FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
Define forensic ballistics and firearms
Understand different types of firearms and ammunition
Differentiate features of entry and exit wounds in firearms
Enlist Medico-legal aspects
Regional injuries, types of scalp injuries with details of scalp anatomy, types of skull fractures, coup and counter coup injuries, mechanism of skull fractures.
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
Define forensic ballistics and firearms
Understand different types of firearms and ammunition
Differentiate features of entry and exit wounds in firearms
Enlist Medico-legal aspects
Regional injuries, types of scalp injuries with details of scalp anatomy, types of skull fractures, coup and counter coup injuries, mechanism of skull fractures.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. INJURY
Clinically its defined as solution or disruption
of the anatomical continuity of any tissues of
the body.
Legally under section 44 PPC, its defined as
any harm whatever illegally caused to any
person in body,mind,reputation or property.
3. Mechanical Injuries
Are those,which are caused by the physical
violence to the body,depending on the
manner and how they are caused.
Examples:- Blunt force injury.
Sharp force injury.
Fire-arm injury.
4. Classification of Mechanical Injuries
Blunt Force Injuries/Trauma:
Abrasions.
Contusions,.
Lacerations.
Sharp Force Injuries/Trauma:
Incised wounds.
Stab wounds.
Chop wounds.
Fractures.
Fire arm injuries.
5. Abrasions
Injuries involving superficial layers of the skin
and are caused by
-Impact of an object.
-Fall on rough surface.
-Pressure of finger nails,teeth,muzzle of
a gun or by rope.
7. Age of abrasion
Recent abrasion appears bright red scab 12-24 hrs.
Reddish brown scab 2-4 days.
Healing process starts 4-7 days.
Epithelium grows and dried scab falls 8-10 days.
Absence of infection.
8.
9.
10. Antemortem Abrasions
Reddish brown colour.
Margins are blurred due to vital reactions.
Postmortem Abrasions
Yellowish in colour.
Translucent area.
Margins are sharply defined.
Absence of vital reactions.
12. Medico-Legal Aspects
Site of impact and possibility of internal
injury.
Identification of object causing the injury.
Cause of injury.
Direction of injury.
Time of injury.
13. Contusion/Bruise
Contusion is an infiltration or extravasion of
blood into the tissue due to rupture of
vessels by the application of blunt force.
Examples:-Stick,stone or fist.
Its subcutaneous without discontinuity of
skin.
14. Features of contusion
Varies in sizes-Haematoma.
Superficial contusions are slightly raised over the
skin.
May not be present at site of the impact.
Superficial contusions appear soon with red
colour.
Deeper contusion appear late,can be detected by
infra red photography.
Contusions over bony prominences are less
visible externally.
15. Factors modifying the appearance of
contusion
Site of injury.
Vascularity of the part.
Age.
Sex.
Colour of the skin.
Nature of disease.
Shifting of blood due to gravity.
16. Colour changes in the contusion
Colour changes in the contusion is due to
disintegration and haemolysis of red blood cells.
Haemosiderin-Iron pigments,dark brown colour to
blue colour. 2-4 days.
Haematoidin-Iron free pigment. Green in colour. 5-
7 days.
Bilirubin-Yellow colour.7-10 days.
Normal colour of skin 15-20 days.
Pigments are removed by phagocytes.
17.
18.
19.
20. Age of the contusion
Colour changes.
Histologically.
Healing process depends on:
-Size and situation of contusion.
-Age and physique of the person.
-Presence and absence of disease.
21. Antemortem contusion
Sharp,well defined margins.
Swelling of the tissues.
Discoloration of the skin.
Extravasation of blood into the true skin and
subcutaneous tissue.
Doubtful cases-Microscopic examination.
22. Postmortem contusion
Can be produced with in 1-2 hrs after death.
If body is decomposed it is difficult to
differentiate between antemortem and
postmortem contusions.
23. Self inflicted contusion
Rare-can be inflicted by irritant substances
like Marking nut,root of plumbago
zeyloxica or rosea.
Can be differentiated by chemical analysis.
24. Homicidal contusion
Shape and size of contusion,indicates the
weapon used.
Accidental contusion
Their position,arrangement,circumstances
and surroundings.
26. Laceration wounds/Injuries
These are the wounds caused by the blunt
force resulting torn of the skin and the
underlying tissue,with a minimal bleeding.
27. Features of the lacerated wounds
Edges are ragged,irregular and contused.
Margins are abraded due to impact of blunt force.
Deep tissues are crushed.
Hair bulbs are crushed.
Less bleeding due to crushing of underneath
vessels.
Presence of foreign materials.
Shape-Irregular.
Size-May or may not correspond to the weapon.
28. Margins-Irregular
Floor-Tags of tissue seen across the floor.
Damage to the tissue-Gross and extensive.
Haemorrhage-Less because of crushing of
vessels.
Foreign substances at the site of injury-
dust,mud,gravels etc.
Healing-Process delayed due to gross damage and
infection.
Scars-Due to damage to skin and tissue.
29. Types of lacerated wounds
Split laceration:
Found in pats overlying bones-scalp,face,hands
and lower limbs.
Due to perpendicular impact by blunt force.
Due to crushing of skin between two hard objects.
It simulates the incised wound.
30. Stretch laceration:
Due to over stretching of skin and produces
flap.
Due to blunt tangential impact-when head
strikes on the wind screen of the vehicle.
Due to sudden deformity of bones after
fractures.
31. Avulsion wound:
Degloving of skin over the impacted area
due to compression and grinding of
underlying tissue.
Commonly seen in road traffic accidents
and by machinery in heavy industries.
32. Tears laceration:
Due to friction with irregular or pointed end
of a weapon or an object on the surface of
the body.
Deeper at the string point than at the
terminal.
33. Cut laceration:
This type of lacerated wound is produce by
“not so sharp” edge of heavy weapon.
Seen in chop wounds.
Margins are not clear cut.
Abrasions or contusions are seen on the
margins.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Medico-Legal importance
Homicidal-occurs in any part of the
body.produced by blows with hard and
blunt weapon.
Suicidal-Very rare.
Accidental-Road traffic accidents,
accidental fall from height.
Foreign bodies-Mud,gravel,oil etc.
41. Incised wounds
Its produced by sharp cutting instruments-
knife,razor,blade,swords,chopper,axe etc.
Features:
Edges are clear cut, retracted
Spindle shaped wound,maximum widening in the
central part.
Length is greater than the breadth.
Breadth is greater than the thickness of the
cutting blade.
42. Gaping is greater if underlying muscles are
divided across or cut obliquely.
Haemorrhage is excessive due to the clear
division of blood vessels.
Half severed artery bleeds more as they can
neither retract nor contract.
Edges of wound may be irregular when skin is
loose and if cutting edge is blunt.
43. By nature of the incised wound,weapon used can
be identified.
Light sharp cutting weapons-razor blades,knife
can produce incised wounds by striking,drawing
or by sawing.
Drawing cuts-Deeper at start,gradually become
shallow and at the end only skin is cut with
scratch “Tailing of the wound”
44. The position of the accused and victim can
be identified in homicidal cases,and suicidal
cases which hand has been used.
Sawing cuts-Multiple at the beginning and
only one deep cut wound called “Tentative
or Hesitation cuts”
Bevelling cuts-When weapon is used
oblique or tangential way over the body.
45.
46. Heavy sharp cutting weapons-like
swords,axes,choppers etc-wounds are greater
and severe. Usually homicidal in nature.
Injuries caused by these weapons show signs
of bruising over the edges and extensive
damage to deeper structures and organs.
47. Incised wounds made by curved weapons
like sickle, tangi etc will cause single
wound when hit over the convex portion of
body.
48.
49. Medico-Legal importance
Homicidal-Any part of the body, commonly on the
neck, head and trunk, also be found on the inner side
of forearm or hand of victim while defending or
protecting. ‘Defence Wounds’.
Suicidal-Found in the accessible parts by light
weapons on the throat (cut throat wounds). Tail end
of the wound indicates which hand has been used.
Accidental-Any part of the body hands, fingers
during the handling of knife, razor blades etc.
50. Weapon
Incised wound means use of sharp cutting
weapons.
Bevelled cuts and chop wounds suggest use
of heavy or moderately heavy sharp cutting
weapons.
51. Manner of use of weapon
Deep chop wounds and bevelling suggests
striking by the weapon.
Tailing and hesitation cuts indicate drawing
of the weapon.
Multiple superimposed or overlapping
injuries are indicated by saw like movement
of the weapon.
52. Direction of application of force
From the tailing and bevelling, the direction
of application of force can be known.
The relative position of the victim and the
assailant can also be known, by the
direction of application of force.
53. Age of the wound or time since injury
In case of dead bodies-histological examination
of tissue from the margin of the wound, gives the
clue that the survival of time after injury.
Time since injury can be studied by the healing
process.
54. When fresh- Bleeding is still present or fresh soft
clot is adhered, margins are red, swollen and tender.
By 12 hrs- Blood clot and lymph dry up, margins
are red and swollen. Histologically there is
infiltration of leucocytes.
By 24 hrs- Proliferation of connective tissue cells
and vascular endothelium for neo-vascularisation.
By 36 hrs- Fibroblastic infiltration and capillary
network formation starts.
55. By 48hrs- Capillary network is completed.
Fibroblasts run across the new vessels.
By 3-5days- Vessels are obliterated and thickened,
wound heals and scar formation starts and advances.
By 6th day- Scar formation is completed. Scab over
the wound falls off. After weeks and months, soft,
tender, reddish scar becomes tenderless, whitish and
firm.
56. Defence wounds
Defence wounds result from the immediate and
instinctive reaction of the victim to save himself,
either by raising the arm to prevent the attack or by
grasping the weapon.
If the weapon is blunt, bruises and abrasions
produced on the forearms or backs of the hand.
If the weapon is sharp the injuries will depend upon
the type of attack, whether stabbing or slashing.
If the weapon is single edged and grasped-single
wound. Double edged-double wound.
57. Fabricated & Self-inflicted wounds
They are the wounds inflicted by a person on his
own body.
Fabricated wounds-produced by a person on his
own body or others body with consent. (fictitious,
forged or invented)
To charge an enemy with assault or attempted
murder.
To aggravate a simple injury.
58. By the assailant to pretend self defence.
In theftsrobbery where servants of the
house are involved, to get absolved from the
crime.
By woman to bring a charge of rape against
an enemy.
59. Stab woundPunctured wound
These are the deep wounds produced by the pointed
end of a weapon or an object, entering the body.
These injuries generally caused by ‘sharp pointed
piercing stabbing weapons-knives, dagger, bayonet,
arrow, pick-axe, broken glass pieces.
A stab wound caused by a sharp pointed and cutting
instrument has clean cut edges, have sharp angles at
the two extremities.
The wound is wedge shaped if it is produced by
instrument with only one cutting edge.
60. A sharp pointed and cylindrical or conical
instrument produces a wound having a circular or
slit like opening.
When the edges of the weapon are sharp, the
wound produced is an ‘Incised penetrating
wound’.
When the weapon edge is blunt, it produces a
‘Lacerated penetrating wound’.
61. When a stab wound enters into a body
cavity-thoracic, abdominal, joint cavities
‘penetrating wound’.
When the wound pierces the body through
and through it is known as ‘perforating
wound’.
62. Features of punctured wound
Length of the external wound should correspond
with the breadth of the blade of the weapon.
Breadth of the entry or exit wound should
correspond with the thickness of the part of the
blade of the weapon. But it depends on the
elasticity of the skin, direction of underlying
muscle fibres and their intactness.
63. If the fibres are not cut, due to rigor mortis
reduces the breadth-if fibres are cut, it
increases the breadth.
Depth is the greatest dimension of a stab
wound produced by the length of the
weapon introduced and its length and
breadth by the breadth and thickness of the
weapon respectively.
Sometimes wound may be greater than the
length of weapon in the yielding parts.
64. Edges are retracted, clean or lacerated and
bruised according to the weapon used.
Knives, daggers, bayonets and other sharp
cutting weapons cause surface injuries will
be an ‘Incised Wound’.
Pick-axe or horn of animals which have
blunt edges-margins irregular, bruised and
lacerated.
66. Shape of the wound of entrance in case of
stab wound depends on the shape of the
weapon and its edges.
Hilt marks are common when the weapon is
pushed till the handle.
Haemorrhage is more internally than
external wound.
Injury to the vital organs are common in
stab wounds.
67.
68.
69.
70. Concealed Punctured Wound
These are punctured wounds produced by
needles, nails or pins.
Concealed parts of the body-nostrils,
fornix of the upper eyelids, axilla, vagina,
rectum and nape of the neck.
72. Medico-Legal Importance
Shape of wound indicates the type of weapon.
The depth of the wound indicates the force of the
penetration.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the
positions of assailant and victim.
Age of the injury can be determined.
Position, number and direction of wounds can give
clue for manner of production-Suicidal, Accidental,
Homicidal.
73. Fracture (Not in syllabus)
Fracture of a bone is defined as
disintegration or breakage of bone due to
blunt force either directly or indirectly.
Direct fracture.
Indirect fracture.
74. Direct Fracture
Focal fractures
Small force applied to a small area. Injury
to overlying soft tissue is minimal.
e.g.-forearm and leg, where two bones lie
adjacent to each other. While defending
blows during an attack. ‘Tapping
Fracture’.
75. Crush fractures
It results from application of a large force
over a large area and is typically
fragmented.
Injury to the surrounding soft tissue is
usually extensive.
If two bones lie adjacent to each other, both
are involved.
Eg- fracture of tibia and fibula in RTA.
76. Penetrating fracture
It results from applications of a large force
over a small area.
Eg- Bullet injury to a bone. Both tissue
damage and the comminuted type of
fracture.
77. Indirect Fractures
Traction Fractures
It results when a bone is pulled apart by
traction.
Eg- Transverse patellar fracture due to
violent contraction, of this type of fracture
due to sudden contraction of quadriceps.
78. Angular fraction
It occurs due to bending of bone. The
concave surface of the bend is compressed,
while the convex surface is put under
traction resulting in breakage.
Rotational fracture
Fracture in spiral, when it is twisted.
79. Vertical compression fracture
In this type fracture can be seen in long
bones with oblique fracture
In RTA there has been a collision and knee
has impacted violently against the
dashboard.
80. Angular-Compression fracture
Here the fracture line is curved, with an
oblique component due to compression and
a transverse component due to angulation.
81.
82. Repair and healing of the fracture
Healing of the fracture depends on the age and
nutritional status of a person. Usually cancellous
bone unites faster than cortical bone.
Haemorrhage phase.
Proliferation phase.
Callus phase.
Consolidation phase.
Remodeling phase.
83. In the Haemorrhagic phase, bleeding will be at
the site of fracture.
In the Proliferation phase, a collar is formed
around the fractured ends by proliferation of
cells from periosteum and endosteum.
In the Callus phase, cellular elements give rise
to osteoblasts and chondroblasts which produce
a matrix of collagen and polysaccharide,
impregnated with calcium.
84. In the Consolidation phase the callus is
transformed into mature bone by 4-6weeks
in children and in adults by 12-14weeks.
In the final, the Remodeling phase,
matured bone will take place.
85. Medico-Legal Importance
Fracture of a bone constitutes grievous
injury according to law.
The type of fracture can give the clue of
causative force, whether direct, indirect,
rotational or angular etc.
The site of fracture may help to indicate the
cause of death.
Eg- fracture of hyoid bone suggestive of
throttling.
Editor's Notes
Hilt, handle of sword knife
Pneumothorax: Air between lungs and chest
the action of drawing or pulling something over a surface, especially a road or track.