Plant health legislation
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plants have their rules, regulations and laws that should be followed by any citizen in any country so that protection of plants is ensured.
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Lecture 12 kerjasama internasional
The document discusses international cooperation on plant protection and quarantine. It summarizes the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and Asia Plant Protection Commission (APPC). The IPPC was established in 1951 to secure common action against the spread of plant pests and diseases. It is governed by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures which develops International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. The APPC operates at the regional level in Asia, with rules of procedure and financial rules established in 2009.
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Plant quarantine is defined as the legal enforcement of the measures aimed to prevent pests from spreading or to prevent them from multiplying further in case, they have already gained entry and have established in new restricted areas.
The importance of imposing restrictions on the movement of pest-infested plants or plant materials from one country to another was realized by Ireland famine 1845, the late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) introduced into Ireland from Central
America resulted in almost total failure of the potato crop, the grapevine phylloxera was introduced into France from America around 1860, and the San Jose scale spread into the US in the latter part of the eighteenth century and caused severe damage. The first international plant protection convention (IPPC), the Phylloxera convention was signed at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five countries. This convention remained in force till 1951, when International Plant Protection Convention under FAO was established at Rome. This agreement was constituted with the purpose of securing common and effective action to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products.
The first Quarantine Act in the US came into force on 1905, while India passed an act in 1914 entitled “Destructive Insect and Pests Act of 1914”. This was later supplemented by a more comprehensive act in 1917.
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Period of isolation for people or animals that have or
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Plant Quarantine: All activities designed to prevent the
spread of quarantine pests or to ensure their official
control
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area endangered there by and not yet present there. or
present but not widely distributed and being officially
controlled (FAO,1990)
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The word quarantine derives from the Italian word “quaranti giorni”, meaning ‘about fourty days’. After the Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347, observation and experience showed that the incubation time for the disease, from infection to the appearance of symptoms, was a little less than 40 days.
Plant quarantine is defined as the legal enforcement of the measures aimed to prevent pests from spreading or to prevent them from multiplying further in case, they have already gained entry and have established in new restricted areas.
The importance of imposing restrictions on the movement of pest-infested plants or plant materials from one country to another was realized by Ireland famine 1845, the late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) introduced into Ireland from Central
America resulted in almost total failure of the potato crop, the grapevine phylloxera was introduced into France from America around 1860, and the San Jose scale spread into the US in the latter part of the eighteenth century and caused severe damage. The first international plant protection convention (IPPC), the Phylloxera convention was signed at Berne on 3 November 1881 by five countries. This convention remained in force till 1951, when International Plant Protection Convention under FAO was established at Rome. This agreement was constituted with the purpose of securing common and effective action to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases of plants and plant products.
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Plant quarantine
QUARANTINE: Italian word Quarantina-forty days
Period of isolation for people or animals that have or
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Plant Quarantine: All activities designed to prevent the
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control
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1. CHAPTER I – SHORT TITLE
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2. CHAPTER II – DEFINITION
Section 201 For Purpose of this act
a. (1) State: means State or Territory of United State, the District of Columbia and Common wealth of Puerto Rico.
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HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
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(2) The Act empowers the Central Government to regulate production, supply and distribution of commodities declared as essential. Currently there are 7 essential commodities.
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1. The system was established in 2000 based on Codex Guidelines for organic production. Only certified producers can label products as organic using the JAS organic mark.
2. The Organic JAS standard prohibits the use of synthetic chemicals and GMOs. It requires at least 2 years without prohibited substances before planting.
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It provides an introduction to specific legal standards relating to food additives, novel foods and food contact materials.
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The document discusses the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 in India. It defines essential commodities as those declared by the central government. Currently there are 7 categories of essential commodities including drugs, fertilizers, foodstuffs like edible oils, cotton, petroleum products, raw jute, and certain seeds. The act aims to ensure availability and fair pricing of essential goods. It gives powers to regulate production, distribution, and set stock limits of essential commodities to control prices. Violating orders under the act can result in penalties like imprisonment and fines.
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This document outlines the duties and responsibilities of food inspectors in India. It details that food inspectors are tasked with regularly inspecting all food establishments to ensure they comply with licensing conditions. They are also responsible for collecting food samples if contamination is suspected, investigating complaints, maintaining inspection records, detecting illegal food operations, and detaining imported foods that may be prohibited. The document provides forms and notices that inspectors must use when seizing food, ordering vendors not to dispose of stock, and informing parties when taking food samples for analysis.
Federal food, drug and cosmtic act (drug)
1. CHAPTER I – SHORT TITLE
Section 1: This Act may be cited as the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
2. CHAPTER II – DEFINITION
Section 201 For Purpose of this act
a. (1) State: means State or Territory of United State, the District of Columbia and Common wealth of Puerto Rico.
(2) Territory: means any Territory of possession of the United States, including district of Colombia, and excluding common of Puerto Rico and Canal Zone.
b. Interstate Commerce: means (1) commerce (the activity of buying and selling, especially on large scale) between any state or territory of and any place outside thereof and (2) commerce within district of Colombia or within any other territory not recognized with legislative body.
c. Department : means the department of Health and Human Service
d. Secretary : means Secretary of Health and Human Service
e. Person : includes individual, partnership, corporation, and association
f. (1) Drug : means (A) article recognized in official United states pharmacopeia, official Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of united states or official national formulary or any supplement to them (B) Article intended for use in the Diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals; and (C) Article (other than food) intended to affect structure or any function of body of man or other animals;
(2) Counterfeit drug: means drug (or container, labeling) of which, without authorization, bears the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device or any likeness thereof, of a drug manufacturer, processor, packer, or distributor other than the person or person who in fact manufactured, processed, packed or distributed such drug and to which thereby falsely purports or is represented to be product of, or to have been packed or distributed by, such other drug manufacturer, processor, packer or distributor.
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An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to narcotic drugs, to make stringent provisions for thecontrol and regulation of operations relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances 1[, to provide forthe forfeiture of property derived from, or used in, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, toimplement the provisions of the International Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]and for matters connected therewith.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT (NDPS), 1985 WITH RULE
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985 consolidated and amended previous laws to more strictly control narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in India. It established the Narcotic Control Bureau to enforce the new law. The Act defines narcotic and psychotropic substances and prohibits various activities related to them without a license. It gives authorities the power to permit and regulate certain activities and establishes penalties for violations. The overall aim is to prevent drug abuse and trafficking while allowing legitimate medical and scientific use.
Insecticides Act,1968
Indian Insecticide Act,1968
An Act to regulate the import, manufactures, sale, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for matters
connected therewith. [2nd September 1968]
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The document provides an introduction to artificial seeds, including definitions and key concepts. It discusses the two main types of artificial seeds - desiccated and hydrated synthetic seeds. The production process involves establishing somatic embryogenesis, encapsulating somatic embryos or shoot buds, and planting the artificial seeds. Alginate is commonly used as the encapsulating material. Additives can be included to the matrix to serve as an artificial endosperm. The document outlines the potential uses and benefits of artificial seeds for propagation, germplasm preservation, and genetic engineering applications.
Somatic embryogenesis ; 27 march 15. 3.00 pm
This document provides information about indirect somatic embryogenesis in cereal crops. It begins with an introduction to somatic embryogenesis and its importance. It then discusses the types of somatic embryogenesis, including direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis. Indirect somatic embryogenesis is described as occurring through callus formation from explants, from which embryos later develop. The document presents information on indirect somatic embryogenesis systems developed for several cereal crops like rice, wheat, maize and sorghum. It also provides a case study on the indirect somatic embryogenesis of rice variety APMS-6B, including the methods used for callus induction and embryo germination, as well as the results obtained.
Protoplast Culture
A presentation covering the process of protoplast culture including protoplast isolation, protoplast fusion, culture of protoplast, its application, factors affecting protoplast culture and the future of protoplasts.
Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants can be created through several methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium, can be used to transfer foreign genes into plants using its Ti-plasmid system. The Ti-plasmid contains genes that are inserted randomly into the plant genome. The binary vector system was later developed to separate the essential transfer functions from the T-DNA. The gene gun is also used to directly bombard plant cells with coated microprojectiles containing the gene of interest. Genetically engineered crops have been developed for insect resistance using cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for insecticidal proteins. Over 25,000 field trials of transgenic plants have been conducted worldwide in various crops.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
Direct Gene Transfer Methods
This document discusses various methods of genetic transfer, including natural genetic transfer between organisms as well as technological methods developed to manipulate genes. It describes how donor DNA can enter a recipient cell and recombine, producing genetically distinct offspring. Several gene transfer technologies are then outlined, including microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, and electroporation. The document explains the basic mechanisms and applications of each method while also noting their limitations for different purposes like gene therapy. In the conclusion, it emphasizes that gene transfer technologies now allow relatively easy and accurate introduction of genes into target cells to potentially cure diseases.
Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. There are three main types of restriction enzymes - Type I, II, and III. Type II restriction enzymes are the most commonly used in molecular cloning and DNA manipulation. They recognize short palindromic DNA sequences of 4-8 base pairs and cleave DNA within or nearby these recognition sites. Restriction enzymes have many applications including DNA sequencing, DNA libraries, and recombinant DNA techniques which enable genetic engineering.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that was discovered to transfer genes between itself and plants, enabling the development of genetic engineering methods for plants.
2) The most common transgenic traits in crops include herbicide and insect resistance, with field corn often containing Bt genes for insect resistance.
3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for producing transgenic plants. It involves using disarmed Agrobacterium strains to transfer desired gene sequences into plant cells.
Anther culture
This seminar presentation summarizes anther culture and haploid plant regeneration. Anther culture involves culturing microspores or anthers to produce haploid plants. It has been successful in over 250 plant species. There are different pathways that microspores can take to develop into haploid plants, including equal or unequal division. Pretreatment of anthers and culture conditions like medium, temperature and light exposure can influence success rates. Anther culture is useful for producing haploids but requires skill and has risks of chimera or callus formation.
Molecular markers types and applications
Molecular markers can be used to characterize plant genetic resources and assist in pre-breeding for climate change. Various marker techniques are described, including hybridization-based RFLP and PCR-based RAPD, ISSR, SSR, AFLP, EST, and SCoT. Molecular markers reflect heritable DNA differences and have advantages like being ubiquitous, stable, and not affecting phenotypes. Data from markers can be analyzed to construct genetic similarity matrices and dendrograms to study genetic diversity and relationships. Molecular markers have applications in fingerprinting, diversity studies, marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and gene tagging.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. The document then describes how GMOs are produced through inserting or deleting genes from different species. It provides examples of genetically modified plants, microbes, mammals, and fish that have been created for various purposes like producing useful goods, scientific research, and improved crops. The document also discusses the principles of genetic engineering compared to traditional breeding and lists some pros and cons of genetic modification.
Molecular Cloning - Vectors: Types & Characteristics
Vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA fragments into host cells. There are two main types of vectors: cloning vectors for propagating DNA inserts and expression vectors for expressing inserted DNA. Common vector types include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Vectors must have key characteristics like the ability to self-replicate, selectable markers, and origins of replication to successfully clone and transfer DNA.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific facts
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Gene cloning
Gene cloning involves making many identical copies of a gene. It differs from cloning an entire organism. Gene cloning is done to isolate and study particular genes, identify control sequences and mutations, and engineer organisms for specific purposes like insulin production. It is accomplished by extracting DNA from an organism, cutting it into pieces with restriction enzymes, and inserting the gene of interest into bacterial plasmids which are then taken up by bacteria. This allows the gene to be amplified as the bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid multiply. PCR is another method that amplifies DNA fragments in vitro using heat-stable DNA polymerase and repeated heating and cooling cycles.
Cloning Vector
The document discusses different types of gene cloning vectors including plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and phagemids. Plasmid vectors like pBR322 contain selectable markers and a multiple cloning site. Bacteriophage vectors like lambda phage infect bacteria and can carry larger DNA inserts. Cosmid vectors combine properties of plasmids and phages to clone fragments up to 50kb. All of these vector types allow cloning and replication of foreign DNA fragments in host cells.
Transgenic plants and plant biotechnology
This document discusses transgenic plants and plant biotechnology. It begins with definitions of key terms like transgene, transgenesis, and transgenic plants. It then provides a brief history of plant breeding, including selective breeding, Mendel's genetics studies, and the disadvantages of traditional breeding. Next, it covers mutation breeding using mutagens or radiation. It discusses the process of transgenic plant creation by inserting foreign genes from sources like animals or bacteria. The remainder of the document details various gene transfer methods in plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using Ti plasmids, direct transformation techniques like particle bombardment, and methods for detecting inserted genes.
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Molecular Cloning - Vectors: Types & Characteristics
Molecular Cloning - Vectors: Types & Characteristics
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific facts
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific facts
Similar to Plant health legislation
BASICS OF NATIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISM
This PPT Includes National regulatory mechanism, certification system and seed certification
QUARANTINE AND POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE.pptx
Post-entry plant quarantine (PEQ) is a measure used to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and diseases into a country or region. It involves the inspection, testing, and treatment of imported plants and plant products to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases.
PEQ is typically conducted at designated quarantine stations, which are facilities that are equipped to isolate and inspect imported plants. The length of time that plants are held in quarantine depends on the type of plant and the risk of pests or diseases.
PEQ can be an effective way to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region. However, it can also be a costly and time-consuming process.
Here are some of the benefits of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can help to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region.
* It can help to protect existing plant industries from pests and diseases.
* It can help to maintain the health of the environment.
Here are some of the challenges of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can be costly to implement and maintain.
* It can be time-consuming to inspect and test imported plants.
* It can be difficult to ensure that all imported plants are properly inspected and tested.
Despite the challenges, post-entry plant quarantine is an important tool in the fight against plant pests and diseases. It can help to protect plant industries, the environment, and human health.
Here are some examples of plant pests and diseases that can be prevented by post-entry plant quarantine:
* **Pests:** Insects, mites, nematodes, and other organisms that can damage plants.
* **Diseases:** Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that can infect plants.
* **Weeds:** Plants that can compete with crops and spread pests and diseases.
Post-entry plant quarantine is an important part of a comprehensive plant protection program. By combining PEQ with other measures, such as inspection at ports of entry, certification, and eradication, it is possible to reduce the risk of plant pests and diseases and protect plant industries and the environment. Post-entry plant quarantine refers to the measures and procedures implemented after plants, plant products, or plant materials have entered a new country or region. The purpose of post-entry plant quarantine is to prevent the establishment and spread of potentially harmful pests and diseases that might have been inadvertently introduced during international trade or travel
QUARANTINE AND POST-ENTRY QUARANTINE.pdf
Post-entry plant quarantine (PEQ) is a measure used to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests and diseases into a country or region. It involves the inspection, testing, and treatment of imported plants and plant products to ensure that they are free from pests and diseases.
PEQ is typically conducted at designated quarantine stations, which are facilities that are equipped to isolate and inspect imported plants. The length of time that plants are held in quarantine depends on the type of plant and the risk of pests or diseases.
PEQ can be an effective way to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region. However, it can also be a costly and time-consuming process.
Here are some of the benefits of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can help to prevent the introduction of new pests and diseases into a country or region.
* It can help to protect existing plant industries from pests and diseases.
* It can help to maintain the health of the environment.
Here are some of the challenges of post-entry plant quarantine:
* It can be costly to implement and maintain.
* It can be time-consuming to inspect and test imported plants.
* It can be difficult to ensure that all imported plants are properly inspected and tested.
Despite the challenges, post-entry plant quarantine is an important tool in the fight against plant pests and diseases. It can help to protect plant industries, the environment, and human health.
Here are some examples of plant pests and diseases that can be prevented by post-entry plant quarantine:
* **Pests:** Insects, mites, nematodes, and other organisms that can damage plants.
* **Diseases:** Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that can infect plants.
* **Weeds:** Plants that can compete with crops and spread pests and diseases.
Post-entry plant quarantine is an important part of a comprehensive plant protection program. By combining PEQ with other measures, such as inspection at ports of entry, certification, and eradication, it is possible to reduce the risk of plant pests and diseases and protect plant industries and the environment. Post-entry plant quarantine refers to the measures and procedures implemented after plants, plant products, or plant materials have entered a new country or region. The purpose of post-entry plant quarantine is to prevent the establishment and spread of potentially harmful pests and diseases that might have been inadvertently introduced during international trade or travel.
DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL PLANT QUARANTINE
Plant quarantine regulations are designed to prevent the introduction and spread of harmful pests and pathogens. They are promulgated by national and state governments. Regulations may completely prohibit import, require post-entry quarantine, restrict with import permits stipulating conditions, or allow unrestricted entry. Main quarantine activities include tracing and controlling quarantine pests, undertaking risk analysis and determining import conditions, inspecting and testing shipments, and supervising post-entry quarantine regulations. Domestic quarantine rules prohibit insect and disease movement between states in India.
sandeep paweriya 2020A94M Quaantine.pptx
The document discusses plant quarantine, which refers to regulations that isolate plant materials to prevent the spread of diseases and pests. It outlines the goals of quarantine as isolating contaminated materials, treating them, and observing for diseases and pests. Quarantine rules are established by the national government and states to regulate imports and domestic movement of plants. The key activities of plant quarantine include inspection of imported and exported plant shipments and supervision of post-entry quarantine regulations. India has plant quarantine stations at major airports, seaports, and land borders to implement these regulations.
Regulatory Control
Regulatory control involves preventing the introduction and spread of foreign plant and animal pests. The Plant Quarantine Service (PQS) regulates plant imports and exports in the Philippines to comply with international standards. As the national plant protection organization, PQS enforces quarantine through inspections at ports of entry and restrictions on the movement of regulated plant materials between areas. Legislation categorizes regulations on foreign quarantine, domestic quarantine, enforcement of pest control measures, quality control of insecticides, and personnel activities related to pest control. Introduced pests in the Philippines like various scales and the golden apple snail have negatively impacted ecosystems.
Qurantine Measures
The document discusses various aspects of quarantine measures for international trade. It begins by defining quarantine and isolation in the context of preventing the spread of pests and diseases. It then covers the importance of quarantine in export promotion, international quarantine standards set by organizations like the IPPC and WTO, and different quarantine treatments like fumigation and thermal treatments.
Deepak(2020A90M) plant quarantine BIOAGENTS.pptx
1. The document discusses the import and export procedures for agricultural commodities in India, which involve inspections and permits to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases.
2. Importing agricultural commodities requires an import permit and inspection on arrival, while certain planting materials also require post-entry quarantine inspections.
3. Exporting agricultural commodities involves inspections and certification to meet the phytosanitary requirements of importing countries, as outlined in the International Plant Protection Convention.
Herbal Cultivation session 11
This document discusses regulations for cultivating, collecting, processing, and distributing herbal medicines in Australia. It covers good manufacturing practices, personnel training requirements, documentation, and quality control standards. Key regulatory bodies that oversee herbal medicines are the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which regulates herbal medicines as complementary medicines, and quarantine restrictions that different states have on transporting plant materials across borders to prevent spreading pests or disease.
Principles of plant disease control
Principles of Plant Disease Control outlines four main principles:
1) Avoidance/Exclusion to prevent import and spread of pathogens through quarantine, avoiding pathogen environments, and using pathogen-free materials.
2) Eradiation to reduce pathogen amounts by removing infected hosts, practicing sanitation like cleaning equipment, and rotating crops to avoid pathogen buildup.
3) Protection to directly protect plants from infection using biological controls like beneficial microorganisms or chemical controls like fungicides and bactericides.
4) Resistant varieties that possess qualities hindering pathogen development through genetic engineering to introduce pathogen-fighting genes.
Tps
This document discusses Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, which are regulations that countries implement to protect human, animal, and plant health from diseases, pests, and contaminants. SPS measures are important for international trade as countries import agricultural products to meet domestic needs. They can include requiring imports to come from pest- and disease-free areas, inspections, treatments, maximum residue limits, and restrictions on additives. The SPS Agreement governs how countries establish and apply SPS measures to international trade in a science-based manner.
Plant Quarantine &Phytosanitary Measures.pptx
Plant quarantine and phytosanitary measures have a history dating back to the 1860s to prevent the spread of destructive plant pests and diseases internationally. As globalization and trade have increased, these measures have grown in importance to protect agriculture, food security, and facilitate trade. Nepal has established a national plant quarantine program and 15 check points on its borders to regulate the import and export of plants and plant materials according to its obligations under international agreements like the SPS Agreement. Current challenges include a lack of capacity for stringent risk assessment and strengthening quarantine institutions and infrastructure to ensure compliance with international standards and access to global agricultural markets.
Pesticides registeration A Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor t...
Pesticides registeration A Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the university of Agriculture Peshawar
Phytosanitary Requirements for Exporting Agricultural Produces
The document discusses phytosanitary requirements for exporting agricultural produces from Sri Lanka. It describes the roles and responsibilities of the National Plant Quarantine Service (NPQS) as the National Plant Protection Organization of Sri Lanka. The NPQS is responsible for plant quarantine activities including inspection of export and import consignments and issuing phytosanitary certificates. It outlines systems approaches used by Sri Lanka to meet import requirements of other countries, including the EU, through measures applied at the field level, during post-harvest handling, and transportation. Major quarantine threats to the EU like fruit flies and whiteflies are also discussed.
2.-Introduction.pptx
This document provides an overview of plant health regulations and introduces the Plant Health Exports Audited Trader Scheme (PHEATS). It discusses how plant health is regulated internationally through frameworks like the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Domestically, plant health in the UK is overseen by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and agencies like the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). The document also examines concepts like the biosecurity continuum and how plant pests are managed through import and export controls as well as surveillance and eradication programs.
Indonesia challenges
This document discusses Indonesia's challenges in complying with international trade standards in the agricultural export sector. It outlines how plant quarantine measures like pest risk analysis and recognition of pest free areas are based on scientific principles per international agreements. However, Indonesia faces issues meeting these standards due to a lack of qualified experts and inconsistent quality control. While free trade aims to promote democracy, the reality is that economic openness without proper safeguards can discriminate against developing countries with weaker scientific capacities and imbalanced access to technology. Strengthening Indonesia's human resources and technical capabilities in phytosanitary science is key to enabling fair agricultural trade.
Vp final ppt
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the role of plant quarantine in managing plant diseases in India. It discusses definitions of plant quarantine, types including domestic and national quarantine, objectives of plant quarantine in India such as preventing introduction of exotic pests and diseases. It also outlines the history and organizational structure of plant quarantine in India, procedures for import and export through plant quarantine, detection techniques used to identify pests and diseases, and measures taken to control spread of diseases.
Vietnam phytosanitary procedures_2011
The document outlines procedures for phytosanitary inspections of imported and exported goods. It describes requirements for inspection, including checking documents, examining commodities for pests or diseases, and testing samples in a lab. The goal is to determine if regulated pests are present and ensure compliance with phytosanitary regulations. If pests are found, measures like treatment or destruction may be required. If inspection finds no issues, a phytosanitary certificate will be issued to release the goods.
plant Qurantine.docx
Plant quarantine involves legally restricting the movement of agricultural commodities and plants to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases. It works by isolating imported plants and inspecting and treating them to ensure they are free from foreign pathogens before release. The main goals of plant quarantine are to safeguard agriculture from new pests and diseases and facilitate safe global trade by certifying plants are pest-free. It operates through domestic and international restrictions at 26 entry points in Bangladesh such as airports, seaports and land border crossings.
Legal control.
This document discusses legal control and legislation related to pests. It summarizes different types of legislation enacted in India to prevent the introduction and spread of agricultural pests, such as quarantine laws to restrict import/export of plants and insects. It also describes laws regulating insecticides/pesticides to ensure safety and prevent misuse. The key bodies that regulate these laws at central and state levels are discussed.
Similar to Plant health legislation (20)
Pesticides registeration A Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor t...
Pesticides registeration A Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor t...
Phytosanitary Requirements for Exporting Agricultural Produces
Phytosanitary Requirements for Exporting Agricultural Produces
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Leaf Initiation, Growth and Differentiation.pdf
Leaf initiation, growth and differentiation, genetic control of leaf development.
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Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
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Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Recently uploaded (20)
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
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Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Plant health legislation
- 1. Plant Health Legislation Buyegi George
- 2. Introduction • Plant health legislations are body of rules, laws and regulations that are enacted to protect plants against pathogens, weeds and insect pests • These legislations are mainly to keep the plants healthy
- 3. Importance • Prevents the introduction and spread of harmful organisms, to ensure sustainable plant protection • Control the importation and use of plant protection substances • Regulate export and imports of plants and plant products • They regulate the detection and identification, prevention and control or suppression of any
- 4. Importation and Exportation • Plant health legislation has set out laws, rules and regulations that regulate the importation and exportation of plants, plant products and controlling substances such as pesticides.
- 5. Export and Import Points of Entry • The Plant Protection Regulations of 1998, section 12(1) and The Plant Protection Act of 1997 section 14(a) explains on the points of entry. • Plants, plant products and plant protection substances exported or imported in the mainland of Tanzania shall be confined to entry points such as airports, harbour and overland border entry points.
- 6. Export and Import Conditions • The Plant Protection Act of 1997 entails on the terms and conditions such as the plant license, certificates, passports and inspection at arrival that are to be followed so that Plants, plant products and plant protection substances can be imported to Tanzania.
- 7. Importation of Pesticides • The plant protection act of 1997 section 18 explains on the importation of pesticides in Tanzania, that people importing pesticides should have permits and paying cess of 0.5% of the fob value of the pesticide to be imported
- 8. Importation of Soil • Soils are important in ensuring plant health • There are regulations and acts that adhere to protection of plants by ensuring that the soils to be imported into Tanzania are free from any organisms that may cause threat to native plants. • The Plant Protection Act, 1997 and The Plant Protection Regulations, 1998 explains on the importation and inspection upon arrival of the
- 9. • No person may import a registered pesticide unless he is permitted in writing by the registrant of that pesticide and the said permit is cleared by the registrar (the plant protection regulations, 1998 section 31(1)). Licensing and Certification
- 10. Plant Quarantine • Is an official confinement of plants and plant products, harmful organisms to plants, beneficial organisms, goods or soil being imported into or exported from, Tanzania, subject to phytosanitary regulations, for observation and research or for further inspection and/or testing (plant protection act, 1997).
- 11. Plant Quarantine • The plant protection regulations of 1998, explains that, plants, plant products and plant protection substances are to follow the plant quarantine procedures before they are imported to Tanzania. • In the quarantine stations inspection, detention, treatment, reconsignment or destruction of plants, plant products and plant protection
- 12. Conclusion • Plant health legislation are of great importance as they ensure that plants are not affected by any harmful organisms. • They restrict importation and exportation of plants, plant products and controlling substances that may cause harm to native plants. • Plants are confined to quarantines, until they are proven secure is when they are allowed to be used in Tanzania.
- 13. THANK YOU