This document discusses the classification of different types of living organisms. It covers the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, animals, and viruses. The classification systems are meant to group organisms based on similarities to better understand and study life forms.
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES Shylesh M
VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Viral replication by Kainat Ramzan-SlideShareKainatRamzan3
Virus multiplication are in Following steps: attached, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, assembly and release and also discribe the life of Bacteriophage by following two life cycle
Present By Kainat Ramzan
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES Shylesh M
VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Viral replication by Kainat Ramzan-SlideShareKainatRamzan3
Virus multiplication are in Following steps: attached, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, assembly and release and also discribe the life of Bacteriophage by following two life cycle
Present By Kainat Ramzan
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
Magnetically Modulated drug delivery system, Noval Drug Delivery system, New approaches to develop magnetically modulated drug delivery system and Formulation Design.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
11. The microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic
,organisms characterized by the lack of
membrane bound nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
NOMENCLATURE
The diversity of bacterial species by
naming and placing organisms based on
similarities.
12. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
which mean that replicate only inside a
living host cell.
NOMENCLATURE
1. Order (virales)
2. Family (viridae)
3. Sub family (virinae)
4. Genus (virus)
5. Species (tobacco mosaic virus)
13. Fungi are the plants which not
differenciated into roots ,stem and
leaves.
NOMENCLATURE
According to the five kingdom system
status of fungi has changed from
that of a group of PLANT KINGDOM to a
separate kingdom FUNGI.
14. › Classification of living organisms
into groups
› For better and convenient
understanding and study of
organisms.
15.
16. groups are based on
convenient, observable
characteristics.
e.g Five kingdom system of
classification.
18. 1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic
material scattered and not enclosed by a
membrane). have a cell wall, have no
chloroplasts
some move (flagellum); others don't
some make their own food (autotrophic);
others can't make their own food
(heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria, blue-green bacteria
(cyanobacteria)
19. 1 cell
have a true nucleus – eukaryote
some move
(cilia, flagella, pseudopodia); others
don't
some are autotrophic; others are
heterotrophic
examples -
amoeba, diatom, euglena, paramecium
, some algae (unicellular), etc
20. Yeasts, such as brewers’ yeast, and
moulds, such as Penicillium chrysogenum
which produces the antibiotic penicillin,
are classified as microbial fungi.
26. Unicellular
Prokaryote
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
Single loop DNA
Reproduce through binary fission
Benificial & harmful
Occupy any ecological role e.g.
Producers, consumers, decomposers, pre
dator, prey, etc
Anarobic and Aerobic respiration found
27. Utilize organic / inorganic chemicals or
photosynthesis to obtain energy
For example
1. Photoautotrophs
2.Chemoautotrophs
3.Heterotrophs
31. Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan
RNA polymerase and ribosomes are
unique, but more similar to eukaryotes
They do not cause any known human
diseases
They do not use light energy
Most Archaea live in extreme environments
They include :
a)Methanogens b) Halophiles c)
Thermophiles
33. "salt-loving"
Archaea
found in such
extremely saline
locales such as
the Dead Sea and
the Great Salt
Lake
mostly
heterotrophs, but
can switch to
photosynthesis
34. "heat-loving"
Archaea
found in hot
springs, acidic
soils, near
volcano
vents, etc.
they use H2S to
generate ATP
35. unicellular eukaryotics microorganisms
they move by 3 types of locomotion;
pseudopods, flagella and cilia
they have variety of shapes.
can reproduce sexually or asexually
live as free entities or parasites.
Amoeba, paramecium, Volvox, Euglena
etc
Plasmodium falciparum that causes
Malaria, Entamoeba histolytica that causes
Amoebiasis , Giardia lamblia that causes
Giardiasis, Trypanosoma brucei causes
African trypanomiasis.
37. Unicellular
eukaryotes
has a cilia: hair-like
structure that helps
it move and eat
Has small and
large nuclei
Reproduce by
binary fission/
conjugation
Found in
freshwater
38. Unicellular
eukaryotes
use flagellum to
move
use eyespot to
detect sunlight
contain
chlorophyll
a green pigment
that helps
photosynthesis
Reproduce by
binary fission
Found in fresh
water
39. Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
Has cellulose cell wall
Gain energy through photosynthesis
Produce molecular oxygen & organic
compounds
Found in fresh waters, or on the surfaces
of moist soil or rocks
e.g.
Bluegreenalgae,Chlamydomonas,Diatoms,
Gelidium, etc..
40. Blue-green algae, also known as
Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae are most often
blue-green in color, but can also
be blue, green, reddish-purple
Blue-green algae generally grow
in lakes, ponds, and slow-moving
streams when the water is warm
and enriched with nutrients like
phosphorus or nitrogen.
Many different species of blue-
green algae occur in Wisconsin
waters, but the most commonly
detected include Anabaena
sp., Aphanizomenon
41. Chlamydomonas is a genus of
green alga consisting of
unicellular flagellates.
it contains ion channels that
are directly activated by light,
such as channelrhodopsin
Most species are obligate
phototrophs but C. reinhardtii
and C. dysosmos are facultative
heterotrophs that can grow in
the dark in the presence of
acetate as a carbon source.
Cell wall is made up of
glycoprotein and non cellulosic
polysaccharides instead of
42. Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy
Unicellular / multicellular
e.g. Molds and mushrooms are
multicellular
Yeasts are unicellular
Beneficial / harmful
43. Multicellular
consists of mycelia
(composed of
filaments called
hyphae)
In some
instances, the fungal
mycelium forms a ring
as it explores the soil-
this is sometimes
called a fairy ring
45. Too small to be observed
with light microscope
Consists of DNA/RNA core
Core is surrounded by
protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a
lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only
when they are in living host
cell
Bacteriophage-viruses that
infect bacteria
Viroids-nucleic acid without
protein coating
Prions- Infectious
protenacious particles