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Identification from skeletal remains
This document discusses methods for determining characteristics like age, sex, and race from skeletal remains. It provides details on assessing these factors from various bones and regions of the skeleton. For age, features of the mandible and spinal column are described at different life stages. Sex determination examines differences in the pelvis, skull, long bones, and other areas between males and females. Metrics like cephalic, nasal, and sacral indices are also provided to help assess race from skull and bone measurements.
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Identification from skeletal remains
- 1.
- 2. ďŽ Age ďŽ Sex ďŽRace ďŽ Stature
- 3. Race ďŽ Race canbe determine from the examination of : 1. Skull 2. Mandible 3. Teeth 4. Limb bones.
- 4. Skull Certain differences existbetween ďŽ Negroid (Black ) ďŽ Caucasoid ( Europeans ). ďŽ Mongoloid ( Native Americans, Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, South east Asians )
- 5. Race can bedetermine by: 1. Cephalic index. ( breadth index ). 2. Height index. 3. Nasal index.
- 6. Cephalic index ďŽ Thecephalic index is calculated as maximum breadth divided by maximum length of the skull multiplied by 100.
- 7. ďŽ Breadth ismeasured above the mastoid process. ďŽ Length is measured between the glabella and the occipital protrobrance with caliper.
- 8. Type of skullCephalic index Race Dolico cephalic ( long headed ) 70 -74.9 Aryans, Black . Mesati cephalic ( medium headed ) 75 â 79.9 Europeans, Brachy cephalic ( round headed) 80 or > Mongolians
- 9. Height index ďŽ Theheight index is calculated as height of the skull divided by length of the skull, multiplied by 100.
- 10. Nasal index ďŽ Thenasal index is calculated as width of nasal aperture divided by height of nasal aperture multiplied by 100.
- 11. Blacks Europeans Mongols Cephalic index( CI ) 70 â 74.9 75 â 79.9 80 and above Height index ( HI ) 72 71 75 Nasal index ( NI ) 55 46 50
- 12. Other differences indifferent races Blacks European Mongols Orbits Square Triangular Rounded Nasal opening Broad Narrow and elongated Rounded Palate Rectangular Triangular Rounded
- 13. ďŽ The cheekbones or zygomatic arches are prominent in mongols. ďŽ in mongols, unlike other groups, the face width generally exceeds the head width.
- 14. Mandible and teeth InBlacks ďŽ lower jaw is strongly prognathic . ďŽ Third molar is bigger than the first two molars.
- 15. In Mongols: ďŽ Shovelshaped of upper central incisors. ďŽ Enamel pearls: are small nodules of enamel on the tooth surface. ďŽ Taurodontism ( bull tooth ): these are common in Mongols. The pulp cavity is wide and deep and roots are fused. ďŽ Congenital lack of third upper molar is common.
- 16. In white Races ďŽCarbelli`s cusp: Small nodules on lingual surface of maxillary molar is common.
- 17. Limb Bones ďŽ Radio-humeralindex (Brachial index): Length of RADIUS divided by length of HUMERUS multiplied by 100. Europeans Blacks Radio- humeral index Below 75 Above 80
- 18. ďŽTibio-femoral index ( Cruralindex ): Length of tibia divided by length of femur multiplied by 100. Europeans Blacks Tibio-femoral index Below 83 Above 83
- 19.
- 20. General features Males Females 1Skeleton comparatively bigger and stouter, weight = 4.5 kg Skeleton comparatively smaller and slender, weight = 3.00 kg 2 Muscular ridges, depressions and processes more prominent. Muscular ridges, depressions and processes less prominent. 3 Shaft of long bones relatively rough & articular surfaces & ends larger Shaft of long bones relatively smooth & articular surfaces & ends smaller.
- 21. Male pelvis Femalepelvis 1 Bony framework massive Bony framework less massive 2 Inlet: deep & narrow Inlet: shallow & wide 3 Ant. Superior iliac spines not widely seperated Ant. Superior iliac spines widely separated 4 Ilium less expanded Ilium more expanded 5 Subpubic arch narrow, V shaped, angle= 70 degree Subpubic arch wide, U shaped, angle>90 degree 6 Ischial tuberosities = inverted Ischial tuberosities = everted
- 23. 7 Obturator foramen= ovoid Obturator foramen = triangular 8 Greater sciatic notch narrow, deep, & less then right angle Greater sciatic notch wide, shallow & almost right angle. 9 Sacrum long & narrow, has five or more segments. Well marked promontory Sacrum wide & short, has five segments. Promontory less marked. 10 Acetabulum wider & deeper Acetabulum narrower & shallower 11 Pelvic brim heart shaped Pelvic brim circular, elliptical
- 24. 12 Anterior curvatureis equally distributed along its length. Anterior curvature is straight in upper half & sharply curved in lower half. 13 Articular surface of sacrum extends to 2 ½ to 3 vertebral bodies Articular surface of sacrum extends to 2 to 2 ½ vertebral bodies
- 25. Femur Male femur Femalefemur 1 Head of femur is larger Head of femur is smaller 2 Articular surface forms more then two thirds of sphere Articular surface forms less then two thirds of sphere 3 Neck forms obtuse angle with shaft (125 degree) Neck forms right angle with shaft
- 26. Skull Male Female 1 Bigger,heavier & rough. Smaller, lighter, & smooth. 2 Cranial capacity almost 10 % more Cranial capacity almost 10 % less 3 Frontal sinuses more developed Frontal sinuses less developed 4 Fronto-nasal angulation distinct Fronto-nasal angulation smoothly curved
- 27. Male skull Femaleskull 5 Glabella, supra-orbital rigdes, zygomatic arch, mastoid process, occipital protuberance, occipital condyle & muscular attachments are more pronouced. Glabella, supra-orbital rigdes, zygomatic arch, mastoid process, occipital protuberance, occipital condyle & muscular attachments are less pronouced. 6 Orbital opening comparatively big & rectangular Orbital opening comparatively small & rounded 7 Facial bones more massive & not delicate in texture. Facial bones less massive & delicate in texture.
- 28. Spinal column Male Female 1Mean breadth of first cervical vertebra 83 mm Mean breadth of first cervical vertebra 72mm 2 Lumbar lordosis less marked Lumbar lordosis more marked
- 29. Mandible Male Female 1 Lowerjaw more massive Lower jaw less massive 2 Chin - square Chin â pointed or rounded 3 Symphyseal height more Symphyseal height less 4 Ramus â more broad Ramus â less broad 5 Angle region - everted Angle region â not everted
- 30. Thorax Male Female 1 Thoraciccage â longer & narrower Thoracic cage â shorter & wider 2 The ribs have a less pronounced curvature The ribs have a more pronounced curvature 3 Body of sternum is bigger & more then twice the length of manubrium Body of sternum is shorter & less then twice the length of manubrium 4 Upper border of sternum at level of body of 2nd thoracic vertebra Upper border of sternum at level of body of 3nd thoracic vertebra
- 31. Sacral index ďŽ Sacralindex ( SI ): calculated as breadth of base divided by anterior length of sacrum multiplied by 100. Male Female Sacral index 112 116
- 32. Ischio-pubic index ďŽ Ischio-pubicindex ( IPI ): calculated by ischial length divided by pubic length multiplied by 100. Male Female Ischio-pubic index 73 - 94 91 -115
- 33. According to Krogman,degree of accuracy to determine sex from bone Entire skeleton 100 % Pelvis & skull 98 % Pelvis alone 95 % Skull alone 90 % Long bones alone 80 %
- 34.
- 35. Mandible Features Infancy AdultOld age 1 Angle b/w ramus & body Obtuse right angle obtuse 2 Body Shallow & small Thin & elongated Shallow & big 3 Ramus Short & oblique Stunted Long & oblique 4 Condylar process at lower level than coronoid process Above the level of coronoid process Neck is bent backward
- 36. 5 Mental formamen Placed near tothe lower border Midway b/w upper & lower border Near the alveolar margin
- 37. Spinal column ďŽ Inyouth : upper and lower surfaces of bodies of the vertebrae bear radial markings, at age of 10 years. ďŽ By the age of 30 years, they begin to fade and disappear. ďŽ The osteophytic outgrowths from the anterior and lateral margins of the intervertebral discs become visible by 40 years.
- 38. ďŽ The discundergoes atrophic changes by about 40 â 45 years.