Viruses
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This document describes the characteristics, structure, replication process, and roles of viruses. It defines viruses as extremely small agents that are not living cells and can only replicate inside host cells. Viruses contain nucleic acids surrounded by protein coats and come in different shapes. The document outlines the history of virus discovery and explains the lytic and lysogenic replication cycles that viruses use to infect host cells and produce more viruses. It also discusses the classification of viruses based on their hosts, examples of viral diseases in animals, plants and humans, and some uses of viruses in research and vaccine development.
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Viruses
Viruses are non-living parasitic entities that can only reproduce by infecting a host cell. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and come in various shapes. Viruses infect a wide diversity of organisms like humans, causing diseases such as AIDS, chickenpox, and herpes. They spread through direct or indirect contact between hosts, through bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces. Vaccines help prevent the spread of viruses by exposing the immune system to weakened or dead forms of viruses.
general organization and characterstics of virus
Viruses are nonliving infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. They can only reproduce inside of living host cells by hijacking the cell's machinery to produce more viruses. Viruses vary greatly in size and morphology, ranging from 10-400 nanometers, and some have an additional outer envelope acquired from the host cell membrane. They exhibit both living characteristics like reproduction and mutation, as well as nonliving characteristics as they do not metabolize or divide outside of host cells.
cultivation of virus
Viruses require living host cells to replicate and are cultivated using various methods. They can be grown in laboratory animals, embryonated eggs, or tissue/cell cultures. Animal cultivation allows studying pathogenesis but is expensive and difficult. Eggs are inexpensive and facilitate growth of viruses like influenza in specific areas. Tissue cultures, especially primary cultures and diploid cell lines, support growth of many viruses and are widely used. Isolated viruses are identified using techniques observing cytopathic effects, hemagglutination, interference, or immunofluorescence. Cell cultures are now the primary method for isolating and identifying viruses.
Virus
Viruses are non-living particles that can only reproduce inside host cells. They are much smaller than bacteria and come in various shapes. Viruses cause diseases like smallpox, influenza, and AIDS. They enter cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate themselves before destroying the cell. While viruses cannot live outside of a host, they have developed ways to spread between hosts, such as through respiratory droplets or animal vectors. The best ways to prevent viral spread are vaccination, good hygiene like handwashing, and avoiding contact with infected bodily fluids.
Introduction To Virus
Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but lack enzymes to synthesize proteins or metabolic machinery. A virus infects a host cell and uses the cell's machinery to produce copies of its genome and proteins which self-assemble into new virus particles. Viruses are distinguished from other parasites by their inability to grow outside of host cells and lack of cellular structure. They have played a major role in human diseases throughout history such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.
origin of viruses
This document discusses the early history and discovery of viruses. It describes how in the late 18th century Lady Montagu observed inoculation practices in Turkey that protected against smallpox. In the late 19th century, advances like the bacterial filter allowed scientists like Ivanowski and Beijerinck to discover that the cause of diseases like tobacco mosaic disease were not bacteria but smaller filterable agents they called viruses. Reed then showed in 1900 that yellow fever was caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. In 1915, Twort discovered that bacteria could also be infected by viruses, which were then further studied and named bacteriophages by d'Herelle for their ability to lyse bacteria.
Introduction to viruses
Presentation comprises of introductory information on virus, related terminology, its composition and structure, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy for under graduate students.
Virology
Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents, including their taxonomy, disease-producing properties, culture, and genetics. Viruses are non-cellular biological entities that consist of DNA or RNA genomes enclosed in a protein coat. They can only reproduce within living cells. Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A is further classified into subtypes based on surface proteins and can infect both humans and animals. Influenza causes respiratory illness with symptoms like fever, cough and sore throat. It spreads through respiratory droplets and the best prevention is an annual flu vaccine.
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Viruses
Viruses are non-living parasitic entities that can only reproduce by infecting a host cell. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and come in various shapes. Viruses infect a wide diversity of organisms like humans, causing diseases such as AIDS, chickenpox, and herpes. They spread through direct or indirect contact between hosts, through bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces. Vaccines help prevent the spread of viruses by exposing the immune system to weakened or dead forms of viruses.
general organization and characterstics of virus
Viruses are nonliving infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. They can only reproduce inside of living host cells by hijacking the cell's machinery to produce more viruses. Viruses vary greatly in size and morphology, ranging from 10-400 nanometers, and some have an additional outer envelope acquired from the host cell membrane. They exhibit both living characteristics like reproduction and mutation, as well as nonliving characteristics as they do not metabolize or divide outside of host cells.
cultivation of virus
Viruses require living host cells to replicate and are cultivated using various methods. They can be grown in laboratory animals, embryonated eggs, or tissue/cell cultures. Animal cultivation allows studying pathogenesis but is expensive and difficult. Eggs are inexpensive and facilitate growth of viruses like influenza in specific areas. Tissue cultures, especially primary cultures and diploid cell lines, support growth of many viruses and are widely used. Isolated viruses are identified using techniques observing cytopathic effects, hemagglutination, interference, or immunofluorescence. Cell cultures are now the primary method for isolating and identifying viruses.
Virus
Viruses are non-living particles that can only reproduce inside host cells. They are much smaller than bacteria and come in various shapes. Viruses cause diseases like smallpox, influenza, and AIDS. They enter cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate themselves before destroying the cell. While viruses cannot live outside of a host, they have developed ways to spread between hosts, such as through respiratory droplets or animal vectors. The best ways to prevent viral spread are vaccination, good hygiene like handwashing, and avoiding contact with infected bodily fluids.
Introduction To Virus
Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but lack enzymes to synthesize proteins or metabolic machinery. A virus infects a host cell and uses the cell's machinery to produce copies of its genome and proteins which self-assemble into new virus particles. Viruses are distinguished from other parasites by their inability to grow outside of host cells and lack of cellular structure. They have played a major role in human diseases throughout history such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.
origin of viruses
This document discusses the early history and discovery of viruses. It describes how in the late 18th century Lady Montagu observed inoculation practices in Turkey that protected against smallpox. In the late 19th century, advances like the bacterial filter allowed scientists like Ivanowski and Beijerinck to discover that the cause of diseases like tobacco mosaic disease were not bacteria but smaller filterable agents they called viruses. Reed then showed in 1900 that yellow fever was caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. In 1915, Twort discovered that bacteria could also be infected by viruses, which were then further studied and named bacteriophages by d'Herelle for their ability to lyse bacteria.
Introduction to viruses
Presentation comprises of introductory information on virus, related terminology, its composition and structure, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy for under graduate students.
Virology
Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents, including their taxonomy, disease-producing properties, culture, and genetics. Viruses are non-cellular biological entities that consist of DNA or RNA genomes enclosed in a protein coat. They can only reproduce within living cells. Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A is further classified into subtypes based on surface proteins and can infect both humans and animals. Influenza causes respiratory illness with symptoms like fever, cough and sore throat. It spreads through respiratory droplets and the best prevention is an annual flu vaccine.
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Introduction to Viruses
Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
Viral structure & properaties
Viruses are defined as nucleoprotein complexes that infect host cells and use their metabolic processes to replicate. They are the smallest known infectious agents and are metabolically inert outside of host cells, requiring entry into a host cell to replicate. Viruses come in different structures with either DNA or RNA genomes and may have capsids alone or capsids surrounded by envelopes. They infect bacteria, plants, animals, and humans by invading cells and forcing them to produce new virus copies until the cell lyses.
History of microbiology
This document summarizes the history of microbiology from its origins in the 17th century to modern times. Key events include Antony van Leeuwenhoek inventing the first microscope in the 1660s, Francesco Redi disproving spontaneous generation through experiments in the 1660s, Louis Pasteur demonstrating that microorganisms cause food spoilage and disproving spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks in the 1860s, and Robert Koch establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s. The field of microbiology arose from these discoveries and gave rise to molecular biology and biotechnology in the 20th century.
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pox virus
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Viruses are microscopic particles that can only reproduce inside living cells. They contain genetic material inside a protein coat and come in various shapes. Viruses use the machinery of host cells to produce more viruses rather than healthy new cells. They are classified based on shape, genetic material, and the type of disease or organism they affect. Viruses can either enter a lytic cycle where they immediately destroy the host cell to release new viruses, or a lysogenic cycle where their genes remain inactive until triggering further infection. Antibiotics do not work on viruses, so prevention through vaccination is important.
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host and virus interaction
The document discusses host and virus interaction, including the stages of viral infection and types of virus-cell interaction. It provides details on:
1. The stages of viral infection include primary infection of cells at the site of entry, viremia where the virus enters the bloodstream, and secondary infection of other organs.
2. Virus-cell interaction can be cytocidal, causing cell death, or non-cytocidal where cells survive infection. Persistent and latent infections allow long-term virus maintenance in cells.
3. Common sites of viral entry into the host include respiratory, urogenital, ocular, and skin routes, which viruses access by exploiting breaches in barriers.
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This document describes procedures for isolating, quantifying, and identifying bacteriophage from samples. It discusses the eclipse and latent periods of phage growth and viral yield. Methods are provided for amplifying phages from a sample by allowing infection of a host bacteria, then isolating and counting phages using plaque assays to determine plaque forming units per ml. Plaque assays involve serial dilutions of phages, mixing with host bacteria, and observing zones of cell lysis to identify and isolate distinct phages.
History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
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Virus ppt
This document defines viruses and summarizes their key characteristics and classification. It describes how viruses were first discovered through experiments filtering bacteria and plant extracts. Viruses are non-cellular particles that contain genetic material and invade living cells. They are smaller than bacteria, contain either DNA or RNA, and lack organelles. Viruses replicate only inside host cells and do not undergo binary fission. They have various structures depending on their nucleic acid arrangement and symmetry. Viruses are classified into groups based on their nucleic acids and ability to produce mRNA.
Viral reproduction
Viruses reproduce through one of two cycles: lytic or lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, the virus immediately takes over the host cell, produces more viruses, and causes the host cell to burst and release new viruses to infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant for generations before being triggered to enter the lytic cycle and produce more viruses. Retroviruses have RNA that is converted to DNA and inserted into the host genome using reverse transcriptase before undergoing transcription and translation, allowing them to integrate and remain dormant like in the lysogenic cycle.
Virus
Viruses can replicate through two cycles: the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves 5 phases - adsorption, penetration, replication, assembling, and release of new virus particles that go on to infect other cells. The lysogenic cycle involves the virus inserting its genetic material into the host cell DNA without immediately destroying the cell. The genetic material is then replicated alongside future cell divisions.
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Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
Viral structure & properaties
Viruses are defined as nucleoprotein complexes that infect host cells and use their metabolic processes to replicate. They are the smallest known infectious agents and are metabolically inert outside of host cells, requiring entry into a host cell to replicate. Viruses come in different structures with either DNA or RNA genomes and may have capsids alone or capsids surrounded by envelopes. They infect bacteria, plants, animals, and humans by invading cells and forcing them to produce new virus copies until the cell lyses.
History of microbiology
This document summarizes the history of microbiology from its origins in the 17th century to modern times. Key events include Antony van Leeuwenhoek inventing the first microscope in the 1660s, Francesco Redi disproving spontaneous generation through experiments in the 1660s, Louis Pasteur demonstrating that microorganisms cause food spoilage and disproving spontaneous generation using swan-necked flasks in the 1860s, and Robert Koch establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s. The field of microbiology arose from these discoveries and gave rise to molecular biology and biotechnology in the 20th century.
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Stepwise description on how to cultivate viruses and a brief introduction to the ways of viral quantification.
pox virus
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zirus, an enveloped virus 200nm in diameter and 300nm in length with linear, double-stranded segmented DNA. It spreads through coughing, sneezing or sharing food/drink and causes skin lesions and fever. Treatment can be done at home with calamine lotion but serious cases require seeing a doctor. The chickenpox vaccine can prevent it, especially for young children, and having it once makes one immune from getting it again.
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this is the full description of viruses. structure, figure, and the diseases caused by the virus, viroids, prions are briefly describe here.
Viruses ppt
Viruses are microscopic particles that can only reproduce inside living cells. They contain genetic material inside a protein coat and come in various shapes. Viruses use the machinery of host cells to produce more viruses rather than healthy new cells. They are classified based on shape, genetic material, and the type of disease or organism they affect. Viruses can either enter a lytic cycle where they immediately destroy the host cell to release new viruses, or a lysogenic cycle where their genes remain inactive until triggering further infection. Antibiotics do not work on viruses, so prevention through vaccination is important.
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Introduction, classification of virus, collection, Transport, & Storage of sample for Viral diagnosis. Staining Techniques used in virology,
Processing of sample for viral diagnosis (Egg Inoculation & Tissue culture)
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Picornaviruses are a family of small RNA viruses that includes enteroviruses like poliovirus and rhinoviruses that cause the common cold. They are spherical and non-enveloped, around 30nm in diameter, and contain a single strand of positive-sense RNA genome around 7-8kb in size. Picornaviruses infect the cytoplasm and their replication results in cell lysis and spread to other cells. Important human pathogens include the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and rhinoviruses. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been developed to prevent diseases like polio.
host and virus interaction
The document discusses host and virus interaction, including the stages of viral infection and types of virus-cell interaction. It provides details on:
1. The stages of viral infection include primary infection of cells at the site of entry, viremia where the virus enters the bloodstream, and secondary infection of other organs.
2. Virus-cell interaction can be cytocidal, causing cell death, or non-cytocidal where cells survive infection. Persistent and latent infections allow long-term virus maintenance in cells.
3. Common sites of viral entry into the host include respiratory, urogenital, ocular, and skin routes, which viruses access by exploiting breaches in barriers.
Isolation of Bacteriophage
This document describes procedures for isolating, quantifying, and identifying bacteriophage from samples. It discusses the eclipse and latent periods of phage growth and viral yield. Methods are provided for amplifying phages from a sample by allowing infection of a host bacteria, then isolating and counting phages using plaque assays to determine plaque forming units per ml. Plaque assays involve serial dilutions of phages, mixing with host bacteria, and observing zones of cell lysis to identify and isolate distinct phages.
History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
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History of microbiology
1. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to discover microbes using his homemade microscope. He observed "animalcules" in rain water, pond water, blood, and his own tooth scrapings.
2. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) proved the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation through experiments using swan-necked flasks. He developed pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
3. Robert Koch (1843-1912) perfected bacteriological techniques including staining and solid media isolation. He discovered the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and formulated Koch's postulates
Poxviruses
Poxviruses are a family of large, complex enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They include viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates. Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are human poxviruses, while viruses like vaccinia, cowpox and monkeypox can infect humans incidentally from animal hosts. Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm and have complex virion structures. Important human poxviruses include variola (smallpox virus), which was eradicated in the 1970s through vaccination, and molluscum contagiosum, which causes a generally mild skin infection.
Virus ppt
This document defines viruses and summarizes their key characteristics and classification. It describes how viruses were first discovered through experiments filtering bacteria and plant extracts. Viruses are non-cellular particles that contain genetic material and invade living cells. They are smaller than bacteria, contain either DNA or RNA, and lack organelles. Viruses replicate only inside host cells and do not undergo binary fission. They have various structures depending on their nucleic acid arrangement and symmetry. Viruses are classified into groups based on their nucleic acids and ability to produce mRNA.
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Viral reproduction
Viruses reproduce through one of two cycles: lytic or lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, the virus immediately takes over the host cell, produces more viruses, and causes the host cell to burst and release new viruses to infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA incorporates into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant for generations before being triggered to enter the lytic cycle and produce more viruses. Retroviruses have RNA that is converted to DNA and inserted into the host genome using reverse transcriptase before undergoing transcription and translation, allowing them to integrate and remain dormant like in the lysogenic cycle.
Virus
Viruses can replicate through two cycles: the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves 5 phases - adsorption, penetration, replication, assembling, and release of new virus particles that go on to infect other cells. The lysogenic cycle involves the virus inserting its genetic material into the host cell DNA without immediately destroying the cell. The genetic material is then replicated alongside future cell divisions.
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The document discusses various aspects of virology including:
1. The stages of viral replication including adsorption, penetration, uncoating, gene expression, genome replication, assembly, and release.
2. Different types of virus interactions with host cells including abortive, productive, and integrative (latent, persistent) infections.
3. Methods for cultivating and detecting viruses including in live animals, chicken embryos, cell cultures, and newborn mice.
4. Characteristics of important virus families that infect animals including their envelopes, sizes, capsid structures, genome types, and examples.
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DNA viruses like poxviruses, herpesviruses, and hepatitis B viruses use DNA as their genetic material. Herpesviruses have larger virions and genomes than adenoviruses. They enter cells through fusion with the plasma membrane or endocytosis. During replication, herpesviruses use host enzymes to transcribe early genes that regulate expression of late genes for structural proteins. Virions assemble in the nucleus and acquire an envelope as they bud through the inner nuclear membrane. Viral genomes evolve through spontaneous or induced mutation during replication and by recombining genetic material within or between viruses through breaking and rejoining DNA or RNA.
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The document outlines the development of virology from the late 19th century to present day. Some of the key events and discoveries discussed include:
- In 1892, it was discovered that tobacco mosaic disease and foot and mouth disease could be transmitted via bacterial-filtered fluids, suggesting the existence of a "new" infectious agent smaller than bacteria called a virus.
- In the early 1900s, it was established that viruses can only propagate within living cells and are obligate intracellular parasites.
- In the 1930s, it was shown that viruses are particulate and the virus particles were termed "virions". Tobacco mosaic virus was also purified.
- Three basic groups of viruses were identified: RNA viruses, DNA viruses
Viral replication
The document discusses the process of viral replication. It begins with an introduction that defines viral replication as the production of all virus components through an assembly process rather than cellular division. It then describes the 7 key steps in viral replication: 1) Attachment, 2) Penetration, 3) Uncoating, 4) Genome replication, 5) Assembly, 6) Maturation, and 7) Release of new virus particles. The document concludes that while the details vary, all viruses follow a similar overall replication process to initiate infection, replicate their genomes, and release new virions.
Phage replication cycles
The document summarizes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses. In the lytic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and uses its machinery to replicate itself before destroying the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus inserts its genome into the host's genome and remains dormant, replicating with the host cell before entering the lytic cycle. Some key terms are defined, including latency, bacteriophage, and pseudolysogeny. Examples are provided of viruses that undergo lytic replication like T4 bacteriophage and lysogenic replication like lambda bacteriophage.
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The document summarizes the virus replication cycle. It occurs in living host cells and involves several key steps:
1) Attachment and entry of the virus into the host cell.
2) Uncoating of the viral genome from the protein shell.
3) Synthesis of viral mRNA and proteins using the host cell machinery.
4) Replication of the viral genome.
5) Assembly of new viral particles.
6) Release of progeny viruses through cell lysis or budding, which is how enveloped viruses acquire their lipid envelope. The cycle can take 6-40 hours depending on the virus.
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This document discusses viral replication. It begins by defining viruses and their basic components. Viruses replicate through an intracellular process that involves attaching to and entering a host cell, uncoating their genome, expressing genes, replicating their genome, assembling new virions, and exiting the host cell. The replication process varies between virus families but generally follows these basic steps. Viruses are classified based on characteristics like their nucleic acid, replication strategy, and presence of an envelope.
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The document discusses different types of viruses including their structure, replication cycles, and examples of diseases they cause. It describes viruses as consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and that they come in helical, icosahedral, enveloped, and bacteriophage forms. It also discusses viral replication cycles including lytic versus lysogenic, and how DNA and RNA viruses replicate. Examples of viral diseases in humans covered include chickenpox, viral hepatitis, and AIDS.
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Viruses ppt
Viruses exist at the boundary between living and non-living things. They consist of nucleic acids and proteins but cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes and have unique structures suited to their method of infection. They hijack the machinery of living cells to reproduce either through lytic or lysogenic cycles, ultimately resulting in the destruction of the host cell. While viruses rely on host cells, they are not considered alive as they do not have their own metabolism or respond to their environment.
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The document discusses the structure, classification, and replication of viruses. It begins by describing different viral structural components, including the capsid, envelope, and nucleic acid core. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition and structure, focusing on whether they have DNA or RNA genomes and whether they are enveloped or not. The document also examines different capsid structures like icosahedral, helical, and complex shapes. It provides examples of representative virus families and discusses how viruses are named.
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Presentation (1).pptx
Viruses are pathogens that cause disease in animals and plants. They are infectious agents too small to be seen with a light microscope. Viruses are not living cells and cannot replicate independently - they need a host cell to reproduce. Examples of viruses include influenza, polio, and dengue fever. The branch of science that studies viruses is called virology. Viruses have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material and range in size from 20-250nm. They are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on host cells for reproduction and can cause disease in the host.
Virus
This document provides information on viruses, including their discovery, structure, replication process, and examples. Some key points:
- Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells and are composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
- The earliest evidence and discovery of viruses came from studies of tobacco mosaic disease in the late 1800s, where it was found the infectious agent could pass through filters, indicating it was not a bacterium.
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The document provides information about viruses including their structure, classification, life cycles, and how they cause disease. It begins by describing the characteristics of viruses and explaining that they are not living or nonliving but exhibit traits of both. It then discusses the discovery of viruses and describes the structures of representative viruses like bacteriophage, influenza, and HIV. The modes of viral classification including Baltimore classification are explained. The document also covers the parasitic nature of viruses and how they depend on host cells for replication and survival. It describes the general steps in the viral life cycle including adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly and release. The lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages are explained in detail.
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Viruses
Honors Biology class PPt on viruses and the discovery and understanding of DNA as the medium of heredity
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This document provides an overview of viruses and their classification. It discusses that viruses consist of nucleic acid in a protein coat and can only reproduce within living host cells. Viruses vary in size and shape. The document then covers the discovery of viruses and their distinctive properties compared to living cells. It discusses the nomenclature and classification of viruses, including how they are classified based on their genome, structure, and hosts. Classification systems discussed include the LHT and Baltimore systems.
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This document summarizes information about viroids and prions. It discusses viroids, which are small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease but do not encode any proteins. The potato spindle tuber viroid is described as one of the first viroids discovered that causes potato spindle tuber disease. Prions are described as unconventional infectious agents made of misfolded protein that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like mad cow disease. The document also discusses how viroids and prions were discovered and researched, as well as their structures, modes of transmission, and diseases caused.
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This document discusses viruses, including their structure, classification, and discovery. It notes that viruses consist of nucleic acid and a protein coat, and are able to multiply only within host cells. It describes some of the early discoveries of viruses in the late 19th century. It also summarizes different classification systems for viruses, including those based on nucleic acid type, structure, and genome, such as the Baltimore classification system. The document provides an overview of viruses with relevant details on their composition, life cycles, and taxonomic organization.
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1. Viruses are non-living infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
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3. Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes but are generally quite small, usually between 20-300 nanometers. Their structure includes a nucleic acid core and protein coat called a capsid, which is composed of repeating protein subunits called capsomeres.
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This document provides an overview of viruses, including their history of discovery, characteristics, components, shapes, classification, bacteriophages, replication cycles, enveloped viruses, and other related infectious agents like viroids and prions. It discusses key scientists and experiments that contributed to the understanding of viruses. The replication cycles of lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages as well as enveloped DNA and RNA viruses are described.
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Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved. There are millions of different types of viruses, although only about 5,000 types have been described in detail. There are more than 219 virus species that are known to be able to infect humans. The document then provides a history of early developments in virology including discoveries by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, Dmitry Ivanovsky, Martinus Beijerinck, and others. It discusses the structure, composition and classification of viruses.
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- Major milestones in the 20th century included imaging viruses using electron microscopy, growing viruses in cell cultures and eggs, discovering they contain either DNA or RNA, determining viruses cause diseases like polio, yellow fever, and cancer, and ultimately eradicating smallpox through vaccination. Today over 5,000 virus types have been described though many remain undiscovered.
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PRESENTATION ON HIGH SCHOOL CHAPTER OF MICRO-ORGANISMS, ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE OTHER HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS, CHECK IT!
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This document discusses the nature and properties of viruses. It defines viruses as obligate intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid genomes enclosed in protein capsids. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes, and they require host cells to replicate as they lack their own metabolic machinery. The document outlines the virus replication cycle and explains how viruses enter cells, express their genes, replicate their genomes, and assemble new virus particles. It also discusses why viruses are important to study due to their ability to cause diseases in humans, animals and plants.
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The document provides information about viruses, including:
1. It outlines the key learning goals which are the history of virus discovery, characteristics of viruses, virus structure, Baltimore classification of viruses, virus replication, and the role of viruses in life.
2. It then delves into each of these topics in more detail, providing timelines of virus discoveries, descriptions of virus structures and shapes, diagrams of virus replication cycles, and examples of virus infections and their impacts.
3. The document contains many images including electron micrographs of different virus types like influenza virus, bacteriophage, and adenovirus as well as illustrations and diagrams of virus structures and life cycles.
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Bibhudatta Panda presented on viruses at the Department of Botany seminar. A virus is an infectious microbe composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein, lacking cellular structure. Viruses range from 20-200nm and can mutate, making them difficult to classify. They were first discovered in 1892 but named in 1898. Viruses contain genetic material but cannot reproduce outside a host cell, so they are not considered living. Viruses are classified by shape, host, and life cycle, and can have lytic or lysogenic life cycles. Examples include plant, animal, and bacteria infecting viruses. While viruses have some beneficial uses, they can also cause diseases and epidemics in plants, animals, and humans like SARS
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Viruses
- 2. Describing the characteristics, the replication, and the roles of virus in life Identify the characteristics of virus Distinguish the structure of virus Explain the virus life style Explain the replication of virus Explain the roles of the harmful and the harmless viruses BASIC COMPETENCY INDICATOR 2
- 3. HISTORY OF THE SEARCH FOR VIRUS 1883, Adolf Mayer (Germany) do research to tobacco plant have mosaic disease can cause tobacco plant become dwarf and leaves have spotted. Conclusion : new kind of bacteria 1892, Dmitri Iwanowski (Russian) do filter extract tobacco leave with filter so bacteria or other micro organism can’t infection plant tobacco in fact extract tobacco have been filtered but tobacco plant infection mosaic disease. Conclusion : pathogen bacteria 1893, Martinus W. Beijerink (Dutch) he assumed that there are agent can infection tobacco plant, he called that agent is filterable virus because can out from bacteria filter and can’t to have seen with light microscope 3
- 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES Viruses are not cell Viruses extremely small (0,05-0,2 µm or 50x smaller than bacteria size. To observe viruses need electron microscope Contain some materials found in cells, made of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein DNA or RNA Can’t do reproduction it self Can’t do metabolisms it self Can be crystalloid 4
- 5. DIFFERENCE OF VIRUS WITH CELL Only have one type nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) Can’t do reproduction it self Don’t have metabolisms it self Body cell have two type nucleic acid DNA and RNA Can do reproduction Have metabolism system VIRUS CELL 5
- 6. STRUCTURE BODY OF VIRUS 1 2 3 3 4 5 1. Protein coat 2. Nucleic acid 3. Head 4. Wrapper tail 5. Tail fiber Model of a virus Information Picture 6
- 8. REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES Absorption (virus attaches to cell) Penetration (virus DNA enters cytoplasm cell) Replication and synthesis (virus directs cell to make new viruses) Shape of new virus (arrange nucleic acid and protein virus) Released (cell burst releasing new virus) Process lyshogenic cycle similar with lytic cycle step but in in step replication there are step addition or insertion genetic material virus in bacteria material which called profage LYTIC CYCLE LYSHOGENIC CYCLE 8
- 9. 9
- 10. CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUS Based on hospes cell (sel inang) virus divided into three, they are : 1. Bacteria Virus (virus which infection bacteria cell) 2. Animal Virus (virus which infection animal cell) 3. Plant Virus (virus which infection plant cell) 10
- 11. DISEASE IN ANIMAL CAUSED BY VIRUS Kind of Virus Kinds of Disease New castle disease Tetelo in aves Rhabdovirus Rabies in dog, monkey Rous sarcoma virus Cancer in chicken Herpesvirus simiae Herpes in monkey 11
- 12. Herpes Tetelo 12
- 13. DISEASE IN PLANTS CAUSED BY VIRUS Kind of Disease Kind of Virus Spotted in leave tobacco Tobacco mosaic virus Spotted in cabbage Cauliflower mosaic virus Decrease growth in potato plant Potato yellow dwarf virus Decrease growth in potato plant Rice dwarf virus 13
- 14. Potato yellow dwarf virus Tobacco Mosaic virus 14
- 15. DISEASE IN HUMAN CAUSED BY VIRUS Disease Kinds of Virus Herpes oral Herpesvirus simplex tipe I Smallpox Poxviruses Hepatitis B Hepadna virus Encephalistis, Rubela, Chikungunya Togaviruses Rabies Rhabdovirus Influesza Orthomyxoviruses Leukemia Retroviruses; HTLV Measles Paramyxoviruses Ebola Filovirus Polio, hepatitis A Enterovirus 15
- 17. USES OF VIRUS Insect Control Some viruses cause disease in insects. Scientists are trying to use these viruses to kill insects that damage crops. In time, such viruses may replace insecticides. Cell Research Scientist study viruses to understands DNA, RNA, and other cell compounds. Such research may add to our knowledge of cell activities. Control of Viral Diseases Scientists use some virus to produce vaccines. Vaccines are substances that help your body defend against diseases. Several vaccines are made from chemical treated viruses. These vaccines are injected into the body. The body then produces substances that protect against these viruses 17
- 18. Thank You for your Attention Orang yang cerdas adalah orang yang mau memahami, mengerti , dan terus belajar GANBATTE 18