Mechanical injuries are caused by physical violence or trauma to the body. They can be blunt force injuries, which cause abrasions, bruises, and lacerations, or sharp force injuries, which cause incised wounds, stab wounds, and chop wounds. Abrasions are superficial injuries involving only the outer layers of skin. Bruises are hemorrhages under the skin caused by blunt force trauma without skin breach. Both abrasions and bruises have forensic significance in determining the cause, manner, weapon, and timing of injuries. Their appearance can provide clues to investigations.
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
An account of strangulation, its types, mechanism, causes of death, post-mortom signs of death due to strangulation, fracture of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, medico-legal aspects of strangulation
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
An account of strangulation, its types, mechanism, causes of death, post-mortom signs of death due to strangulation, fracture of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, medico-legal aspects of strangulation
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
Colposcopy training part 1 ,DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal / Dr. Jyoti Bha...Lifecare Centre
Definition used in the consensus guidelines ASCCP +24 organizations 2013
Colposcopy
Colposcopy is the examination of the cervix , vagina and, in some instances the vulva, with the colposcope after the application of a 3--5% acetic solution coupled with obtaining colposcopically – directed biopsies of all lesions suspected of representing neoplasia
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. MECHANICAL INJURIES
Definition: Injuries caused by application of physical
violence to the body are known as Mechanical
injuries.
2
3. Classification of Mechanical Injuries
Blunt Force Injuries/Trauma:
Abrasions.
Bruises(Contusions)
Lacerations.
Sharp Force Injuries/Trauma:
Incised wounds.
Stab wounds.
Chop wounds.
Fractures.
Fire arm injuries.
3
4. MANNER OF CAUSATION
Self – Inflicted (suicidal)
Assaults by others (Homicidal)
Accidental
4
5. ABRASION
DEFINITION:
1. It is a superficial injury involving
only the superficial layers of skin.
(epidermis).
2. The outer layers of skin are
scratched or removed leaving a
bare area with little or no bleeding.
3. These heal rapidly in few days
and leave no scar.
5
6. MECHANISM OF CAUSATION
CAUSED BY
a) RUBBING.
b) SCRAPING.
CAUSATIVE AGENTS.
SHARP OBJECTS= FINGER NAILS, PIN,
THORN SHARP POINTED OBJECTS.
ROUGH SURFACE= GROUND, ROAD, FLOOR.
BLUNT OBJECTS= KICK WITH BOOT, ROPES,
STICKS, WHIP, TEETH.
OF SKIN WITH AN OBJECT
6
8. CLASSIFICATION:
a) SCRATCHES:
It is a linear injury caused by a
sharp pointed object such as pin or
finger nail running across the skin.
CHARACTERISTICS:
The direction of scratch is indicated
by sharp edge initially and heaped up
epithelium/ epidermis at the end.
8
10. CLASSIFICATION OF ABRASION
b) GRAZES / SLIDING/
FRICTIONAL BURNS / GRAVEL
RASH :-
It is produced when broad surface
of skin slides against a rough
surface.
like ground, road also called as
brush burns.
Example seen in:
o Road traffic accidents
(RTA).
o Dragging of body on a
ground.
o Glancing kick with a boot
10
11. MEDICO-LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Direction of force: shown by situation of “tags”.
Identification of scene of incidence: presence of
foreign body (dirt or grit) in the graze. Compared with
the scene.
11
12. c) FRICTION ABRASION: Are
caused by rubbing the skin surface
with cords or ropes.
Example:
Ligature marks in cases of hanging,
strangulation.
Blows with lash.
Friction between skin & edges of
garments.
12
13. CLASSIFICATION OF ABRASION
d) IMPRINT/ STAMPED/
PRESSURE/
CONTACT/PATTERNED/
CRUSHED ABRASION:
It is produced as a result of direct
impact or pressure without relative
movement.
Example:
Tire mark.
teeth marks.
ligature pattern.
muzzle imprint. 13
16. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS
It provides valuable information about
1. Site of impact and possibility of internal injury
These indicate that some force has been applied to the
body.
2. Identification of Object causing injury
For example as in case of Patterned or imprint abrasions,
Ligature in hanging, tire marks in RTA.
16
17. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS
3. Cause of injury
The site of abrasion helps to determine cause of
injury, For example;
On Neck in Throttling.
On Nose and mouth in smothering
On thighs and genitalia in sexual assault.
4. Direction of Injury
Sharp margins initial and heaped up epithelium on it,
terminate serrated borders initially and heaped up
epithelium at the end.
17
18. DATING AN ABRASION (AGE)
OBSERVATION TIME
BRIGHT RED FRESH
RED SCAB
DRIED
BLOOD/SERUM
12-24 HOURS.
REDDISH BROWN
SCAB
2-3 DAYS.
HEALING FROM
PERIPHERY
4-7 DAYS.
COMPLETE
HEALING
10-14 DAYS. 18
19. DIFFERENCE B / W ANTE MORTEM & POST
MORTEM ABRASIONS.
INDICATOR A.M. P.M.
1. COLOR BROWNISH ON
DRYING
YELLOW ON
DRYING
2. MARGINS. BLURRED (DUE TO
VASOCONSTRICTIO
N)
SHARP
3. VITAL
REACTION
PRESENT ABSENT
4. SIGNS OF
REPAIR
PRESENT ABSENT
5. BLEEDING PRESENT ABSENT
19
20. BRUISE (CONTUSION)
DEFINITION:
It is a hemorrhage into the tissues, due to
rupture of vessels by the application of blunt
force, without breach of covering tissue (skin or
capsule).
20
21. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES:
= Shape may correspond the shape of causative object.
= Reddened area when fresh.
= Pain.
= Swelling.
= Size varies from pinhead to an extensive haematoma.
21
22. CAUSES:
1. SPONTANEOUS (DUE TO DISEASE): Disease of
blood, vessels, scurvy, leukaemia.
2. TRAUMATIC:
Blows with club, fist, kicks, stone & bricks.
Firm griping of weak persons, RTA.
22
23. CLASSIFICATION OF BRUISE
DEPENDING UPON DEPTH OF THE TISSUE
INVOLVED:
Intra dermal bruise.
Subcutaneous bruise.
Deep/delayed bruise /visceral bruise.
DEEP BRUISE MAY BECOME EVIDENT AFTER SOME
TIME (2-3 DAYS).
23
24. ECTOPIC BRUISE:
A bruise may not be present necessarily at the site of
impact.
The extravasated blood may move along tissue planes
under gravity influence and gets collected at a distant place
(gravity shifting).
EXAMPLE:
- BLOW ON FOREHEAD OR FALL ON VERTEX
BLACK EYE.
- FACTURE HEAD OF FEMUR LATERAL ASPECT OF
LOWER THIGH.
- BLOW ON OUTER PART OF THIGH BRUISE AROUND
KNEE.
24
25. SPECTACLE HEMATOMA, BLACK EYE OR
PERIORBITAL HEMATOMA OR RACCOON SIGN.
A bruise round the tissues of the eyes & eyelids
may result called as Spectacle Hematoma,
It occurs due to
A blow to the orbit
Fractured orbital roof
A blow to the forehead
A fall on the vertex.
25
27. BATTLE’S SIGN
A bruise behind the ear called Battle’s Sign
may result from fall on the vertex or fracture
of the base of the skull rather than a direct
blow behind the ear.
27
28. FACTORS MODIFYING APPEARANCE OF BRUISE
Site of Injury
Vascularity of area
Age
Sex
Color of skin
Nature of disease
Gravity shifting of blood
28
29. 1. SITE OF INJURY
IMPORTANT SITES
1 Areas covering bones
2 Loose tissue
Bruising more marked in area covering the bones
without any intervening fibrous tissue e.g. over tibia.
No bony support for abdominal walls.
Bruising is rare after physical impacts on abdomen.
Absence of bruising is no proof of undamaged
underlying tissue/viscera
29
30. Bruising appears easily around lax tissue of eyes, face,
genitals e.g. Black eye – with a small blow.
Bruise formation on scalp is uncommon except in birth
trauma in a new born.
Rare bruising on palm/soles
30
31. 3) AGE:
Children (due to loosening of skin) & old (due to loss of flesh
& changes in blood vessels) bruise easily.
4) SEX: Females (obese) bruise easily.
5) VASCULARITY OF PART: Bruising is directly proportional
to vascularity of affected part.
6) COMPLEXION: Visibility better and clear in fair skinned
people.
31
33. MEDICO-LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
Indicates offending object (blunt).
Gives idea about degree of violence.
Time of injury.
Motive/purpose of injury.
In throttling, pressure of pads of finger homicide.
Bruise on back of fingers, hand & forearms
( Defensive act).
Multiple small bruise on arms just below shoulders
(Force full grasping during struggle)
33
34. MEDICO-LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
Adults: alcoholics, drug dependent.
In children: battered baby syndrome.
Tram track bruise: results from blow with rod, stick
or whip & any flexible object. (Torture). Central
depressed pale area with margins showing blood &
swelling.
34
36. MEDICO-LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
Suction petechie: bruising on the
cheeks & breast. (Sexual
intercourse),(love bites)
Bruise on the medical aspect of
thigh, vulva & around anus indicate
forceful sexual intercourse.
Bruising of cervix shows dilatation
cervix.
Bruising of buttocks indicate torture
36
37. MEDICO-LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
Due to sudden compression of subcutaneous tissues,
fat may be displaced and enters into injured vessels
lead into fat embolism.
Accidental: common occurrence.
Suicidal: not common.
Homicidal: common
Self inflicted: artificial bruised area produced by
rubbing marking nut juice or Calotropis, or root of
plumbago over skin.
37
38. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL BRUISE &
TRUE BRUISE
Findings Artificial Bruise True Bruise
Cause Juice of Plant Blunt force
Situation On accessible parts Any part
Colour Dark brown Changes of colour
Margins Well defined Less defined
Shape Irregular Shape of weapon
Swelling, Redness, & echymosis Not present Present with slight swelling
Contents Serum Blood
Itching Present Absent
Chemical Tests Positive Negative
38
39. DATING A BRUISE (AGE OF BRUISE)
DONE BY:
- Macroscopic examination (color changes).
- Microscopic examination (blood pigments).
Mechanism:
Blood, due to disintegration of RBC by haemolysis, releases
haemoglobin that breaks down into haemosidrin,
haemotoidin & bilirubin by the action of histiocytes & tissue
enzymes.
39
40. DATING A BRUISE (AGE OF BRUISE)
CHANGES ARE SEEN FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTER.
COLOUR TIME OF INJURY PIGMENT
Fresh (Red) Fresh Hemoglobin
Red to blue One day Deoxygenated Hemoglobin
Bluish black to brown 2-4 Days Hemosiderin
Green 5-7 Days Haemotidin
Yellow 7-10 Days Billirubbin
Completely disappears 14 Days/ 2weeks Normal
40
41. MICROSCOPIC CHANGES:
Hemosidirin within macrophages:
not less than 24-48 hours.
Hemotoidin within Macrophages: not less than 3 days.
Bilirubin extra cellular: not less than 7 days.
41