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This document discusses microsatellites and molecular markers. It begins by defining microsatellites as simple sequence repeats between 1-6 base pairs long. It then discusses different types of markers including morphological, biochemical, chromosomal, and genetic markers. The main part of the document focuses on different molecular markers used in genetics including RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites, DNA fingerprinting, and SNPs. It provides details on what each marker is and how it is detected. The document concludes by discussing applications of molecular markers in areas like gene mapping, disease diagnosis, evolution studies, and animal breeding/selection.
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This document discusses genetic and molecular markers. It defines genetic markers as any phenotypic difference controlled by genes that can be used to study inheritance or selection of linked genes. Molecular markers are readily detectable DNA sequences whose inheritance can be monitored. The document describes different types of molecular markers including protein markers, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites, SNPs, VNTRs and STRs. It provides details on how each marker type is detected and analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages, and applications in genetics research.
TYPES OF MOLECULAR MARKERS,ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Types of molecular markers (genetics)
ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
What is a genetic marker?
RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified fragment length polymorphism
RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
ISSR: Inter simple sequence repeat
STR: Short tandem repeats
SCAR: Sequence characterized amplified region
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
SSR: Simple sequence repeat
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Molecular markers
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be easily detected and whose inheritance can be monitored. They are based on natural polymorphisms and allow studying the inheritance of genes. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs. RFLPs use restriction enzymes to detect differences in fragment lengths. RAPDs use random primers to detect sequence polymorphisms. AFLPs selectively amplify restriction fragments to detect length differences. SSRs detect variability in simple sequence repeats. Molecular markers are useful for applications like gene mapping, phylogenetic studies, and analyzing genetic diversity.
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Types of molecular markers (genetics)
ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
What is a genetic marker?
RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified fragment length polymorphism
RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
ISSR: Inter simple sequence repeat
STR: Short tandem repeats
SCAR: Sequence characterized amplified region
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
SSR: Simple sequence repeat
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Tandemly repeated, satellite, DNA sequences are an abundant component of the genome of most species, including the Artiodactyla. Multiple DNA familes are present, each in long tandem arrays, with members of each family present on one or more chromosomes at characteristic positions. In particular, several familes are located at the centromeres of most chromosomes, including acrocentrics, metacentrics and the sex chromosomes. Individual arrays are made up of variants of particular sequence motifs, which may be longer than 1,500 bp. In this presentation, we will discuss aspects of the evolution of repetitive sequences within and between chromosomes, with comparative data between different species. With pig, we will show details of the localization of tandem repeats at meiosis, and how these sequences relate to sequence amplification and loss, as well as the epigenetic behaviour of the resulting heterochromatin. In the Bovinae, we will show how molecular cytogenetic methods are essential to build up a full picture of the behaviour and distribution of satellite DNA where current sequencing methods are unable to assemble the sequences blocks accurately.
P. Heslop-Harrison1, T. Schwarzacher1 and R. Chaves2 (Phh4@le.ac.uk)
University of Leicester, Biology, Leicester LE1 7RH UK; 2Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Role of molecular markers in vegetable crops
1. Molecular markers are DNA polymorphisms that can be used to identify genetic differences between individuals. They are used for various applications in vegetable crop breeding including assessing genetic diversity, gene tagging, varietal identification, and marker assisted selection.
2. Common molecular marker techniques include RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP. Each has advantages and disadvantages such as reproducibility, cost, and amount of DNA required.
3. Molecular markers allow for selection of traits without being influenced by environmental factors and can speed up breeding by identifying superior genotypes earlier. Marker assisted selection is used to improve both qualitative and quantitative traits.
Molecular marker
This document defines molecular markers and describes two main types - biochemical markers and molecular genetic markers. Biochemical markers involve studying gene expression products like proteins through electrophoresis. Isoenzymes are variant enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but differ in properties, while alloenzymes are different alleles that can be detected through electrophoresis. Molecular genetic markers involve DNA polymorphisms detected by probes and include RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, SSR, and DNA fingerprinting techniques. These markers allow genome profiling and studying genetic variation.
Molecular marker General introduction by K. K. SAHU Sir.
Introduction
Molecular marker
Characterstics of molecular marker
Types of molecular marker
. Non PCR Based
. PCR Based
RFLP
RAPD
AFLP
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SNP
Conclusion
References
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Molecular markers such as SNPs, SSRs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and RFLPs can be used for crop improvement through applications like marker-assisted selection, linkage mapping, and trait-based selection. Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can identify specific locations in the genome and are linked to important agronomic traits. They are useful because they are selectively neutral, co-segregate with traits of interest, and follow Mendelian inheritance patterns.
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this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
Molecular markers.ppt
Marker is a piece of DNA associated with a trait. There are four main types of markers: morphological, biochemical, chromosomal, and genetic. Molecular markers reveal DNA level variations and have advantages like being co-dominant, allowing nondestructive assays, and being randomly distributed throughout the genome. Common molecular marker techniques include RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellites, and SNPs. Molecular markers can be used for applications like gene mapping, disease diagnosis, evolution studies, parentage determination, and marker assisted selection in animal breeding.
Molecular markers.ppt
Marker is a piece of DNA associated with a trait. There are four main types of markers: morphological, biochemical, chromosomal, and genetic. Molecular markers reveal DNA level variations and have advantages like being co-dominant, allowing nondestructive assays, and being randomly distributed throughout the genome. Common molecular marker techniques include RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, microsatellites, and SNPs. Molecular markers can be used for applications like gene mapping, disease diagnosis, evolution studies, parentage determination, and marker assisted selection in animal breeding.
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Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify specific locations in the genome. They allow detection of differences between individuals. Common types of molecular markers include RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP. RFLP uses restriction enzymes and probes but requires a large amount of high quality DNA. RAPD uses PCR with random primers and needs little DNA but has low reproducibility. AFLP combines restriction enzymes and PCR for higher reproducibility. SSR and SNP detect differences in repetitive DNA sequences and single nucleotides, respectively. Molecular markers have various applications including measuring genetic diversity, fingerprinting, marker-assisted selection, and identifying genotypes.
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This document discusses different types of genetic markers that can be used to detect genetic variation, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions, microsatellites, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). It describes how these markers are classified as type I (associated with genes of known function) or type II (associated with anonymous genomic regions) and compares their properties such as polymorphic information content and usefulness in genetic analysis.
using molecular marker technology in studying genetic diversity
This document discusses various molecular marker technologies used for studying plant genetic diversity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes several types of genetic markers such as morphological traits, protein markers, and DNA markers. DNA markers like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites are discussed in detail, outlining their methodology, applications in areas like breeding, diversity studies, and more. The document provides an overview of important molecular marker techniques for measuring genetic variation at the phenotype and genotype level.
DNA Fingerprinting & its techniques by Shiv Kalia (M.Pharma in Analytical Che...
DNA fingerprinting and below mention content widely cover in this presentation
History & Introduction of DNA fingerprinting
How was the first DNA fingerprint produced?
Types of DNA Based Markers
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR based Methodology of DNA fingerprinting
Electrophoresis
Utility of DNA Based Markers
Various DNA Fingerprinting Techniques Advantages & Disadvantages
Authentication of Various Ayurvedic Herbs by DNA Fingerprinting
Advantages of DNA fingerprinting in Plants
Disadvantages of DNA fingerprinting in Plants
CONCLUSION
Molecular Markers and Applications-Lecture.pdf
This document discusses molecular markers, which are short DNA sequences that reveal polymorphisms between individuals. Molecular markers include SNPs, insertions/deletions, and variations in simple sequence repeats. The document describes several types of molecular markers and methods used to detect them, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, ISSRs, and CAPS. The applications of molecular markers include paternity testing, disease diagnosis, forensic analysis, and varietal identification in plants.
Molecular markers and mas
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome and associated with a particular gene or trait. It can be described as a variation, which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like mini & microsatellites.
Genetic_Biomarkers.ppt
This document discusses genetic biomarkers and molecular markers. It describes different types of genetic variation like SNPs, indels, inversions, and rearrangements. It also summarizes various DNA-based genetic markers used in research, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, ESTs, SNPs, and microsatellites. The document discusses the differences between type I (coding) and type II (non-coding) markers. It provides details on specific marker types and their applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
Marker and marker assisted breeding in flower crops
Markers were used to track genes conferring resistance to disease in plant breeding programs. In one study, AFLP markers tracked the introgression of a resistance gene from a donor line into cultivated rose varieties over multiple generations of backcrossing. The individual with the lowest fraction of donor genome markers was selected for further backcrossing to reduce the donor genome. In another study, RAPD markers co-segregated with resistance to Fusarium in a petunia F2 population, identifying a marker linked to the resistance gene. A third study developed SSR markers from petunia expressed sequence tags and evaluated diversity in two F2 petunia populations to identify markers for future genetic mapping.
Genetic marker (1)
Genetic markers are biological features determined by gene alleles that can be transmitted between generations and used to track individuals, tissues, cells, nuclei, chromosomes, or genes. They represent genetic differences between organisms and act as signs near or linked to genes controlling traits of interest without affecting phenotypes. Various types of genetic markers exist, including morphological, cytological, biochemical, and DNA-based markers like RFLPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs and SNPs. DNA markers detect polymorphisms through molecular techniques and occupy specific genomic positions. Together, genetic markers provide tools for inheritance studies and plant breeding applications.
DNA markers (2).pptx
Genetic markers are used to distinguish individuals, populations and varieties based on their DNA sequences and location in the genome. The document discusses different types of genetic markers - morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. It provides details about various molecular marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, CAPS, SNP and SSR. Ideal molecular markers should be highly polymorphic, co-dominant, multiallelic and not influenced by the environment. The techniques help in identifying variations at DNA level which are useful for crop improvement programs.
Molecular markers: Outlook
Molecular marker introduction, classification, techniques, classification, application, case study in tomato
RAPD, RFLP
RFLP and RAPD are PCR-based techniques used to analyze genetic variations between individuals. RFLP involves restricting genomic DNA with enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, and comparing patterns. Variations in fragment lengths indicate polymorphisms. RAPD uses short, arbitrary primers to randomly amplify genomic DNA and compare patterns between individuals. Both techniques are useful for constructing genetic maps, identifying genes, distinguishing individuals, and studying genetic diversity and relationships between organisms.
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Molecular marker General introduction by K. K. SAHU Sir.
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Microsatelit
- 1. Microsatelit Oleh: Awari Susanti BP: 1320422015 Biologi Molekuler PROGRAM PASCASARJANA BIOLOGI FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS PADANG,2014
- 2. What is microsatellite • Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) • 1-6 bp long
- 3. What is Marker? Morphological Biochemical Chromosomal Genetic Marker is a piece of DNA molecule that is associated with a certain trait of a organism Types of Markers
- 4. Animals are selected based on appearance Eg. PIGMENTATION Disadvantage: lack of polymorphism
- 5. Animals are selected based on biochemical properties Eg. Hb, AMYLASE, BLOOD GROUPS ETC. Disadvantage: Sex limited Age dependent Influenced by environment It covers less than 10% of genome
- 6. Animals are selected based on structural & numerical variations Eg. Structural and Numerical Variations Structural- Deletions, Insertions etc. Numerical- Trisomy, Monosomy, Nullysomy Disadvantage: low polymorphism
- 7. Molecular Marker • Revealing variation at a DNA level • Characteristics: – Co-dominant expression – Nondestructive assay – Complete penetrance – Early onset of phenotypic expression – High polymorphism – Random distribution throughout the genome – Assay can be automated
- 9. DNA isolated from any tissue eg. Blood, hair etc. DNA isolated at any stage even during foetal life DNA has longer shelf-life readily exchangeable b/w labs Analysis of DNA carried out at early age/ even at the embryonic Stage irrespective of sex.
- 10. Molecular Markers Single locus marker Multi-locus marker RFLP Microsatellite STS DNA Fingerprinting AFLP RAPD
- 11. M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 –ve M Single locus marker
- 13. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) • PCR based marker with 10-12 base pairs • Random amplification of several fragments • Amplified fragments run in agarose gel detected by EtBr • Unstable amplification leads to poor repeatability
- 15. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) • Genomic DNA digested with Restriction Enzymes • DNA fragments separated via electrophoresis and transfer to nylon membrane • Membranes exposed to probes labelled with P32 via southern hybridization • Film exposed to X-Ray
- 17. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) • Restriction endonuclease digestion of DNA • Ligation of adaptors • Amplification of ligated fragments • Separation of the amplified fragments via electrophoresis and visualization • AFLPs have stable amplification and good repeatability
- 19. SSR: Simple Sequence Repeat or Microsatellite • PCR based markers with 18-25 base pair primers • SSR polymorphisms are based on no. of repeat units and are hypervariable • SSRs have stable amplification and good repeatability • SSR are easy to run and automate
- 21. DFP: DNA finger printing • DNA extraction from individual • Amplification of markers • Electrophoresis separation of markers • Visualization of markers • Scoring of markers for each individual • Data analysis
- 23. Features RFLP PCR-RFLP DFP RAPD Microsatellite SNP Detection method Hybridization PCR Hybridization PCR PCR PCR Type of probe/primer used g DNA/ cDNA sequence of structural genes Sequence specific primers Mini satellite synthetic oligos Arbitrarily design primer Sequence specific primers Sequence specific primers Requirement of radioactivity Yes No/Yes Yes No/Yes No/Yes No/Yes Extant of genomic coverage Limited Limited Extensive Extensive Extensive Extensive Degree of polymorphisms Low Low High Medium to High High High Phenotype expression Co dominant Co dominant Co dominant Co dominant/ Dominant Dominant Co dominant Possibility of No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
- 24. • Gene mapping • Pre and post natal diagnosis of diseases • Anthropological and molecular evolution studies
- 25. Short Range Application • Parentage determination • Genetic distance estimation • Determination of twin zygosity & freemartins • Sexing of pre-implanted embryos • Identification of disease carries
- 26. Long Range Applications • Gene mapping & mapping of QTL by linkage • Marker assisted selection