The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system from 1969. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Monera contains prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients. Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes. Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that ingest food. The classification system aimed to group organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, and evolutionary relationships.
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This is uploaded with videos on YouTube, linked provided bellow
Introduction and thalophyta- https://youtu.be/OtVqgSXwpAo
Bryophyta-https://youtu.be/QlmhYUNKA98
Pteridophyta- https://youtu.be/WjVXHVCN5Fs
Gymnosperm-https://youtu.be/Yy6pNmDoyz8
Angiosperm-https://youtu.be/ZDmYYklBwh4
Still you can comment us on YouTube to get more explanation and better videos.
Biological Classification
This ppt shows the details of biological classification. it gives a brief idea about the five kingdom classification with a detailed description of kingdoms monera, protista and fungi. a detailed description of viruses, viroids, prions and lichens have also been given....
For more details visit my youtube channel: (VIHIRA ACADEMY)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This is uploaded with videos on YouTube, linked provided bellow
Introduction and thalophyta- https://youtu.be/OtVqgSXwpAo
Bryophyta-https://youtu.be/QlmhYUNKA98
Pteridophyta- https://youtu.be/WjVXHVCN5Fs
Gymnosperm-https://youtu.be/Yy6pNmDoyz8
Angiosperm-https://youtu.be/ZDmYYklBwh4
Still you can comment us on YouTube to get more explanation and better videos.
Biological Classification
This ppt shows the details of biological classification. it gives a brief idea about the five kingdom classification with a detailed description of kingdoms monera, protista and fungi. a detailed description of viruses, viroids, prions and lichens have also been given....
For more details visit my youtube channel: (VIHIRA ACADEMY)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This presentation is made in accordance with the NCERT textbook of Biology for Class 11. It deals with the introduction and characteristics of living organisms as well as concepts of nomenclature..
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This lesson to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is a Cell?
2) The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell.
3) Cell Theory.
4) Cells - Number, Size, Shape and Function.
5) Structure of a Cell
6) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
7) The Plant and Animal cells.
8) Stem Cells.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Based on NCERT class 9 Science Chapter 7 'Diversity in Living Organisms'. Describes how the classification is being made on the category of plants, animals, fungi, microbes etc. made by Vivek Ranjan Sahoo
This presentation is made in accordance with the NCERT textbook of Biology for Class 11. It deals with the introduction and characteristics of living organisms as well as concepts of nomenclature..
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This lesson to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is a Cell?
2) The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell.
3) Cell Theory.
4) Cells - Number, Size, Shape and Function.
5) Structure of a Cell
6) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
7) The Plant and Animal cells.
8) Stem Cells.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Based on NCERT class 9 Science Chapter 7 'Diversity in Living Organisms'. Describes how the classification is being made on the category of plants, animals, fungi, microbes etc. made by Vivek Ranjan Sahoo
This is a very old school report that I did back when I was in the 8th grade . It's basically information concerning the Six Kingdoms. I hope you can make use of it. So buckle up!
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Classification History
The earliest classification was done by
Aristotle. He used simple morphological
characters to classify plant into trees,
shrubs & herbs. He also divided animals
into two groups, those who poses red
blood and those who did not.
3. Classification HistoryLinnaeus classified living world
into Two kingdom. Plantae and
Animalia.This system was used till
very recently. This system does not
distinguish between Eukaryotic and
prokaryotic ,unicellular and
multicellular organisms and
photosynthetic (green algae) and
non-photosynthetic (fungi)
organisms.
5. 5 Kingdom Classification
R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five
Kingdom Classification. The kingdoms
defined by him were named Monera,
protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The
main criteria for classification used by him
include cell structure, thallus organisation,
mode of nutrition, reproduction and
phylogenetic relationships. .
6. All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together
under Kingdom Monera and the unicellular
eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom
protista. Kingdom Protista has brought together
Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae
within Plants and both having cell walls) with
Paramoecium and Amoeba (which were earlier
placed in the animal kingdom which lack cell wall).
It has put together organisms which, in earlier
classifications, were placed in different kingdoms.
8. Kingdom Monera
Bacteria mainly comprises of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most
abundant micro-organisms. They live in extreme habitats such as hot
springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans .Many of them live in or on other
organisms as parasites.
Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape the
spherical Coccus , the rod-shaped Bacillus , the comma shaped Vibrium and
the spiral Spirillum Some of the bacteria are autotrophic, i.e., they synthesise
their own food from inorganic substrates. They may be photosynthetic
autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic. The vast majority of bacteria
are heterotrophs,i.e., they do not synthesise their own food but depend on
other organisms or on dead organic matter for food.
Back NextSlide 9
10. These bacteria are live in the most harsh habitats such as
extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas
(methanogens). Archaebacteria differ from other
bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this
feature is responsible for their survival in extreme
conditions. Methanogens are present in the gut of several
ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they
are responsible for the production of methane (biogas)
from the dung of these animals.
Archaebacteria
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11. Eubacteria
There are thousands of different eubacteria or ‘true bacteria’. They are
characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a
flagellum. Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in
specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena. They
play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron
and sulphur.
Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant in nature. The majority
are important decomposers. Many of them have a significant impact
on human affairs. They are helpful in making curd from milk,
production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc. Some
are pathogens causing damage to human beings, crops, farm animals
and pets. Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well known
diseases caused by different bacteria.
Bacteria Growth mainly by fission (Figure 2.3). Sometimes, under
unfavourable conditions, they produce spores. They also reproduce by a sort
of sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer from one
bacterium to the other.
Next
12. The Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack a cell
wall. They are the smallest living cells known and can survive
without oxygen. Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and
plants.
Dividing Bacterium
Back
13. Kingdom Protista
All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under
ProtistaMembers of Protista are primarily aquatic.
This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing
with plants, animals and fungi. Being eukaryotes,
the protistan cell body contains a well defined
nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a
process involving cell fusion and zygote formation.
Next
15. Chrysophytes
This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids). They are
found in fresh water as well as in marine environments. They are
microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton). Most of t
hem are photosynthetic.
Triceratium Pinnularia
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16. Dinoflagellates
These organisms are mostly marine and photosynthetic.They
appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the
main pigments present in their cells. The cell wall has stiff
cellulose plates on the outer surface. Most of them have two
flagella. Very often, red dinoflagellates(Example: Gonyaulax)
undergo such rapid multiplicationthat they make the sea
appear red (red tides). Toxins released by such large numbers
may even kill other marine animals such as fishes.
Red Tides
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17. Eugelenoids
Eugelenoids are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water. Instead of a
cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their
body flexible. Though they are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight,
when deprived of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs by predating on
other smaller organisms. Interestingly, the pigments of euglenoids are
identical to those present in higher plants. Example: Euglena
Next
18. Slime Moulds
Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. The body
moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing
organic material.Eg.plasmodium.
Plasmodium
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19. Protozoans
All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as
predators or parasites. They are believed to be
primitive relatives of animals. There are four
major groups of protozoans.
Next
20. Types of Protozoans:-
Amoeboid Protozoans: These
organisms live in fresh water, sea
water or moist soil. They move
and capture their prey by putting
out pseudopodia (false feet) as in
Amoeba. Some of them such as
Entamoeba are parasites.
Flagellated Protozoans: The
members of this group are either
free-living or parasitic. They have
flagella. The parasitic forms cause
diseases such as sleeping sickness.
Example: Trypanosome.
Amoeba
Trypanosome
Next
21. Types of Protozoans:-
Ciliated protozoans: These are
aquatic, actively moving organisms
because of the presence of thousands
of cilia. They have a cavity (gullet) that
opens to the outside of the cell
surface. Example: Paramoecium
Sporozoans: This includes diverse
organisms that have an infectious
spore-like stage in their life cycle. The
most notorious is Plasmodium
(malarial parasite) which causes
malaria which has a staggering effect
on human population Paramoecium
Exit
22. Kingdom Fungi
The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic
organisms. They show a great diversity in morphology
and habitat. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble
organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called
saprophytes. Those that depend on living plants and animals
are called parasites. They can also live as symbionts – in
association with algae as lichens and with roots of higher
plants as mycorrhiza.Reproduction in fungi can take place by
vegetative means – fragmentation, fission and budding.
Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or
sporangiospores or zoospores, and sexual reproduction is by
oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
Next
24. Phycomycetes
Members of phycomycetes are
found in aquatic habitats and on
decaying wood in moist and damp
places or as obligate parasites on
plants. The mycelium is aseptate and
coenocytic. Asexual reproduction takes
place by zoospores (motile) or by
aplanospores (non-motile). Some
common examples are Mucor Rhizopus
(the bread mould mentioned earlier)
and Albugo (the parasitic fungi on
mustard).
Mucor
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25. Ascomycetes
Commonly known as sac-
fungi, the ascomycetes are
mostly multicellular, e.g.,
Penicillium rarely, or
unicellular, e.g., yeast
(Saccharomyces) . They are
saprophytic, decomposers,
parasitic or coprophilous
(growing on dung). Mycelium
is branched and septate
Penicillium
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26. Basidiomycetes
Commonly known forms of
basidiomycetes are
mushrooms, bracket fungi or
puffballs. They grow in soil,
on logs and tree stumps and
In living plant bodies as
parasites, e.g., rusts and
smuts. The mycelium is branched
and septate. Some common
members are Agaricus
(mushroom) , Ustilago (smut)
and Puccinia (rust fungus).
Agaricus
Puccinia
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27. Deuromycetes
Commonly known as imperfect fungi because only
the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are
known. When the sexual forms of these fungi were
discovered they were moved into classes they
rightly belong to. Some members are saprophytes
or parasites while a large number of them are
decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling.
Some examples are Alternaria, Colletotrichum and
Trichoderma.
Exit
28. Lichens
Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually useful
associations, between algae and fungi. The algal
component is known as phycobiont and fungal
component as mycobiont, which are autotrophic and
heterotrophic, respectively. Algae prepare food for
fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral
nutrients and water for its partner. So close is their
association that if one saw a lichen in nature one
would never imagine that they had two different
organisms withinthem. Lichens are very good pollution
indicators – they do not grow in polluted areas.
Lichens
29. Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic
chlorophyll-containing organisms
commonly called plants. A few members
are partially heterotrophic such as the
Insectivorous plants or parasites. The
plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with
prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly
made of cellulose. Plantae includes algae,
bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms
and angiosperms
Exit
30. Kingdom Animalia
This kingdom is characterised by heterotrophic
eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and
their cells lack cell walls. They directly or
indirectly depend on plants for food. They
digest their food in an internal cavity and store
food reserves as glycogen or fat. Most of them
are capable of locomotion.
Exit
31. Virus & Viroids
In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker
there is no mention of some cellular organisms like viruses
and viroids.The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are
characterised by having an inert crystalline structure
outside the living cell. Once they infect a cell they take over
the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves,
killing the host. The name virus that means venom or
poisonous fluid was given by Pasteur. D.J. Ivanowsky
(1892) . viruses also contain genetic material, that could be
either RNA or DNA. No virus contains both RNA and DNA. A
virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is
infectious. Viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox,
herpes and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a
virus. In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation,
leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing,
dwarfing and stunted growth.
Tobacco mosaic virus
32. • Viroids: In 1971 T.O. Diener discovered a new
infectious agent that was smaller than viruses
and caused potato spindle tuber disease. It was
found to be a free RNA; it lacked the protein coat
that is found in viruses, hence the name viroid.
The RNA of the viroid was of low molecular
weight.
Bacteriophage
T.O. Diener