This document discusses pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics concepts. It defines pharmacokinetics as the study of what the body does to a drug and pharmacodynamics as the study of what a drug does to the body. It describes several pharmacodynamic models including linear, log-linear, Emax, and sigmoid Emax models. It also discusses indirect response models, signal transduction models, tolerance models, and non-steady state models. Finally, it provides an overview of hypersensitivity types including type I-IV reactions.
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Introduction to dosage regimen and Individualization of dosage regimenKLE College of pharmacy
Introduction of Dosage regimen, Approaches for design of dosage regimen, Individualization, Advantages, Dosage in neonates, Geriatrics, Renal and Hepatic impaired Patients.
Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.pptxMdHimelAhmedRidoy1
Statistical analysis is the collection and interpretation of data in order to uncover patterns and trends. It is a component of data analytics. Statistical analysis can be used in situations like gathering research interpretations, statistical modeling or designing surveys and studies
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
The presentation gives you a bird eye's view regarding basics of PK-PD modeling, its applications, types, limitations and various softwares used for the same.
Introduction to dosage regimen and Individualization of dosage regimenKLE College of pharmacy
Introduction of Dosage regimen, Approaches for design of dosage regimen, Individualization, Advantages, Dosage in neonates, Geriatrics, Renal and Hepatic impaired Patients.
Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.pptxMdHimelAhmedRidoy1
Statistical analysis is the collection and interpretation of data in order to uncover patterns and trends. It is a component of data analytics. Statistical analysis can be used in situations like gathering research interpretations, statistical modeling or designing surveys and studies
Definition and scope of Pharmacoepidemiology ABUBAKRANSARI2
In these slides I shared the information of definition and scope of pharmacoepidemiology. Types of studies - cohort studies, cross-sectional studies etc.
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
This presentation will give the students a basic knowledge about the pharmacokinetics of durgs. It will help them clear the basics before digging deep into the topic.
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
This presentation will give the students a basic knowledge about the pharmacokinetics of durgs. It will help them clear the basics before digging deep into the topic.
THIS PPT INCLUDE PHARMACODYNAMICS AND THIS PPT IS VERY USEFUL FOR (MBBS,BDS ) STUDENTS ,POSTGRADUATE STUDENT (MD,MDS,Phd) STUDENTS TO UNDERSTAND PHARMACODYNAMICS.
The presentation concisely describes the different pharmacokinetic parameters and basics of compartment modelling. It will help undergraduate students to understand the basic concepts of Biopharmaceutics.
Magnetically Modulated drug delivery system, Noval Drug Delivery system, New approaches to develop magnetically modulated drug delivery system and Formulation Design.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Pharmacokinetics is a science dealing with study of biological
fate of drug &/or its metabolite(s) within the body, with the
help of mathematical modeling.
In simple words it is the study of what body does to the drug.
It involves the study ofADME.
4. It refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the
site of action and the resulting effect, including the time
course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects.
In simple words it is the study of what drug does to the body.
5. Any drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates the
functional activities
Has both affinity as well as intrinsic activity.
e.g.Ach
Acetylcholine
ACell
Receptor
Some Effect
6. It has affinity to receptor but no intrinsic activity.
It prevents binding of agonist to receptor.
e.g. atropine
Acetylcholine
Atropine
Dude, you’re
in my way!
7. PK model - describes the time course of drug concentration
in the plasma or blood.
PD model - describes the relationship between drug
concentration at site of action and effect.
PK/PD models use data derived from plasma drug
concentration vs. time profile and from the time course of
pharmacological effect to predict the Pharmacodynamics of
the drug.
Result is summation of Pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics effect.
9. Linear model
Log-linear
model
Emax model
Sigmoidal Emax
model
Biophase
distribution
model
Signal
transduction
model
Tolerance
model
Mechanism
based indirect
response model
Nonsteady-state & time-
dependent models
11. Drug effect is directly proportional to drug concentration.
Pharmacodynamically it is explained as:
…..(1)
…..(2)
E ∝ C
E = S×C
where,
E = Effect of drug
C = Drug concentration
S = Slope obtained from E vs C graph
In case of baseline effect (E0), when the drug is absent,
model may be represented as:
E = E0 + S*C …..(3)
13. Advantages
Model is simple and parameter estimation can be easily
performed by linear regression.
Limitations
Applicable at low drug concentrations only
excludes the prediction of maximum effect
Example
Relationship between central activity of diazepam and
plasma drug concentration
14. When the effect of drug is measured over a large range, the
relationship between concentration and effect is not linear
and may be curvilinear and log transformation is needed.
The log concentration-Effect is roughly linear in
concentration range of 20-80% of maximum Effect.
It is given by:
E = E0 + S*log C …(4)
where,
E = effect
E0=Baseline effect
S = slope
C= concentration
16. Advantage
Unlike linear model it is applicable over large concentration
range.
Limitations
Pharmacological effect cannot be estimated when the
concentration is zero because of the logarithmic function.
Maximum effect cannot be predicted.
Example
This model has been successfully used in predicting the
pharmacological activities of beta blockers and
anticoagulants.
17. This law shows that an increase in drug concentration near
the maximum pharmacological response produces a
disproportionately smaller increase in the pharmacological
response.
This model describes the drug action in the terms of :
E max (maximum effect)
EC50 (the drug concentration that produces 50%
maximum pharmacological effect)
….(5)
E
Em axC
EC50 C
18. After maximum response (Emax) has reached, no further increase
in pharmacologic response is seen on increase in
concentration of the drug.
EC50 is useful for determining drug concentration that lies
within the therapeutic range.
Emax
E
EC50
C
19. Advantages
Maximum pharmacological response can be found out.
EC50 can be calculated (i.e., concentration needed to
produce half maximum response).
Limitations
In case of highly potent drugs it is not possible to find the
maximum effect because test organisms die long before the
maximum effect is attained.
The method can be time consuming if maximum effect is
obtained at a very high concentration.
Example
Bronchodilator activity of Theophylline is studied by this
model.
20. It describes the pharmacologic response versus drug
concentration curve for many drugs that appear to be S-
shaped (i.e. Sigmoidal) rather than as described by more
simple Emax model.
The equation for the sigmoid Emax Model is an extension
of the Emax Model:
…(8)
C n
E
EC C n
50
E m a x
n is an exponent describing the number of drug molecules
that combine with each receptor molecule.
When n=1, the Sigmoid Emax Model reduces to the Emax Model
23. Indirect effect of the drug.
The effect is not immediate.
Distribution of the drug is the rate limiting step.
Slow association and dissociation of drug with the
receptors.
24. For some drugs, the pharmacologic response produced by
the drug may be observed before or after the plasma drug
concentration has peaked. Such drugs may produce
indirect or delayed response.
Drug distribution to the effect site may represent a rate-
limiting step for drugs in exerting their pharmacological
effect.
25. This model has been used to characterize the PK/PD of several
drugs (e.g. midazolam, pancuronium, alprazolam, etc.) whose
plasma concentrations could not be correlated with the effect
being produced.
26. The indirect response model is based on the premise that the
drug response is indirectly mediated by either inhibition or
stimulation of the factors controlling either the production
(Kin) or the dissipation of response (Kout).
EXAMPLES:
These models may be appropriate for various classes of
drugs, including histamine H2-receptor antagonists (such
as cimetidine) and oral hypoglycemic agents (such as
tolbutamide).
27. …(18)
where,
R = response
kin = zero-order rate constant for the production of
response
kout = first order rate constant for the dissipationof
response
outin k R
dR
k
dt
28. The pharmacological effects
of drugs may be mediated by a
time-dependent signal
transduction process, in
which the response measured
clinically involves multiple
steps removed from the initial
biochemical effect of the drug.
29. There are two major classes of receptors involved in signal
transduction process:
1.cell membrane receptors
2.cytosolic/nuclear receptors
30. Tolerance is characterized by a reduction in pharmacological
response after repeated or continuous drug exposure.
For some drugs, pharmacodynamic parameters like Emax and
EC50 may appear to vary over time, resulting in changes in
pharmacological response despite the presence of constant
concentrations at the effect site.
The development of tolerance can have a significant impact
on the exposure-response relationship and, if not
recognized, can contribute to poor clinical outcome.
31.
32. Drug tolerance is a decrease in the effect of a
drug as a consequence of repeated exposure.
33. Metabolic (dispositional) Tolerance
◦ Pharmacokinetic tolerance (dispositional tolerance)
occurs because of a decreased quantity of the substance
reaching the site it affects. This may be caused by an
increase in induction of the enzymes required for
degradation of the drug e.g. CYP450 enzymes.
◦ e.g., Alcohol and barbiturates increased liver
enzyme activity.
34. Pharmacodynamic, cellular Tolerance
◦ Pharmacodynamic tolerance begins when the cellular
response to a substance is reduced with repeated use. A
common cause of pharmacodynamic tolerance is high
concentrations of a substance constantly binding with the
receptor, desensitizing it through constant interaction.
◦ e.g., receptor affinity or number altered by drug
actions
◦ disruption of homeostatic processes may be critical
Behavioral Tolerance
◦ Behavioral tolerance occurs with the use of certain
psychoactive drugs, where tolerance to a behavioral effect
of a drug, such as increased motor activity by
methamphetamine, occurs with repeated use.
35.
36. A condition in which the normally protective
immune system has a harmful effect on the
body.
37. Type I
IgE Mediated
Classic Allergy
Type II
IgG/IgM
Mediated
rbc lysis
Type III
IgG Mediated
Immune
complex
Disease
Type IV
T cell
Delayed
Type
Hypersensitivity
Gel and Coombs classification of hypersensitivities.
38. Fast response which occurs in minutes, rather
than multiple hours or days. Free antigens
cross link the IgE on mast cells and basophils
which causes a release of vasoactive
biomolecule
e.g. Atopy, Anaphylaxis & Asthma.
39. Antibody (IgM or IgG) binds to antigen on a
target cell, which is actually a host cell that is
perceived by the immune system as foreign,
leading to cellular destruction via the MAC.
e.g. Anemia, Thrombocytopenia etc.
40. Antibody (IgG) binds to soluble antigen,
forming a circulating immune complex. This
is often deposited in the vessel walls of the
joints and kidney, initiating a local
inflammatory reaction
e.g. Arthritis, Lupus nephritis etc.
41. T helper cells (specifically Th1 cells) are
activated by an antigen presenting cell. When
the antigen is presented again in the future,
the memory Th1 cells will activate
macrophages and cause an inflammatory
response. This ultimately can lead to tissue
damage.
e.g. Dermatitis, Sclerosis etc.