruments specifically address women’s rights:
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (8(2), 29, and 43)
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights(art. 18(3)); along with the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa (“Maputo Protocol”)
The Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Act, 2011
Prevention of Anti-Women Practices Act, 2011
Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offense of Rape) Act 2016
Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offences in the name or pretext of Honour) Act, 2016
Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016
Hindu Marriage Act, 2017
Statistics
is a branch of mathematics that deals with the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions.
Descriptive Statistics
A statistical method concerned with the collection, organization, presentation and description of sample data.
Inferential Statistics
Concerned with the analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, interpretation, conclusion about the entire population.
The entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurements obtained from all individuals or objects of interest.
It is denoted by N.
Harper says that cost audit is the verification of the correctness of the cost accounts and of the adherence to proper cost accounting procedures.
Cost auditor may be a chartered accountant within the meaning of the chartered Accountant Ordinance 1961, or a cost and management accountant within the meaning of Cost and management Accountant Act 1966.
A balance sheet is a financial statement that reports a company's assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time, and provides a basis for computing rates of return and evaluating its capital structure. It is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of what a company owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by shareholders.
Assets: Probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events.
Liabilities: Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events
Equity: Residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities. In a business enterprise, equity is the ownership interest.
Current assets are cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer.
Cash is generally considered to consist of currency and demand deposits . Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three months or less.
Short-Term Investments also known as marketable securities or temporary investments, are those which can easily be converted to cash. Some common examples of short term investments include money market accounts, high-yield savings accounts, government bonds and Treasury bills etc.
Accounts receivable (AR) is the balance of money due to a firm for goods or services delivered or used but not yet paid for by customers. Accounts receivables are listed on the balance sheet as a current asset.
Inventory is the array of finished goods or goods used in production held by a company. Inventory is classified as a current asset on a company's balance sheet.
A prepaid expense is a type of asset on the balance sheet that results from a business making advanced payments for goods or services to be received in the future. Prepaid expenses are initially recorded as assets, but their value is expensed over time onto the income statement.
The owners’ equity (stockholders’ equity) section is divided into six parts:
Capital Stock. The par or stated value of the shares issued.
Additional Paid-in Capital. The excess of amounts paid in over the par or stated value.
Retained Earnings. The corporation’s undistributed earnings.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The aggregate amount of the other comprehensive income items.
Treasury Stock. Generally, the amount of ordinary shares repurchased.
Non controlling Interest. A portion of the equity of subsidiaries not wholly owned by the reporting company.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Attention, factors of Attention
1. Introduction To Psychology
(PSY-101)
Instructor: Amina Riasat
Ahmed Raza 15031554-054
Wasif Ali Syed 18221554-001
Muhammad Awais Khan 18221554-029
Abdul Rahim 18221554-012
Mian Muhammad Sufyan 18221554-039
2. Attention
Attention is the cognitive process of
selectively concentrating one aspect of
the environment while ignoring other
things.
We are particularly attentive to stimuli
that appear exceptionally bright, large,
loud, novel or high in contrast.
3. Attention
We also pay greater attention to stimuli
that are particularly meaningful or are
relevant to our motivations.
E.g., If we are hungry ,we are more apt
to be sensitive to food and food related
stimuli.
It also includes listening carefully to
what someone is saying while ignoring
other conversation in a room.
4. Factors of Attention
Why do we pay attention to something and not to
others? What directs our attention?
1. Objective Factors
2. Subjective Factors
5. External / Objective Factors
The external factors are concerned with the environment. These
are also called Objective Factors. Intensity
1. Size
2. intensity
3. Movement
4. Repetition
5. Duration
6. Abrupt change
7. Novelty
6. Size: Size has effect on attention. It is natural an
unusual size attracts attention of the people. Very
big size or very small size too draws our attention
when compared with normal size. For example, a
dwarf man walking on the road too draws our
attention.
Intensity: Loud sounds, strong smells and deep
colors are attractive in nature. If a sound is
intense then it would attract our attention. The
thunder is louder than a car sound. So, our
attention is drawn on thunder
7. Movement: Moving things draws our
attention more than stationary one. A
moving car attracts faster than a
stationary car
Repetition: If a thing or person or
event is repeated several times, then our
attention drawn to it. When an
advertisement is repeated in the walls
drawn our attention.
Duration: attention is drawn to a thing
that lasts longer. A salesperson draws
attention by lengthening his voice.
8. Novelty: Newness attracts quickly than
traditional one. A new teacher attracts
the children very much in the school.
9. Subjective Factors
The internal factors are concerned with the individual. So, these
are also called subjective factors
1. Interests
2. Desire
3. Motives
4. Aim/ goals
5. Habit
6. Past Experience
10. Interest: we are interested in some things and
disinterested in other things. Interesting things
draws our attention soon. An engineer and a
botanist going down the same path will attend
entirely different things on the way. Engineer
attention will be on the buildings and botanist
attention will be on the trees.
Desire: A person’s desire becomes a cause of
paying attention to a thing. For example, a person
has to desire of buying a hammer. There are many
things available in a market, but when he goes to a
shop where hammers are available.
11. Motives: Basic motives are important in drawing attention.
Human motives like hungry, thirst, safety, etc., play a vital role
in drawing attention. A thirst person attention always on where
water is available.
Aim/Goal: Every man has some immediate aim and ultimate
goal in their life. The immediate aim of a student is to pass in
the examination while his ultimate goal may be to become a
doctor. The student, whose goal is not to pass the examination,
will not be concerned with textbooks or note, etc, but who has
the aim to pass in the examination, will at once attend to them
12. Habit: Habit is also a vital determinant of
attention. The kind of habit we found in our life,
our attention is drawn to such things. if a person
has habit to play cricket, then his attention is
always drawn to it, and he will listen to cricket
commentaries with attention.
Past Experience: It is also affect attention. If we
know by our past experience that a particular
person is sincere to us, we shall pay attention to
whatever he advises us. If our experience is
contrary, we shall not attend even to his most
serous advice.
13. Span of Attention
How many things can we hold in our
attention at the same time?
Most psychologists agree that the ability
to focus attention on a task is important
for the achievement of one's goals.
The attention span for this level is very
brief, with a maximum span, without
any break at all, that may be as short as
8 seconds
14. Poor attention span with distractibility
Fails to finish the things started
Shift from one uncomplicated activity to
other
Does not seem to listen
Easily distracted by external stimuli
Often loses things
15. Distraction of Attention
Distraction means the dividing of attentions or
some interference in attention. The object
which causes the distraction is called the
distractor
Duration of attention is often short. Different
stimuli distract person’s attention. if a person
wants to attend a stimuli constantly , Even then
different factors can distract him. Person pays
more attention and concentration to his work
but remain unable to maintain it.
.
16. Distraction of Attention
There are individual differences in
distraction of attention. Its not always
necessary that two different people get
distracted by same stimuli. Some people
can study in noise ,while others need
complete silence. Two important factors
are as under:
Objective Factors
Subjective Factors
17. Objective Factors
The factors that distract attention from
environment are called objective factors. It is
also called environmental factors. Routine
work distract less attention while different and
novel work distracts more.
Noise, music, improper lighting, uncomfortable
seats, defective method of teaching, improper
use of teaching aids, defective voice of the
teacher are the common external distractors in
the classrooms.
18. Subjective Factors
These factors are related to person’s
internal characteristics. Every person get
distracted by his tendencies or interests.
Emotional disturbances, mental and
physical health, anger, fear, feeling of
insecurity, boredom, lack of motivation,
feeling of fatigue, lack of interest,
desires, preferences, freshness, unrelated
subject matter are the examples for
internal distractor.
19. Control of Distraction
Distraction of attention affects our performance. So these
factors can decrease distraction of attention.
1. By giving Reward
2. Social Acceptance
3. Through Self Control
4. Increase in Capability
5. Through clear objective
20. Fluctuation of Attention
We can only attend a stimulus for few seconds. If we have to
attend a stimulus for long, then the attention fluctuates. This is
called fluctuation of attention.
Fluctuation of attention is the length of time one can attend
continuously to a single object. Attention is not steady or
concentrated throughout. At one time the object come in our
focus, at another time, it goes out from focus.
Attention is a mobile or dynamic activity, and it is difficult to
attend to one a particular object for any great length of time.
When attention moves from one object to another, it is called
the shifting of attention. But even when the attention persists
with one object, it grows more or less in degree. This is called
fluctuation of attention.
21. Fluctuation of Attention
In shift of attention our attention passes
from one stimulus to another or from one
part of a complex stimulus to another part.
Our receptors get fatigued by concentrating
on one stimuli and stop working. But when
attention decreases , the capacity of
receptors resumes.
Usually we say, that I can study for 1 or 2
hour. But when a person is studying ,even
then his attention is not static ,rather it’s
diverting on different words ,phrases and
concepts.