Final project post jc
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This document summarizes a student's final project for a perception class. It discusses the key components of perception, including the four main parts of the perceptual process: stimulus, electricity, experience and action, and knowledge. It also describes how technologies like PET scans and MRIs can show brain activity during perception. The student's favorite part of the class covered inattentional blindness and optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion. To demonstrate this, the student took photos of sneakers on railroad tracks to show how size perception can be manipulated. The student concluded they now have a new perspective on their surroundings based on what they learned about perception.
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Our perception is influenced by expectations, language, and interpretation. We adjust how we perceive things and use context to resolve ambiguity. However, perception is limited by our biology and neurobiology. For example, we cannot perceive things that happen very fast or slow, or we may have conditions like visual agnosia that limit recognition.
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Sense Perception
Our perception is influenced by expectations, language, and interpretation. We adjust how we perceive things and use context to resolve ambiguity. However, perception is limited by our biology and neurobiology. For example, we cannot perceive things that happen very fast or slow, or we may have conditions like visual agnosia that limit recognition.
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This document summarizes the key points learned from a perception psychology class. It discusses how perception involves complex processes behind recognizing stimuli in the environment. The author was fascinated by how depth and size are perceived, including visual illusions like the Ponzo and Ames Room illusions. They conducted an experiment using the "thumb technique" to test if objects of different sizes could have the same visual angle. The document concludes by discussing how perception applies to everyday life and how the author will now view the world differently.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol ...
Understanding the perception and its role in successful management of organiz...
The document discusses the concept of perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to understand one's environment. The key aspects of perception covered include selective attention, subjective interpretation, perceptual constancy, illusions, and how factors like stimulus characteristics, motivation, and interest influence one's perceptions.
Ch06 Lecture Notes
Chapter 6: Perception
Selective Attention
At any moment we are conscious of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experiencing. One example of this selective attention is the cocktail party effect—attending to only one voice among many. Another example is inattentional blindness, which refers to our blocking of a brief visual interruption when focusing on other sights.
Perceptual Illusions
Visual and auditory illusions were fascinating scientists even as psychology emerged. Explaining illusions required an understanding of how we transform sensations into meaningful perceptions, so the study of perception became one of psychology’s first concerns. Conflict between visual and other sensory information is usually resolved with the mind’s accepting the visual data, a tendency known as visual capture.
Perceptual Organization
From a top-down perspective, we see how we transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions when we are aided by knowledge and expectations.
The early Gestalt psychologists were impressed with the seemingly innate way we organize fragmentary sensory data into whole perceptions. Our minds structure the information that comes to us in several demonstrable ways:
Form Perception
To recognize an object, we must first perceive it (see it as a figure) as distinct from its surroundings (the ground). We must also organize the figure into a meaningful form. Several Gestalt principles—proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure—describe this process.
Depth Perception
Research on the visual cliff revealed that many species perceive the world in three dimensions at, or very soon after, birth. We transform two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions by using binocular cues, such as retinal disparity, and monocular cues, such as the relative sizes of objects.
Motion Perception
Our brain computes motion as objects move across or toward the retina. Large objects appear to move more slowly than smaller objects. A quick succession of images, as in a motion picture or on a lighted sign, can also create an illusion of movement.
Perceptual Constancy
Having perceived an object as a coherent figure and having located it in space, how then do we recognize it—despite the varying images that it may cast on our retinas? Size, shape, and lightness constancies describe how objects appear to have unchanging characteristics regardless of their distance, shape, or motion. These constancies explain several of the well-known visual illusions. For example, familiarity with the size-distance relationships in a carpentered world of rectangular shapes makes people more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Perceptual Interpretation
The most direct tests of the nature-nurture issue come from experiments that modify human perceptions.
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
For many species, infancy is a critical period during which experience must activate the brain’s innate visual mechanisms. If cataract removal restores eyesight to adults who were blind from birth, they remain unable to perceive the world normally. Generally, they can distinguish figure from ground and can perceive colors, but they are unable to recognize shapes and forms. In controlled experiments, animals have been reared with severely restricted visual input. When their visual exposure is returned to normal, they, too, suffer enduring visual handicaps.
Perceptual Adaptation
Human vision is remarkably adaptable. Given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right, or even turn it upside down, people manage to adapt their movements and, with practice, to move about with ease.
Perceptual Set
Clear evidence that perception is influenced by our experience—our learned assumptions and beliefs—as well as by sensory input comes from the many demonstrations of perceptual set and context effects. The schemas we have learned help us to interpret otherwise ambiguous stimu
Chapter 4Sensation and PerceptionCoon, Introduction to Psych
Chapter 4
Sensation and Perception
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gateway Theme
We actively construct our perceptions out of the information provided by our senses and our past experiences. The resulting perceptions are not always accurate representations of events.
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How do we take in and process information from the world around us? What is the difference between sensing and perceiving a given stimulus? The study of these questions in psychology is called psychophysics, and you may find interesting how complex these processes are that we take for granted on a minute-by-minute basis.
2
Gateway Questions
In general, how do sensory systems function?
Why are we more aware of some sensations than others?
How does the visual system function?
What are the mechanisms of hearing?
How do the chemical senses operate?
What are the somesthetic senses?
In general, how do we construct our perceptions?
How is it possible to see depth and judge distance?
How do expectations, motives, emotions, and learning alter perception?
How can I perceive events more accurately?
How can effective communication help me in my personal and
professional life?
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Our sensory systems work to receive information from our environment and convert them into an electrochemical signal that gets sent to the brain, a process called transduction. Once the information is received in the brain, the process of perception occurs, where we select, organize, and interpret those stimuli.
3
Psychophysics (1 of 2)
An artificial visual system
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Have you ever had a hearing test where the audiologist asks you to raise your hand whenever you hear something? She was measuring your absolute threshold for hearing. If, instead, she were to play a tone and ask you to indicate when you hear it change, she would be measuring your difference threshold. The standard for these thresholds is a 50 percent hit rate, or detecting the stimulus (or stimulus change) 50 percent of the time.
Our sensory systems are not simply passive receptors for information, but rather select which information is attended to and sent off to the brain for further processing.
In terms of unusual sensory systems, called extrasensory perception (ESP), the majority of the available data investigating ...
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1. The document provides summaries of key concepts in psychology, organized into chapters. Concepts include structuralism, functionalism, naturalistic observation, case studies, parts of neurons and the nervous system, areas of the brain, types of psychological processing, and learning theories.
2. Examples are given to illustrate each concept, such as comparing the brain to parts of a car, security cameras to naturalistic observation, and giving a dog a treat to positively reinforce behavior.
3. Various areas of the brain and psychological phenomena are defined and explained, along with diagrams and photos providing visual examples.
Chapter 3 Psych. 1
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation and perception from a psychology textbook chapter. It defines sensation as the basic detection of stimuli by sensory receptors and perception as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It describes the structure of the eye and visual system, including rods and cones, and discusses thresholds, color vision, perceptual organization principles like Gestalt, illusions, and depth perception cues.
Sensation
The document discusses the differences between sensation and perception. Sensation is the passive process of detecting stimuli through the senses, while perception is the active process of interpreting sensory information. Both work together, with sensations providing raw data to the brain and perceptions forming meaningful interpretations. It then focuses on vision, describing the structure of the eye, color perception theories, and Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Psychology
This journal article discusses perception and how humans interpret sensory information. It will cover various theories on how our senses organize and interpret sensations to make sense of what we see, hear, taste, touch, and smell. The study of perception has increased in anthropology in recent decades, though the term is sometimes used too broadly. The article will also discuss Gestalt principles of visual grouping including similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure.
What is it like to be a bat httpmembers.aol.comNeoNoetics.docx
What is it like to be a bat http://members.aol.com/NeoNoetics/Nagel_Bat.html
1 of 9 20/04/2004 16.12
What is it like to be a bat?
Thomas Nagel
[From The Philosophical Review LXXXIII, 4 (October 1974):
435-50.]
Consciousness is what makes the mind-body problem really intractable. Perhaps that is why current
discussions of the problem give it little attention or get it obviously wrong. The recent wave of
reductionist euphoria has produced several analyses of mental phenomena and mental concepts designed
to explain the possibility of some variety of materialism, psychophysical identification, or reduction.
1
But
the problems dealt with are those common to this type of reduction and other types, and what makes the
mind-body problem unique, and unlike the water-H2O problem or the Turing machine-IBM machine
problem or the lightning-electrical discharge problem or the gene-DNA problem or the oak
tree-hydrocarbon problem, is ignored.
Every reductionist has his favorite analogy from modern science. It is most unlikely that any of these
unrelated examples of successful reduction will shed light on the relation of mind to brain. But
philosophers share the general human weakness for explanations of what is incomprehensible in terms
suited for what is familiar and well understood, though entirely different. This has led to the acceptance of
implausible accounts of the mental largely because they would permit familiar kinds of reduction. I shall
try to explain why the usual examples do not help us to understand the relation between mind and
body—why, indeed, we have at present no conception of what an explanation of the physical nature of a
mental phenomenon would be. Without consciousness the mind-body problem would be much less
interesting. With consciousness it seems hopeless. The most important and characteristic feature of
conscious mental phenomena is very poorly understood. Most reductionist theories do not even try to
explain it. And careful examination will show that no currently available concept of reduction is
applicable to it. Perhaps a new theoretical form can be devised for the purpose, but such a solution, if it
exists, lies in the distant intellectual future.
Conscious experience is a widespread phenomenon. It occurs at many levels of animal life, though we
cannot be sure of its presence in the simpler organisms, and it is very difficult to say in general what
provides evidence of it. (Some extremists have been prepared to deny it even of mammals other than
man.) No doubt it occurs in countless forms totally unimaginable to us, on other planets in other solar
systems throughout the universe. But no matter how the form may vary, the fact that an organism has
conscious experience at all means, basically, that there is something it is like to be that organism. There
may be further implications about the form of the experience; there may even (though I doubt it) be
implications about the behavior of the ...
Ob m5,m6,m7
Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through our five senses, while perception is how we interpret these sensations. There are several concepts related to sensation and perception, including:
1. Absolute and difference thresholds, which refer to the minimum amount of stimulus needed to detect a sensation and the minimum amount of change needed to detect a difference.
2. Gestalt principles of grouping, which describe how we tend to organize visual sensations into patterns and groups.
3. Perceptual constancy, or our ability to perceive objects as consistent despite changes in viewing conditions.
Perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations. Factors like selective attention, perceptual expectancies, and schemas influence our
Perception
Perception involves processing external stimuli through the senses and brain to identify, organize, and interpret information about the world. It is a complex process that can be influenced by culture, experiences, and individual factors. As a result, perception is personal and reality can differ between individuals based on their unique perspectives.
Sensation and Perception
The document discusses various concepts related to sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process of sensing our environment through the five senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It describes different theories of perception, including:
- Absolute threshold, which is the minimum stimulus needed for detection
- Difference threshold and Weber's law, which explain how small changes are detected
- Top-down and bottom-up processing, and how knowledge and stimulus features influence perception
- Sensory adaptation, where sensitivity decreases to constant stimuli over time.
Fundamentals of visual communication unit iii
Visual perception involves the five senses of sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound, as well as proprioception. It is the process by which we detect stimuli in the environment and take actions based on that information. Perception includes both bottom-up processing, where perception begins with sensory stimuli, and top-down processing, where contextual information aids perception. Optical illusions demonstrate how perception does not always match physical reality due to cognitive influences on what we see. Gestalt principles of perception, such as similarity, continuity, and closure, describe how we tend to group visual elements.
perception .pptx
1. Perception refers to how sensory information is organized, interpreted and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory input and top-down processing influenced by knowledge and experiences.
2. Several factors like attention, perceptual organization, depth cues and perceptual constancies influence how we perceive objects and their properties like size, shape and color.
3. Illusions reveal limits of perception when sensations are interpreted differently than physical stimuli, and there are debates around direct vs indirect approaches and awareness in perception.
TasteImage © 2011 iStockphoto There are four basic sensatio.docx
Taste
Image: © 2011 iStockphoto
There are four basic sensations of taste: sweet, bitter, sour and salty. Recently a fifth taste was identified. Umami is the perception of "meaty" or "brothy" taste based on the glutamate molecule.
Humans have between 50 and 10,000 taste buds located on the surface of the tongue and surrounding areas inside the mouth. Each taste bud has around 20 receptors designed to bond with chemical particles of food dissolved in saliva and stimulate neurons leading through the thalamus to the cortex.
The ability to taste is an innate ability; however, taste preferences are determined by the foods available within a culture. In Western European culture it is perfectly acceptable to eat cows and chickens. Would we eat goat blood or whale blubber? In spite of their foreign nature, these are considered delicacies in other parts of the world.
While taste buds function to detect chemicals, the perception of flavor is also influenced by our sense of smell.
Olfaction
Image © 2006: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator;
C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist, via Wikimedia Commons.
Similar to our taste receptors, our sense of smell (olfaction) is based on chemical detection. However, olfaction is the detection of particles in the air rather than in our foods.
Olfaction is special in that it is the only sensation system not routed through the thalamus. Chemicals carried in the air pass into the nasal cavity and are dissolved in the mucous lining. Hair cells called olfactory cilia bind with the chemicals and stimulate cells in the olfactory bulb, triggering neurons in the cortex for processing.
Skin Sensations
Image: © 2011 iStockphoto
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and the first line of defense against bacterial infection. Likewise, the skin is infused with somesthetic receptors designed to detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain, amongst other less understood stimuli.
Pain is our warning system when our body is in immediate danger. Pain signals appear to travel along two pathways to the brain for perception. The first is a quick message resulting in immediate sharp sensation, like the focused sting when you first cut yourself. The second signal is slower and results in an enduring burning sensation surrounding the afflicted area.
The perception of pain can be influenced by the individual’s expectations, experiences, mood, and other cognitive processes. Even something as simple as distracting one’s attention can reduce the sensation of pain. Pain perception’s subjective nature suggests a complex system of signals coming from the damaged area as well as ways to block these signals. Gate-control theory proposes that pain impulses pass through a hypothetical passageway in the spinal cord in route to the brain. This gate can inhibit pain signals by confusing them with impulses from the brain or those from surrounding sensory receptors. (That is why a wound hurts less when you rub the area around it. Those messages disrupt ...
Cognitive perspective report
This document discusses several cognitive theories of learning and perception, including:
- Field Theory (Lewin), which views behavior as influenced by both internal and external factors in a person's "life space."
- Insight Learning (Kohler), where solutions to problems are realized suddenly rather than through trial and error. Kohler's experiments with chimpanzees demonstrated insight learning.
- Information Processing Theory, Gestalt Principles of perception, and other cognitive concepts related to how humans acquire, perceive, remember, and communicate information.
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This document discusses types of perception and errors in perception. It describes the main types of human perception, including visual, auditory, gustatory, tactual, and extrasensory perception. Within each type, it examines how stimuli are detected and interpreted. The document also covers Gestalt laws of organization, figure-ground relationship, top-down and bottom-up processing, and perceptual constancy. Regarding errors in perception, it defines illusion, hallucination, and delusion as distortions that can occur in sensory perception.
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Similar to Final project post jc
Final project post
This document summarizes the key points learned from a perception psychology class. It discusses how perception involves complex processes behind recognizing stimuli in the environment. The author was fascinated by how depth and size are perceived, including visual illusions like the Ponzo and Ames Room illusions. They conducted an experiment using the "thumb technique" to test if objects of different sizes could have the same visual angle. The document concludes by discussing how perception applies to everyday life and how the author will now view the world differently.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol ...
Understanding the perception and its role in successful management of organiz...
The document discusses the concept of perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to understand one's environment. The key aspects of perception covered include selective attention, subjective interpretation, perceptual constancy, illusions, and how factors like stimulus characteristics, motivation, and interest influence one's perceptions.
Ch06 Lecture Notes
Chapter 6: Perception
Selective Attention
At any moment we are conscious of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experiencing. One example of this selective attention is the cocktail party effect—attending to only one voice among many. Another example is inattentional blindness, which refers to our blocking of a brief visual interruption when focusing on other sights.
Perceptual Illusions
Visual and auditory illusions were fascinating scientists even as psychology emerged. Explaining illusions required an understanding of how we transform sensations into meaningful perceptions, so the study of perception became one of psychology’s first concerns. Conflict between visual and other sensory information is usually resolved with the mind’s accepting the visual data, a tendency known as visual capture.
Perceptual Organization
From a top-down perspective, we see how we transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions when we are aided by knowledge and expectations.
The early Gestalt psychologists were impressed with the seemingly innate way we organize fragmentary sensory data into whole perceptions. Our minds structure the information that comes to us in several demonstrable ways:
Form Perception
To recognize an object, we must first perceive it (see it as a figure) as distinct from its surroundings (the ground). We must also organize the figure into a meaningful form. Several Gestalt principles—proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure—describe this process.
Depth Perception
Research on the visual cliff revealed that many species perceive the world in three dimensions at, or very soon after, birth. We transform two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions by using binocular cues, such as retinal disparity, and monocular cues, such as the relative sizes of objects.
Motion Perception
Our brain computes motion as objects move across or toward the retina. Large objects appear to move more slowly than smaller objects. A quick succession of images, as in a motion picture or on a lighted sign, can also create an illusion of movement.
Perceptual Constancy
Having perceived an object as a coherent figure and having located it in space, how then do we recognize it—despite the varying images that it may cast on our retinas? Size, shape, and lightness constancies describe how objects appear to have unchanging characteristics regardless of their distance, shape, or motion. These constancies explain several of the well-known visual illusions. For example, familiarity with the size-distance relationships in a carpentered world of rectangular shapes makes people more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Perceptual Interpretation
The most direct tests of the nature-nurture issue come from experiments that modify human perceptions.
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
For many species, infancy is a critical period during which experience must activate the brain’s innate visual mechanisms. If cataract removal restores eyesight to adults who were blind from birth, they remain unable to perceive the world normally. Generally, they can distinguish figure from ground and can perceive colors, but they are unable to recognize shapes and forms. In controlled experiments, animals have been reared with severely restricted visual input. When their visual exposure is returned to normal, they, too, suffer enduring visual handicaps.
Perceptual Adaptation
Human vision is remarkably adaptable. Given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right, or even turn it upside down, people manage to adapt their movements and, with practice, to move about with ease.
Perceptual Set
Clear evidence that perception is influenced by our experience—our learned assumptions and beliefs—as well as by sensory input comes from the many demonstrations of perceptual set and context effects. The schemas we have learned help us to interpret otherwise ambiguous stimu
Chapter 4Sensation and PerceptionCoon, Introduction to Psych
Chapter 4
Sensation and Perception
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gateway Theme
We actively construct our perceptions out of the information provided by our senses and our past experiences. The resulting perceptions are not always accurate representations of events.
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How do we take in and process information from the world around us? What is the difference between sensing and perceiving a given stimulus? The study of these questions in psychology is called psychophysics, and you may find interesting how complex these processes are that we take for granted on a minute-by-minute basis.
2
Gateway Questions
In general, how do sensory systems function?
Why are we more aware of some sensations than others?
How does the visual system function?
What are the mechanisms of hearing?
How do the chemical senses operate?
What are the somesthetic senses?
In general, how do we construct our perceptions?
How is it possible to see depth and judge distance?
How do expectations, motives, emotions, and learning alter perception?
How can I perceive events more accurately?
How can effective communication help me in my personal and
professional life?
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Our sensory systems work to receive information from our environment and convert them into an electrochemical signal that gets sent to the brain, a process called transduction. Once the information is received in the brain, the process of perception occurs, where we select, organize, and interpret those stimuli.
3
Psychophysics (1 of 2)
An artificial visual system
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Have you ever had a hearing test where the audiologist asks you to raise your hand whenever you hear something? She was measuring your absolute threshold for hearing. If, instead, she were to play a tone and ask you to indicate when you hear it change, she would be measuring your difference threshold. The standard for these thresholds is a 50 percent hit rate, or detecting the stimulus (or stimulus change) 50 percent of the time.
Our sensory systems are not simply passive receptors for information, but rather select which information is attended to and sent off to the brain for further processing.
In terms of unusual sensory systems, called extrasensory perception (ESP), the majority of the available data investigating ...
Photo album project
1. The document provides summaries of key concepts in psychology, organized into chapters. Concepts include structuralism, functionalism, naturalistic observation, case studies, parts of neurons and the nervous system, areas of the brain, types of psychological processing, and learning theories.
2. Examples are given to illustrate each concept, such as comparing the brain to parts of a car, security cameras to naturalistic observation, and giving a dog a treat to positively reinforce behavior.
3. Various areas of the brain and psychological phenomena are defined and explained, along with diagrams and photos providing visual examples.
Chapter 3 Psych. 1
The document summarizes key concepts about sensation and perception from a psychology textbook chapter. It defines sensation as the basic detection of stimuli by sensory receptors and perception as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It describes the structure of the eye and visual system, including rods and cones, and discusses thresholds, color vision, perceptual organization principles like Gestalt, illusions, and depth perception cues.
Sensation
The document discusses the differences between sensation and perception. Sensation is the passive process of detecting stimuli through the senses, while perception is the active process of interpreting sensory information. Both work together, with sensations providing raw data to the brain and perceptions forming meaningful interpretations. It then focuses on vision, describing the structure of the eye, color perception theories, and Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Psychology
This journal article discusses perception and how humans interpret sensory information. It will cover various theories on how our senses organize and interpret sensations to make sense of what we see, hear, taste, touch, and smell. The study of perception has increased in anthropology in recent decades, though the term is sometimes used too broadly. The article will also discuss Gestalt principles of visual grouping including similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure.
What is it like to be a bat httpmembers.aol.comNeoNoetics.docx
What is it like to be a bat http://members.aol.com/NeoNoetics/Nagel_Bat.html
1 of 9 20/04/2004 16.12
What is it like to be a bat?
Thomas Nagel
[From The Philosophical Review LXXXIII, 4 (October 1974):
435-50.]
Consciousness is what makes the mind-body problem really intractable. Perhaps that is why current
discussions of the problem give it little attention or get it obviously wrong. The recent wave of
reductionist euphoria has produced several analyses of mental phenomena and mental concepts designed
to explain the possibility of some variety of materialism, psychophysical identification, or reduction.
1
But
the problems dealt with are those common to this type of reduction and other types, and what makes the
mind-body problem unique, and unlike the water-H2O problem or the Turing machine-IBM machine
problem or the lightning-electrical discharge problem or the gene-DNA problem or the oak
tree-hydrocarbon problem, is ignored.
Every reductionist has his favorite analogy from modern science. It is most unlikely that any of these
unrelated examples of successful reduction will shed light on the relation of mind to brain. But
philosophers share the general human weakness for explanations of what is incomprehensible in terms
suited for what is familiar and well understood, though entirely different. This has led to the acceptance of
implausible accounts of the mental largely because they would permit familiar kinds of reduction. I shall
try to explain why the usual examples do not help us to understand the relation between mind and
body—why, indeed, we have at present no conception of what an explanation of the physical nature of a
mental phenomenon would be. Without consciousness the mind-body problem would be much less
interesting. With consciousness it seems hopeless. The most important and characteristic feature of
conscious mental phenomena is very poorly understood. Most reductionist theories do not even try to
explain it. And careful examination will show that no currently available concept of reduction is
applicable to it. Perhaps a new theoretical form can be devised for the purpose, but such a solution, if it
exists, lies in the distant intellectual future.
Conscious experience is a widespread phenomenon. It occurs at many levels of animal life, though we
cannot be sure of its presence in the simpler organisms, and it is very difficult to say in general what
provides evidence of it. (Some extremists have been prepared to deny it even of mammals other than
man.) No doubt it occurs in countless forms totally unimaginable to us, on other planets in other solar
systems throughout the universe. But no matter how the form may vary, the fact that an organism has
conscious experience at all means, basically, that there is something it is like to be that organism. There
may be further implications about the form of the experience; there may even (though I doubt it) be
implications about the behavior of the ...
Ob m5,m6,m7
Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through our five senses, while perception is how we interpret these sensations. There are several concepts related to sensation and perception, including:
1. Absolute and difference thresholds, which refer to the minimum amount of stimulus needed to detect a sensation and the minimum amount of change needed to detect a difference.
2. Gestalt principles of grouping, which describe how we tend to organize visual sensations into patterns and groups.
3. Perceptual constancy, or our ability to perceive objects as consistent despite changes in viewing conditions.
Perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations. Factors like selective attention, perceptual expectancies, and schemas influence our
Perception
Perception involves processing external stimuli through the senses and brain to identify, organize, and interpret information about the world. It is a complex process that can be influenced by culture, experiences, and individual factors. As a result, perception is personal and reality can differ between individuals based on their unique perspectives.
Sensation and Perception
The document discusses various concepts related to sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process of sensing our environment through the five senses, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It describes different theories of perception, including:
- Absolute threshold, which is the minimum stimulus needed for detection
- Difference threshold and Weber's law, which explain how small changes are detected
- Top-down and bottom-up processing, and how knowledge and stimulus features influence perception
- Sensory adaptation, where sensitivity decreases to constant stimuli over time.
Fundamentals of visual communication unit iii
Visual perception involves the five senses of sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound, as well as proprioception. It is the process by which we detect stimuli in the environment and take actions based on that information. Perception includes both bottom-up processing, where perception begins with sensory stimuli, and top-down processing, where contextual information aids perception. Optical illusions demonstrate how perception does not always match physical reality due to cognitive influences on what we see. Gestalt principles of perception, such as similarity, continuity, and closure, describe how we tend to group visual elements.
perception .pptx
1. Perception refers to how sensory information is organized, interpreted and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory input and top-down processing influenced by knowledge and experiences.
2. Several factors like attention, perceptual organization, depth cues and perceptual constancies influence how we perceive objects and their properties like size, shape and color.
3. Illusions reveal limits of perception when sensations are interpreted differently than physical stimuli, and there are debates around direct vs indirect approaches and awareness in perception.
TasteImage © 2011 iStockphoto There are four basic sensatio.docx
Taste
Image: © 2011 iStockphoto
There are four basic sensations of taste: sweet, bitter, sour and salty. Recently a fifth taste was identified. Umami is the perception of "meaty" or "brothy" taste based on the glutamate molecule.
Humans have between 50 and 10,000 taste buds located on the surface of the tongue and surrounding areas inside the mouth. Each taste bud has around 20 receptors designed to bond with chemical particles of food dissolved in saliva and stimulate neurons leading through the thalamus to the cortex.
The ability to taste is an innate ability; however, taste preferences are determined by the foods available within a culture. In Western European culture it is perfectly acceptable to eat cows and chickens. Would we eat goat blood or whale blubber? In spite of their foreign nature, these are considered delicacies in other parts of the world.
While taste buds function to detect chemicals, the perception of flavor is also influenced by our sense of smell.
Olfaction
Image © 2006: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator;
C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist, via Wikimedia Commons.
Similar to our taste receptors, our sense of smell (olfaction) is based on chemical detection. However, olfaction is the detection of particles in the air rather than in our foods.
Olfaction is special in that it is the only sensation system not routed through the thalamus. Chemicals carried in the air pass into the nasal cavity and are dissolved in the mucous lining. Hair cells called olfactory cilia bind with the chemicals and stimulate cells in the olfactory bulb, triggering neurons in the cortex for processing.
Skin Sensations
Image: © 2011 iStockphoto
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and the first line of defense against bacterial infection. Likewise, the skin is infused with somesthetic receptors designed to detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain, amongst other less understood stimuli.
Pain is our warning system when our body is in immediate danger. Pain signals appear to travel along two pathways to the brain for perception. The first is a quick message resulting in immediate sharp sensation, like the focused sting when you first cut yourself. The second signal is slower and results in an enduring burning sensation surrounding the afflicted area.
The perception of pain can be influenced by the individual’s expectations, experiences, mood, and other cognitive processes. Even something as simple as distracting one’s attention can reduce the sensation of pain. Pain perception’s subjective nature suggests a complex system of signals coming from the damaged area as well as ways to block these signals. Gate-control theory proposes that pain impulses pass through a hypothetical passageway in the spinal cord in route to the brain. This gate can inhibit pain signals by confusing them with impulses from the brain or those from surrounding sensory receptors. (That is why a wound hurts less when you rub the area around it. Those messages disrupt ...
Cognitive perspective report
This document discusses several cognitive theories of learning and perception, including:
- Field Theory (Lewin), which views behavior as influenced by both internal and external factors in a person's "life space."
- Insight Learning (Kohler), where solutions to problems are realized suddenly rather than through trial and error. Kohler's experiments with chimpanzees demonstrated insight learning.
- Information Processing Theory, Gestalt Principles of perception, and other cognitive concepts related to how humans acquire, perceive, remember, and communicate information.
Final project agnosias
1. The document discusses different types of agnosias, or losses of knowledge, caused by lesions to higher-order processing areas of the brain. It provides three examples: motion agnosia, contralateral neglect, and color agnosia.
2. The author discusses how learning about the brain and different cognitive disorders has made them more understanding and tolerant of other people's differing interpretations of the world.
3. The author's favorite part of the course was learning about motor function and the cerebellum, and how insights into the brain have changed their views on intelligence.
Perception
This document discusses types of perception and errors in perception. It describes the main types of human perception, including visual, auditory, gustatory, tactual, and extrasensory perception. Within each type, it examines how stimuli are detected and interpreted. The document also covers Gestalt laws of organization, figure-ground relationship, top-down and bottom-up processing, and perceptual constancy. Regarding errors in perception, it defines illusion, hallucination, and delusion as distortions that can occur in sensory perception.
Similar to Final project post jc (20)
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Understanding the perception and its role in successful management of organiz...
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Chapter 4Sensation and PerceptionCoon, Introduction to Psych
Chapter 4Sensation and PerceptionCoon, Introduction to Psych
What is it like to be a bat httpmembers.aol.comNeoNoetics.docx
What is it like to be a bat httpmembers.aol.comNeoNoetics.docx
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Final project post jc
- 1. Final Project Post Joshua Conlow Professor Berg Perception June 12, 2010
- 2. General Overview Perception is all around you! In pretty much every activity of life, perception plays an intricate role in how everything is understood and processed. Perception begins when we learn what each one of our senses are and how the role they play throughout our lives. After learning the content surrounding the field of perception, it focuses on the more specifics of seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, or smelling. It is just an in-depth look at each of the senses that give us a unique way of perceiving the world around us. Perception does not “just happen”, it is a complex process that is carried out by four main components that play a very important role.
- 3. General Overview This sequence of events that help us perceive our surroundings is called the Perceptual Process. This is a sequence of processes that work together to determine our experience of and reaction to stimuli in the environment. This process is divided into four main parts: Stimulus, Electricity, Experience and Action, and Knowledge. Stimulus refers to what is out in the environment, what we actually pay attention to, and what stimulates our receptors. Electricity deals with the electrical signals that are created by the receptors and transmitted to the brain. Experience and Action refer to our goal; to perceive, recognize, and react to stimuli. Knowledge refers to the knowledge we bring into the perceptional situation.
- 4. General Overview Throughout the course of this class we also took a deeper look into technology and how our brain reacts when specific perceptions are recognized. PET scans and MRI’s help show us what our brains look like and what parts play an important role when different things in the environment are perceived. This slide sums up perception and theories that encompass the field of study. Imagine what you’re brain would like right now if you were receiving a PET scan or an MRI.
- 5. Favorite Part This entire textbook, which explicitly describes perception, has greatly enriched my knowledge in this particular field of Psychology. However, the section that covers inattentional blindness is definitely my favorite part of the textbook. Inattentional blindness deals with failure to perceive a stimulus that isn’t attended, even if it is in full view. This part of perception is clear evidence that attention is necessary for perceiving your surrounding environment. In 1999, Simons and Chabris created a situation in which one part of a scene is attended and the other is not. A 75 second film, showing two teams of three players each passing a basketball back and forth was made. The viewers were told to count the number of passes a specific team made during the clip. In the meantime, a lady carrying an umbrella or a gorilla walked through the players. The majority of viewers did not see the lady or gorilla because they were not focused on these things in the video. This is a prime example of inattentional blindness.
- 6. Favorite Part Another favorite part of mine consists of the Ponzo Illusion, which can be found in Chapter 10. In this illusion, two animals were placed on the Ponzo or railroad track. Both of these animals were the same size and have the same visual angles. However, the one on top appears larger. According to Gregory’s misapplied scaling explanation, the top animal appears larger because of depth information provided by the converging railroad tracks. Therefore, the animal looks like it takes up the entire individual railroad track (length).
- 7. Favorite Part I was so interested in the Ponzo illusion, that I decided to visit the local railroad tracks in my town and test this theory. Below are the pictures I took to demonstrate the Ponzo illusion. I substituted the animals with a pair of sneakers that were the same size.
- 8. Results
- 9. Results Second sneaker Second sneaker looks bigger because the track seems smaller!
- 10. Extension Before this class, taking a walk through nature and through my local town seemed so boring. Now I look at absolutely anything with a new perspective on almost everything! I never understood until now how different buildings, objects, or even people could occupy the mind when we look at our surroundings with a new light on each situation. I never realized the five senses could impact so greatly how humans perceive and understand their environment. As I observe buildings, I can stand on a street corner and look at the two corners of a particular building, visualize one corner being longer than the other and say to myself that it is a mere illusion that invades someone’s mind.