This document discusses types of perception and errors in perception. It describes the main types of human perception, including visual, auditory, gustatory, tactual, and extrasensory perception. Within each type, it examines how stimuli are detected and interpreted. The document also covers Gestalt laws of organization, figure-ground relationship, top-down and bottom-up processing, and perceptual constancy. Regarding errors in perception, it defines illusion, hallucination, and delusion as distortions that can occur in sensory perception.

1. Psychology
Topics to be discuss:
• Types of perception
• Errors of perception

2. Types
of
Perception

3. Goal
Myth – Perception = Sensation
Reality – Perception ≠ Sensation

4. Perception
The sorting out,
interpretation, analysis, and
integration of stimuli by the
sense organs and brain.

5. Visual Perception
Visual perception is one of the senses,
consisting of the ability to detect light and
interpret (see) it as the perception known as
sight or naked eye vision.
Vision has a specific sensory system, the visual
system.

6. Visual Perception
The major problem in visual perception is that
what people see is not simply a translation of
retinal stimuli (i.e., the image on the retina).
Thus people interested in perception have
long struggled to explain what visual
processing does to create what we actually
see.

7. Auditory Perception
Auditory perception is the ability to perceive
and understand sounds, usually with specific
organs, such as a human's ears. Sound exists in
the form of vibrations that travel through the air
or through other substances. Ears detect such
vibrations and convert them into nerve
impulses, which are then sent to the brain
where they can be interpreted.

8. Auditory Perception
Deafness describes a condition in which
individuals have no auditory perception; deaf
individuals are not capable of perceiving or
interpreting sounds. Different animals can
perceive different sounds; dogs, for example,
are capable of perceiving very high-pitched
sounds that humans cannot perceive.

9. Gustatory Perception
It seems that interaction between olfaction
(smell sensation) and gustation (taste
sensation) will stronger than other interactions
among five senses, although no one has ever
confirmed psychophysically.

10. Gustatory Perception
In this study, we utilized synchrony perception
task to confirm this specificity comparing
control condition, interaction between vision
and olfaction and one between vision and
gustation.

11. Tactual Perception
Tactual perception or is the awareness of
physical objects through the sense of touch
which is mediated by the somatosensory
system.

12. Tactual Perception
Touch may be considered one of five human
senses; however, when a person touches
something or somebody this gives rise to
various feelings: the perception of pressure
(hence shape, softness, texture, vibration, etc.),
relative temperature and sometimes pain. Thus
the term "touch" is actually the combined term
for several senses.

13. The Gestalt Law of
Organization
A series of principles that describes
how we organize bits and pieces of
information into meaningful wholes.

14. The Gestalt Law of
Organization
Organizing these various bits and pieces of information into
meaningful wholes constitutes some of the basic processes
of perception which summed up in the gestalt law of
organization.

15. The Gestalt Law of
Organization
Gestalt psychologists focused on how we GROUP objects together.
We innately look at things in groups and not as isolated elements.
Proximity (group objects that are close together as being part of
same group)
Similarity (objects similar in appearance are perceived as being part
of same group)
Continuity (objects that form a continuous form are perceived as
same group)
Closure (like top-down processing…we fill gaps in if we can
recognize it)

16. Figure - Ground Relationship
Our first
perceptual
decision is what
is the image is
the figure and
what is the
background.

17. Grouping & Reality
Although grouping principles usually help us construct reality,
they may occasionally lead us astray.

19. Top – Down Processing
Top-down processing refers to the use of
contextual information in pattern recognition.
For example, understanding difficult
handwriting is easier when reading complete
sentences than when reading single and
isolated words. This is because the meaning of
the surrounding words provide a context to
aid understanding.

20. Top – Down Processing
Ca- yo- re- d t- is -en-en-e,
w-ic- ha- ev-ry -hi-d l-tt-
r m-ss-ng?

21. Top – Down Processing
Ca- yo- re- d t- is -en-en-e, w-ic- ha- ev-ry
-hi-d l-tt-r m-ss-ng?
Can you read this sentence, which has
every third letter is missing?

22. Bottom – Up Processing
Bottom-up processing is also known as data-driven
processing, because perception
begins with the stimulus itself. Processing is
carried out in one direction from the retina to
the visual cortex, with each successive stage
in the visual pathway carrying out ever more
complex analysis of the input.

23. Perceptual Constancy
Phenomenon in which physical
objects are perceived as unvarying
and consistent despite changes in
their appearance or in the physical
environment.

24. Depth Perception
The ability to view the world in
three dimensions and to perceive
distance.

25. Depth Perception
• Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff
Experiment.
• If you are old enough to crawl, you are
old enough to see depth perception.
• We see depth by using two cues that
researchers have put in two categories:
• Monocular Cues
• Binocular Cues

26. Depth Perception
Visual Cliff Experiment

27. Motion Perception
Motion Perception depends on
cues such as the perceived
movement of an object across the
retina and information about how
the head and eyes are moving.

28. Perceptual Illusion
Visual Illusions
Physical stimuli that consistently
produce errors in perception.

29. Extra Sensory Perception
ESP refers to the ability to perceive stimuli
that are outside the 5 senses
Telepathy: the ability to read minds
Clairvoyance: the ability to perceive objects or
events
Precognition: the ability to predict the future
Psychokinesis: the ability to move objects

30. Errors
Of
perception

31. Illusion
An illusion is a distortion of a sensory
perception. Each of the human senses can
be deceived by illusions, but visual illusions
are the most well known. Some illusions are
subjective; different people may
experience an illusion differently, or not at
all.

32. Any movement you see is an illusion!

33. Hallucination
Hallucination, the experience of
perceiving objects or events that do not
have an external source, such as hearing
one’s name called by a voice that no one
else seems to hear. A hallucination is
distinguished from an illusion, which is a
misinterpretation of an actual stimulus.

34. Delusion
Delusion, in psychology, a rigid system of beliefs
with which a person is preoccupied and to which
the person firmly holds, despite the logical
absurdity of the beliefs and a lack of supporting
evidence. Delusions are symptomatic of such
mental disorders as paranoia, schizophrenia, and
major depression and of such physiological
conditions as senile psychosis and delirium.

35. Miano, Jay-Vee M.
Psychology - Types of
Perception and Errors
of Perception
 Feldman. Psychology and Your Life.
Mc Graw Hill Companies. 2010.
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