1) The document discusses emotions and moods in organizational behavior, noting that emotions were historically ignored but are now understood to be an integral part of the workplace. 2) It defines key terms like emotions, moods, affect, basic emotions, positive and negative affect, and emotional labor. 3) Theories are presented on the functions of emotions, sources of emotions and moods, and how emotions impact areas of OB like decision-making, motivation, leadership and more.

1. Robbins & Judge
Organizational Behavior
14th Edition
Emotions and MoodsEmotions and Moods
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16. Robbins & Judge
Organizational Behavior
14th Edition
Emotions and MoodsEmotions and Moods
8-16

17. Why Were Emotions Ignored in OB?Why Were Emotions Ignored in OB?
 The “Myth of Rationality”
– Organizations are not emotion-free.
– Emotions were seen as irrational
– Managers worked to make emotion-free
environments
 View of Emotionality
– Emotions were believed to be disruptive
– Emotions interfered with productivity
 Now we know emotions can’t be separated from
the workplace
8-18

18. 4–19
Emotions and their Blends:Emotions and their Blends:

19. 20

20. 21
Neutral surprise
SadnessFear
Happiness
Anger

21. The Basic EmotionsThe Basic Emotions
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22. The Basic EmotionsThe Basic Emotions
 While not universally accepted, there appear to be six
basic emotions:
1. Fear
2. Anger
3. Disgust
4. Surprise
5. Sadness
6. Happiness
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23. 4–24
 Anger: fury, resentment, annoyance, hostility.
 Love: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, obsession.
 Shame: guilt, repentance, humiliation, regret.
 Fear: anxiety, nervousness, apprehension, terror.
 Enjoyment: happiness, joy, relief, contentment, pleasure.
 Sadness: Grief, sorrow, cheerlessness, gloom.
 Surprise: Shock, astonishment, amazement wonder.
Emotions and their Blends:Emotions and their Blends:

24. What are Emotions and Moods?What are Emotions and Moods?
8-25

25. What are Emotions and Moods?What are Emotions and Moods?
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26. 27
Affect;
• A generic term that covers a broad range of
feelings that people experience.
• It is an umbrella concept that encompasses both
emotions/moods.
What is Affect and Moods?What is Affect and Moods?
Moods;
• Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions
and that lack of contextual stimulus.

27. 28
Emotions are reactions to an object, not a trait. They are object
specific. You show emotions when You are “happy about
something, angry at someone, Afraid of something”
Moods are not directed at an object but emotions can turn into
moods when you loose focus in the contextual object.
REMEMBERREMEMBER
When a work colleague criticizes you for the way you spoke to a
client, you might become angry at him. That is you show
emotion (anger) toward a specific object (colleague)

28. 4–29
Emotion Dimensions;Emotion Dimensions;
 Variety of emotions
 Positive (joy and gratitude)
 Negative (anger and guilt)
 Intensity of emotions
 Personality
 Job Requirements
 Frequency and duration of emotions
 How often emotions are exhibited.
 How long emotions are displayed.

29. What Is the Function of Emotion?What Is the Function of Emotion?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
4-30
 Emotions can aid in our decision-making
process. Many researchers have shown that
emotions are necessary for rational decisions.

30. Basic Moods: Positive and Negative AffectBasic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect
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31. Basic Moods: Positive and Negative AffectBasic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect
Positive Affect
 A mood dimension that consists of specific positive emotions;
 Excitement , self-assurance and cheerfulness at the high end
 Boredom, sluggishness and tiredness at the lower end
Negative Affect
 A mood dimension that consists of emotions;
 Nervousness, stress and anxiety at the high end
 Relaxation, tranquility (calm) and poise at the lower end
Positive offset
 The tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive
mood at zero input. (when nothing in particular is going on)
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E X H I B I T 8-2
E X H I B I T 8-2

32. What Is the Function of Emotion?What Is the Function of Emotion?
 Do Emotions Make Us Irrational?
– Expressing emotions publicly may be damaging to
social status
– Emotions are critical to rational decision-making
– Emotions help us understand the world around us
 What Functions Do Emotions Serve?
– Darwin argued they help in survival problem-solving
– Evolutionary psychology: people must experience
emotions as there is a purpose behind them
– Not all researchers agree with this assessment
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33. EmotionsEmotions
Emotions
 Phineas Gage
 A rail road worker in Vermont Sep-1848
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E X H I B I T 8-2
E X H I B I T 8-2

34. Sources of Emotion and MoodSources of Emotion and Mood
 Personality
– There is a trait component – affect intensity
 Day and Time of the Week
– There is a common pattern for all of us
• Happier in the midpoint of the daily awake period
• Happier toward the end of the week
 Weather
– Illusory correlation – no effect
 Stress
– Even low levels of constant stress can worsen moods
 Social Activities
– Physical, informal, and dining activities increase
positive moods
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35. More Sources of Emotion and MoodMore Sources of Emotion and Mood
 Sleep
– Poor sleep quality increases negative affect
 Exercise
– Does somewhat improve mood, especially for
depressed people
 Age
– Older folks experience fewer negative emotions
 Gender
– Women tend to be more emotionally expressive, feel
emotions more intensely, have longer-lasting moods,
and express emotions more frequently than do men
– Due more to socialization than to biology
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36. Emotional Labor:Emotional Labor:
 Emotional Labor
– A situation in which an employee expresses
organizationally desired emotions during
interpersonal transactions at work.
 Emotional Dissonance
– Inconsistencies between the emotions people feel
and the emotions they project.
– A situation in which an employee must project one
emotion while simultaneously feeling another.
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37. 4–38
AffectAffect
EmotionalEmotional
LaborLabor
MoodsMoods EmotionsEmotions
FeltFelt
Displayed
Displayed
Emotional Labor:Emotional Labor:

38. 4–39
Felt versus Displayed EmotionsFelt versus Displayed Emotions
Felt Emotions
An individual’s actual emotions.
Displayed Emotions
Emotions that are organizationally
required and considered appropriate in a
given job.

39. Emotional LaborEmotional Labor
An employee’s expression of organizationally desired
emotions during interpersonal transactions at work.
Types of Emotions:
• Felt: the individual’s actual emotions
• Displayed: required or appropriate emotions
– Surface Acting:
» displaying appropriately but not feeling those
emotions internally
– Deep Acting:
» changing internal feelings to match display rules -
very stressful
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40. Affective Events Theory (AET)Affective Events Theory (AET)
 How do emotions and moods influence our job
performance and satisfaction?
 An event in the work environment triggers positive
or negative emotional reactions
– Personality and mood determine response intensity
– Emotions can influence a broad range of work
variables
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41. 4–42
Affective Events Theory (AET)Affective Events Theory (AET)
 Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work
environment event.
– Personality and mood determine the intensity of the
emotional response.
– Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance
and job satisfaction variables.
 Implications of the theory:
– Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles.
– Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction.
– Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction.
– Emotions have only short-term effects on job performance.
– Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers
and reduce job performance.

42. Affective Events Theory (AET)Affective Events Theory (AET)
8-43
Colleagues refuse to carry their share of work
Conflicting directions from different managers
Excessive time pressures
Meeting a goal, getting support from a colleague
Receiving a recognition for an accomplishment

43. 4–44
 Ms. Geeta is an office manager and her awareness of her own and
other’s emotions is almost nil.
 She is moody and unable to generate much enthusiasm or interest in
her employees
 She doesn’t understand why employees get upset with her.
 She over reacts to problems and chooses the most unsuccessful
response to emotional situations
 Geeta has low emotional intelligence
Emotional Intelligence (EI)Emotional Intelligence (EI)

44. 4–45
 Emotional Intelligence is a person’s ability to
1) Be self aware (to recognize her own emotions when she experiences them)
2) Detect emotions in others
3) Manage emotional cues and information
 People who know their own emotions and are
good at reading emotion cues – i.e – knowing why
they are angry and how to express themselves
with out violating norms are most likely to be
effective
Emotional Intelligence (EI)Emotional Intelligence (EI)

45. 4–46
 Emotional Intelligence is “the capacity for
recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for
motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions
well in ourselves and in our relationships.
 Emotional intelligence describes abilities distinct
from, but complementary to, academic intelligence.”
Daniel Goleman (1998)
Emotional Intelligence (EI)Emotional Intelligence (EI)

46. 4–48
 How an understanding of emotions and moods can
improve our ability to explain and predict the
selection process in organizations, decision
making, creativity, motivation, leadership,
interpersonal conflict, negotiation, customer
service, job attitudes, and deviant workplace
behaviors.
OB Applications of Understanding EmotionsOB Applications of Understanding Emotions

47. 4–49
OB Applications of Understanding EmotionsOB Applications of Understanding Emotions
 Ability and Selection
– Emotions affect employee effectiveness.
 Decision Making
– Emotions are an important part of the decision-making
process in organizations.
 Motivation
– Positive mood affects expectations of success;
– Feedback amplifies this effect.
 Leadership
– Emotions are important to acceptance of messages
from organizational leaders.
 Creativity
– Positive mood increases flexibility, openness & creativity

48. 4–50
OB Applications… (cont’d)OB Applications… (cont’d)
 Interpersonal Conflict
– Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are
strongly knotted.
 Customer Services
– Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers
which, in turn, affects customer relationships
 Deviant Workplace Behaviors
– Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions
that violate norms and threaten the organization).
• Productivity failures
• Property theft and destruction
• Political actions
• Personal aggression

49. More OB Applications of Emotions and MoodsMore OB Applications of Emotions and Moods
 Negotiation
– Emotions, skillfully displayed, can affect negotiations
 Customer Services
– Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers
which, in turn, affects customer relationships
– Emotional Contagion: “catching” emotions from others
 Job Attitudes
– Can carry over to home, but dissipate overnight
 Manager’s Influence
– Leaders who are in a good mood, use humor / praise
employees increase positive moods in the workplace.
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50. Global ImplicationsGlobal Implications
 Do people experience emotions equally?
– No. Culture can determine type, frequency, and depth
of experienced emotions
 Do people interpret emotions the same way?
– Yes. Negative emotions are seen as undesirable and
positive emotions are desirable
– However, value of each emotion varies across cultures
 Do norms of emotional expression vary?
– Yes. Some cultures have a bias against emotional
expression; others demand some display of emotion
– How the emotions are expressed may make
interpretation outside of one’s culture difficult
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51. Summary and Managerial ImplicationsSummary and Managerial Implications
8-53
 Moods are more general than emotions and less
contextual
 Emotions and moods impact all areas of OB
 Managers cannot and should not attempt to completely
control the emotions of their employees
 Managers must not ignore the emotions of their co-
workers and employees
 Behavior predictions will be less accurate if emotions
are not taken into account