Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
Drowning is an inhalation of liquid in respiratory tract leading to suffocation and death. it can be wet or dry drowning depending upon the water entering in trachea. some times water touching the larynx leading to spasm and complete closure leading to dry drowning.
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
Details about asphyxia and all types of asphyxial deaths. Details about mechanism of hanging, strangulation, suffocation. Details of traumatic asphyxia. Detailed description of drowning deaths.
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
this is a short and informative presentation on asphyxia death which my teacher liked a lot.
He appreciated me a lot.
I hope whoever get this presentation find this very useful for your class.
# ppt
# asphyxia
THANK YOU
Categories of corona patient & treatmentATUL ABHISHEK
categories of covid-19 patient and treatment topic is describe by me only for knowledge purpose, and providing information what people should do or don't.
without the advice of doctor don't use medicine it can be dangerous.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Asphyxial deathAsphyxial deathAsphyxial deathAsphyxial death
Asphyxia is a condition of the body in which the supply of 02 to the blood and tissues
has been reduced appreciably below minimum critical level for maintenance of vital
functions of the body by any mechanical interference with respiration, causing first
unconsciousness or then death. If a person died due to asphyxia, such death is known
as asphyxia death.
The normal levels of oxygen in the arterial blood (pO2) with a 95% saturation of
hemoglobin ranges from 90 to 100 mm Hg in a healthy young adult.The same is 65–
80mmHg in above 60 years of age.
Hypoxia occurs when PO2 is less than 60 mmHg even though the hemoglobin isHypoxia occurs when PO2 is less than 60 mmHg even though the hemoglobin is
90% saturated. Severe hypoxia occurs when PO2 is 40 mmHg.
Death occurs when PO2 is less than 20 mmHg.
Axphyxial phenomenon
Reduction in O2 tension Capillary dilatation Capillary stasis
Capillary engorgement Stasis of blood in organs Diminished venous
return to heart Reduced pulmonary flow Deficient
oxygenation in lungs Asphyxia
3. Types of Asphyxia
1. MECHANICAL------ Air passages blocked mechanically
Hanging
Strangulation
Suffocation
Entrapment
Smothering
GaggingGagging
Choking
Burking
Overlaying
Traumatic asphyxia
Environmental
Postural or positional
Drowning
4. 2. PATHOLOGICAL------ Entry of oxygen in lungs decreased
due to disease of upper respiratory tract or lung. E.g.
bronchitis, acute edema of glottis, laryngeal spasm.
3. TOXIC------ Poisonous substances preventing use of oxygen.
Carbon monoxide poisoning, paralysis of respiratory centre by
opium, barbiturates, strychnine etc.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL--------Insufficient oxygen in inspired
air. e.g. enclosed spaces, irrespirable gas in environment as in
sewer gas, high altitude etc.sewer gas, high altitude etc.
5. TRAUMATIC------- Bilateral Pneumothorax, pulmonary fat
embolism from fracture of long bones, pulmonary thrombo-
embolism due to injury of lower limb etc.
6. POSTURAL------- in unconscious or stuporous person, where
upper half of body lower than remainder.
7. IATROGENIC -------- anesthetic deaths.
5. Hanging
Hanging is a suspension of a person’s body by ligature around the neck.
cause of death-Asphyxia & venous congestion
Purpose of hanging can be suicidal, homicide, judicial &Accidental
The four types of hanging:-
1) Complete hanging –complete hanging in which no body part is1) Complete hanging –complete hanging in which no body part is
touching the ground.
Whole body weight suspended
Trachea is always compressed
“asphyxia” –person will die from it
Cyanosis, congestion & petechiae (ccp- +nt) are present in a
complete hanging.
6. 2) Partial hanging – partial hanging in which some part of the body is
touching the ground.
Only head weight suspended
Patient will die from “venous congestion”
In this condition cyanosis, congestion & petechiae are absent (ccp-
absent)
3) Typical hanging
Knot is at - occipital (most common)
4) Atypical hanging
Knot is at - any other side
7. Post-mortem changes in complete hanging
1. “V” shape ligature mark
2. Cyanosis , congestion & petechiae - present( asphyxial),
absent(venous congestion)
3. “Tardieu’s spot”- venous congestion
4. Hyoid bone fracture- 10% cases
5. Protrusion of tongue
6. Semen discharge
7. Eye open→ pupil dilated → same side of the knot → La facie
sympathetique knot
8. Dribbling of saliva → opposite side of the knot
8.
9. Judicial hanging
Perfect method of death. Complete,Atypical, sudden drop
Knot at – angle of mandible
C2 –C3 or C3 –C4 cervical damage → respiratory arrest
Carotid artery damage (very common)
↓↓
known as a “Amussat’s sign”
10. Point of comparison COMPLETE HANGING INCOMPLETE HANGING
Other name High point hanging Low point hanging
Touching the ground Negative Positive
Circumstances Presence of a near-by table
or chair
Negative
Main cause of death Cerebral ischemia Asphyxia
Face Less congested, sometimes
pale
Markedly congested
Hypostasis Lower half of the body According to the partHypostasis Lower half of the body According to the part
touching the ground
Type of knot Fixed knot or running noose Always running noose
Rope marks -Incomplete with fixed knot
-Above thyroid cartilage
-Oblique
-Deep and fades gradually
towards suspension point
-Complete
-Below thyroid cartilage
-Transverse
-Deep all through
Dribbling of saliva Positive Negative
Tear in carotid intima Positive Negative
Hyoid bone If fractured: outwards If fractured: inwards
11.
12.
13. Human experiment
Acute obliteration of neck circulation with
600mmHg cuff
Blurring of vision
Constriction of visual fields
Loss of conscious (6-6.5 sec)
Hypoxic convulsionHypoxic convulsion
EKG minimal change
Prolonged occlusion of cerebral circulation up to
100 sec.
Convulsion, Cyanosis, Involuntary urination, Involuntary
defection,
Bradycardia and dilation of pupils occurred after loss of
consciousness
14. Postmortem appearancePostmortem appearancePostmortem appearancePostmortem appearance
1. External appearance.
2. Internal appearance.
External appearance
-Above the ligature.-Above the ligature.
-Beneath the ligature.
-Below the ligature.
15. Above the ligature mark
Tilt of the head.
Protrusion of tongue.
Dribbling of saliva.
Le Facia Sympathique.
Tardieu spots.
Congestion (excessive accumulation of blood/ body fluid) of the face.Congestion (excessive accumulation of blood/ body fluid) of the face.
Petecheal hemorrhages.
Middle ear hemorrhages.
( petechiae hemorrhages- petechiae are tiny purple, red, or brown spots on
the skin. Petechiae are formed when tiny blood vessels called capillaries
break open. when these blood vessels break ,blood leaks into the skin.)
16. Beneath the ligature
Fixed or running noose.
Position of the knot.
Course of the ligature.
Width and multiplicity.
Point of suspension.
Slipping of ligature.
Weight of the body.
Below the ligature
Postmortem lividity (Glove and Stocking)
Relaxation of sphincters.
Injury to legs.(partial hanging)
17. Internal appearance
Hemorrhages in the neck.
Dry, white and glistening.
Rupture of platysma and sternomastoid.
Transverse tear in the intima of carotid artery.
Fracture of hyoid,cricoid and thyroid cartilages.Fracture of hyoid,cricoid and thyroid cartilages.
Congestion of organs.
Petechial hemorrhages.
18. Differential characteristics between Homicide and
Suicide by Hanging
There are five important features to consider to differentiate a
murder of a suicide by hanging:
1. Furrow or groove with Ecchymosis, or so called ligature mark,
which is caused by the pressure of the constrictor agent (rope,
cable, etc.) in the skin. In the hanging will find it incomplete, andcable, etc.) in the skin. In the hanging will find it incomplete, and
in the murder by constriction will find it complete.
2. Commonly blood appears in the hanged with the asphyxia own
characteristics, which will look like this: blackish, fluid and little
clotted.
19. 3. In a suicide, can occasionally see the retro-propulsion of the
tongue, when this is out of the mouth, caused by pressure that
makes the hyoid bone in the neck, and instinctively by the body to
take air.Therefore, when hung a body previously murdered, the
tongue out of the mouth we will not see.
4. It is possible case of homicide when the body shows signs of
struggle or recent injuries in other body parts.struggle or recent injuries in other body parts.
5.When the person died on the floor, and then the body was hung by
another person pretending suicide, can be found mortem lividity
(when blood settles by gravity into the lower region of the body),
either in the back or in the abdomen, it will not match with the
gravity and location of hanged.
20. Medical effects
People who survive hanging report seeing flashing lights and hearing
ringing sounds.
The neck of people who are hanged are usually marked with furrows
where the ligature had constricted the neck.An invertedV mark is also
often seen.
Because of the pressure on the jaw, the tongue is sometimes protruding,
causing it to dry.causing it to dry.
Depending on the circumstances, petechiae may be present on the
eyes, face, legs, and feet.
Cervical spine fractures are rare unless the hanging is a drop
hanging, which usually causes an injury known as hangman's
fracture.
Suspension hanging usually results in cerebral hypoxia and
decreased muscle tone around the neck.According to Aufderheide et
al., the most common cause of death of hangings is cerebral hypoxia.
21. Treatment
Most people who are hanged die before they are found; the term "near
hanging" refers to those who survive (at least for a while—for
example, until they reach hospital).
Initial treatment of survivors follows the "usual priorities of airway,
breathing, and circulation (ABC)".Treatment should be "directed atbreathing, and circulation (ABC)".Treatment should be "directed at
airway control with endotracheal intubation, ventilation using positive
end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and hyperventilation with
supplemental oxygen to control intracranial pressure".
One study of people who experienced near-hanging who were treated
appropriately at hospital found that 77 percent of them survived.
22. Types of strangulation
STRANGULATION
Application of external pressure on the neck either by bare
hands, or by a ligature, or by any other material.
It is a form of asphyxia caused by constriction of the neck
WITHOUT suspending the body.
THROTTLING: when constriction is produced by the
pressure of the fingers and the palms
GARROTING: loop of thin string thrown from back and
tightened
BANSDOLA: neck compressed between two bamboo
sticks
MUGGING: pressure upon neck by arm around the
throat
23. Sr.
No.
Trait Hanging Strangulation
1 Ligature mark Oblique, incomplete,
high in the neck
Transverse,
complete, mid
level or below
thyroid cartilage
2 Base Pale, hard,
parchment like
Contused
parchment like
3 Abrasion,
contusion &
Echymosis
Less prominent More prominent
4 Hyoid fracture More common Less common
5 Thyroid cartilage Less common More common
24. Sr.
No.
Trait Hanging Strangulation
6 Carotid Intimal tear Not seen
7 Signs of asphyxia Less marked More marked
8 Dribbling of saliva Often Rare
9 Bleeding from nose, Rare Often9 Bleeding from nose,
mouth & ears
Rare Often
10 Involuntary
discharge
Occasional Frequent
11 Manner Suicidal Homicidal
12 Injuries on other
body parts
Rare Common