Head injuries can occur from traffic accidents, assaults, or falls. They range from simple injuries with no brain involvement to serious injuries affecting the brain. Key types include closed head injuries where the dura remains intact and open head injuries where it is lacerated. Injuries can involve the scalp, skull, or brain. Scalp injuries include bruising, lacerations, and infections. Skull fractures vary in severity from hairline fractures to depressed fractures. Brain injuries include concussions, contusions, lacerations, and hemorrhages like epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, or intracerebral hemorrhages. Coup injuries occur under the impact site while contre coup injuries are on
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Starvation is defined medically in two parts that is: The act or process of starving and the condition of being starved, while ‘Neglect’ is defined as – to fail to give due care, attention, or time to someone an adult/ a child especially.
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Regional injuries, types of scalp injuries with details of scalp anatomy, types of skull fractures, coup and counter coup injuries, mechanism of skull fractures.
FORENSIC MEDICINE BOOKS OF
REDDY
GOUTAM BISWAS
MAGENDRAN
OTHERS
TOPICS :-
COLD INJURY
HEAT INJURY
BURN INJURY
SCALDS
ELECTROCUTION
LIGHTENING INJURY
THIS IS ONE OF MY BEST AND FAVORITE PRESENTATIONS. IT WILL SURELY HELP YOU A LOT DURING YOUR EXAMS (PROF/OTHERS). IF YOU FIND IT HELPFUL THEN LIKE IT. MY EMAIL ID IS GIVEN ON THE 2ND PAGE OF THIS PRESENTATION, IF YOU WANT PRESENTATIONS ON OTHER TOPICS (ANY MEDICAL SUBJECTS) THEN MAIL ME. I WILL WORK ON IT LOT AND WILL BE TRYING TO SHARE WITH YOU GUYS...
THANK YOU
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
Starvation is defined medically in two parts that is: The act or process of starving and the condition of being starved, while ‘Neglect’ is defined as – to fail to give due care, attention, or time to someone an adult/ a child especially.
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Regional injuries, types of scalp injuries with details of scalp anatomy, types of skull fractures, coup and counter coup injuries, mechanism of skull fractures.
Summary and illustrations of various traumatic brain injury including primary and secondary lesions as well as limited information on indications of brain imaging in trauma
Five pearls and pitfalls in using head CT for diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. This was presented at the 51st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Royal College of Radiologists of Thailand (6 Aug 2014)
Topic: Skull Fractures. The types of skull fractures, their etiologies,signs and symptoms, clinical presentation, radiologic diagnosis and treatment. We'll also discuss the complications of skull fractures.
Presentation by Muhammad Arslan Yasin Sukhera
it includes
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3)cranial fossa fractures
4)Head Fractures
All things necessary to know about its clinical anatomy.
A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. Head injury can be either closed or open (penetrating). A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Head injuries
Head injuries occur as a result of:
Traffic accidents
Assaults
Falls .
If the brain is affected, the injury is
serious.
If the brain is not affected, the injury
is simple.
3. Closed head injury:
when the dura is remains intact.
Open head injury:
when the dura is lacerated.
6. Injuries of Scalp
• Scalp injuries may or may not be
associated with fracture of the
skull.
* Hair around the injury must be
shaved for proper examination.
7. Bruising of scalp
A bruise over the scalp is covered
by hair, can only be detected by
palpation.
Marked swelling is a common
Bruising may occurs immediately
or may be delayed .
8. Laceration of scalp
Laceration of scalp bleeds profusely
and dangerously even fatal blood loss
can occur.
There is problem to differentiation
between incised wound and
laceration:
9. Differentiation between incised
wound and laceration:
Blunt laceration has:
1. Irregular and Bruised margins
2. Head hair crossing the wound are
not cut.
3. Hair bulb and tissue bridging ( small
nerves and vessels ) are in the depth
of wound.
10. Black eyes
Black eye is also called Periorbital
heamatoma, Spectacle
haemorrhage, RACCOON EYES,
Causes
1. Direct violence
2. Gravitational seepage
3. Fracture of anterior cranial fossa
12. Fractures of skull
The fractures of skull can occur
either by direct or indirect
violence.
13. Direct violence
1. Compression of the head by
obstetric forceps during delivery.
2. When head is crushed under the
wheels of a vehicle.
3. When head is struck by a moving
object, eg, brick, bullet,
machinary, hammer, axe etc.
15. Direct violence
4. Head in motion striking an object,
eg, in falls and traffic injuries.
5. Repeated blows to the head as in
boxing `PUNCH DRUNK syndrome`.
16. Indirect violence
1. Fall from a height on feet or
buttocks.
2. Pressure transmitted from the below,
eg, by an explosion.
3. A blow on the chin when the force is
transmitted from the mandible to the
skull.
17. The base of skull is relatively
weak part due to its irregular
shape and foramina,
therefore it is the most
common site of skull
fractures.
18. MECHANISM OF SKULL
FRACTURE
Direct injury to the skull:
1. Fractures due to local deformation
( Struck hoop analogy).
when skull receives a focal impact, there is a
momentary distortion of the shape of
cranium. esp. infants.
The area under the impact bends inwards,
a compensatory distortion or bulging of
other areas occur.
19. 2. Fractures due to general
deformation:
Skull is compressed like elastic sphere.
when skull is deformed, compression occurs
on the concavity of curved bone and tension
force on convexity.
20. Puppe`s rule:
When two fracture lines meet at a
same point then the second fracture
line never cross the first fracture line.
21. Types of fractures of the
skull
1. Fissured fracture.
2. Depressed fracture.
3. Comminuted fracture.
4. Pond or indented fracture.
5. Gutter fracture.
6. Penetrating fracture.
7. Elevated fracture.
8. Spider web fracture or mosaic fracture.
22. Fissured ( linear), Hairline
fracture.
This is a linear fracture or crack
involving the outer or inner table or
both.
Such fracture cannot be detected by an
X-RAY.
It can only be detected at autopsy.
It is caused by direct or indirect
violence.
24. Diastasis or sutural
fracture
MOTORCYCLIST`S fracture:
In children and young adults a linear
fracture may pass into a suture line and
causes a diastasis or opening of the
weaker suture between bones.
The most commonly involved suture is
sagittal.
Common in child abuse syndrome.
25. Depressed fracture
This is cause by a heavy weapon with
a small striking surface, eg, hammer.
The fracture bone is driven inward and
its shape may be indicate the type of
the weapon, therefore it is also know
as SIGNATURE FRACTURE.
28. Comminuted fracture
This is caused by
* Vehicular accidents,
* Falls from height
* Blow from weapon with
large striking surface.
29. Pond or indented fracture
Pond fracture occur in children due to
elasticity of their skull bones.
The fracture is due to forcible impact
against some protruding object.
Fissured fractures may be seen round
the periphery of the dent.
31. Gutter fracture
When a part of the thickness of skull
bone is removed, eg, in glancing bullet
wounds.
It is usually accompanied by irregular
depressed fracture of the inner table.
34. Elevated fracture
Elevation one end of bone
above the surface of skull
while the other end may dip
down in the cranial cavity.
35. Spider web fracture or
mosaic fracture.
A comminuted depressed fracture
may also have fissure radiating from it
forming a spider web.
36. Fracture of base of skull
It is caused by
i. Direct violence (not common)
ii. Indirect violence (common)
e.g fall from height, blow on chin
iii. Blast from below
37. Fractures of base of skull
Sites of fractures:
1. Anterior cranial fossa
2. Middle cranial fossa
3. Posterior cranial fossa
4. Around the foramen magnum.
38. FRACTURE OF ANT. CRANIAL
FOSSA
CAUSES:
1) Direct Impact 2) Heavy Blow On Chin 3)
May result from contre coup injuries.
MENIFESTATIONS:
It manifests by escape of blood & CSF
from nose & blood in the orbit result in
black eye.
39. FRACTURE OF MIDDLE CRANIAL
FOSSA
CAUSES:
Direct Blow behind ears
Crash injuries of head
MANIFISTATION :
Escape of blood and CSF from ears
Mastoid haemorrhage from fracture of
middle cranial fossa (battle’s sign)
40. FRACTURE OF POSTERIOR
CRANIAL FOSSA
CAUSES:
Direct impact on back of head
Escape of blood and CSF in tissue of
back of neck
41. RING (FRACTURE AROUND
FORAMEN MAGNUM)
CAUSES :
1. It results from fall from height on feet &
buttocks.
2. Sudden violent turn of head on spine.
3. Severe blow on vertex
4. Heavy blow directed underneath the
occiput or chin.
42. Mechanism of cerebral
injuries ( Principles )
1. The adult skull is a remarkably strong
structure. Unless it is fractured, it does
not change shape.
2. Injury to the brain can occur without
injury to the skull.
3. Any impact (blow) on the head
produces momentary acceleration.
Brain responds by gliding and rotation
as the head is fixed .
43. Mechanism of cerebral
injuries ( Principles )
4. The harmful effect is increased when
the brain movement is prevented by
the bony prominences .
5. Since the cerebellum is smaller and
lighter, it is less likely to be damaged
by rotational strains
46. Coup injuries
A coup injury ( coup = blow ) is one
which occurs immediately subjacent to
the area of impact.
47. Coup injuries
If the head is fixed and there is
violent impact over the occiput, the
fracture and underlying brain damage
will be located beneath the site of
impact.
48.
49. Contre coup injury
A contre coup injury ( contre =
opposite; coup = blow ) is one
which is situated on the contralateral
side of the area of impact.
53. Diffuse neuronal injuries.
It is due to acceleration/deceleration
movement of the head.
Characterized by diffuse neuronal
damage involving brain stem.
Damage consists of intracellular
disturbances and conduction defects
at synaptic junctions.
54. Diffuse axonal injuries
It occurs due to rotational strains to
the head, damage the axons and
blood vessels.
Stretching of the axons leads to
disruption and loss of function.
57. Cerebral concussion
Cerebral concussion characterized by
gross physiological disturbance of
brain function due to diffuse neuronal
injury but with little or no anatomical
changes.
There is sudden loss of consciousness
and spontaneous recovery .
59. Post traumatic
automatism
The brain injured person may speak or
act in an apparently purposeful
manner but has no recollection about
it afterwards.
60. Cerebral contusions
Cerebral contusions are caused by
extravasations of blood from traumatically
ruptured blood vessels.
Mostly found in frontal and temporal lobes.
They are characterized by small punctate
or streak like haemorrhages.
A golden brown area of gliosis known as
blood cyst, results when contusion is
absorbed.
62. Epidural haemorrhage
Epidural or extradural haemorhage, is
bleeding between the dura and skull.
It is commonly seen in falls and RTA.
It may be acute or subacute.
63. Acute epidural haemorrhage
It is due to rupture of MIDDLE
MENINGEAL ARTERY.
Classical picture is: initial loss of
consciousness then a lucid interval,
followed by coma due to raised
intracranial pressure.
Death is due to respiratory failure due
to compression of brain stem.
64. LUCID INTERVAL: it is a state of
consciousness between two states of
unconsciousness.
65. Sub acute epidural
haemorrage
Occurs when fracture tears dural
sinuses, middle meningeal veins or
diploic veins.
Symtoms appear after 3 or more days.
Lucid interval – 50 % cases.
66. Medicolegal significance
1. Epidural hematoma on the
contralateral side should be carefully
excluded.
2. Patient may discharged from the
hospital during lucid interval and die
at home.
3. Condition may resemble
drunkenness, and patient may die in
police custody.
68. CAUSES of Subdural haematoma:
1. Trauma
2. Rupture of aneurysm in cerebral
blood vessels
3. Rupture of bridging or
communicating veins
4. Common from trivial injuries not
sufficient to cause
unconsciousness or of fracture
skull.
5. Cerebral neoplasms
6. Bleeding disorders.
7. During anticoagulants therapy.
69. SUBARACHROID HAEMORRHGES:
It is haemorrhage between arachnoid & pia
mater.
CAUSES: TRAMAUTIC CAUSES:
1) Contusion or laceration of brain
2) Explosive blast
3) Asphyxia by strangulation
4) Traumatic asphyxia
5) Damage to vertebral arteries.
70. NATURAL CAUSES:
1. Rupture of aneurysm.
2. Atherosclerotic changes in old persons.
3. Leaking cerebral haemorrhage
4. Diseases like leukemia.
73. D/D OF TRAUMATIC & SPONTANEOUS
HAEMORRHAGE (APOPLEXY)
Apoplexy Trauma
1. Spontaneous bleeding in brain
2. Cause B.P, Atherosclerosis
Aneurysm
3. Ganglionic regions involved
4. Coma starts from beginning
5. Young healthy person
Not spontaneous
Head injury
White matter of frontal or
tempo- occipital region
4.coma from beginning or
concussion, Loss of
consciousness & long
coma
5. Adults & middle age.
74. Injuries to Spine and Spinal
Cord
1. Concussion
2. Compression
3. Pithing
4. Laceration
75. SPINAL CONCUSSION
It is transient loss of function of spinal cord,
following a severe injury to spinal cord.
Recovery is within hours few days e.g.
Causes: severe blow to back, fall from
height, RTA Railway accident.
76. RAILWAY SPINE OR TRAUMATIC
SPINAL NEURASTHENIA
It occurs in RTA, Railway accidents, mine
workers trauma,
Its ML importance as it leads to claim of
compensation
77. SYMPTOMS
1. Backache, insomnia.
2. Weakness of limbs, sexual asthenia,
incontinent bladder.
3. Tingling sensation & burning sensation.
Complete recovery may occur unless the
cord is lacerated
78. WHIPLASH INJURY
It is momentary dislocation of C4 – C6 cervical
spine. It is due to blow on chin, eyebrow, striking
head against windscreen in RTA, Mechanism:
Hyperextension of head.
79. DISLOCATION
The commonest sites being C4 – C6. If the
level of compression is above C4 region,
death is immediate due to paralysis centre
of Resp. muscle.
80. PITHING
It is the process of killing by pushing a needle
in nape of neck between C2 – C3. It damages
medulla & upper cervical cord contain
respiratory centre.
Infanticide by pithing is common.
81. CHEST: Flail Chest (Collapse of
the chest)
It occurs when at least three
successive ribs are fracture at two
points creating a floating segment
of chest wall.
82. Chest: Flail Chest (Collapse of
the chest)
Floating segment is sucked inward during
inspiration.
Dysponea, Cyanosis, Pneumonia and Injury to
heart etc.
84. Abdominal injuries
In case of abdominal injury, the trivial injury
like abrasions may be found externally, but
gross and fatal injuries are frequently
present.
The abdominal wall may allow the mesentry,
gut, stomach and liver to be pin and crash
across the spine with severe internal
haemorrhage.
85. So, whenever there is history of
injury to abdomen, the patient
should be kept under observation.
The most important viscerae to be
injured are:
i. Spleen
ii. Liver
86. The spleen is most susceptible to
injury due
Weakness of supporting tissues
Thin capsule
Extreme friability of its pulp
SPLEEN
87. It is ruptured,
i. By fall
ii. Blow on abdomen
iii. Crush injury due to RTA
iv. Spontaneous rupture may occur due
to
a. Malaria
b. Leukemia
c. Typhoid
d. Kala. azar
88. LIVER
The susceptibility of liver injury is
due to
i. Large size
ii. Central location
iii. Relative Friability
Cause of rupture is a fall, Blow, or
kick on abdomen, RTA etc.
89. The death occur due to shock and
haemorrhage. Sometimes bleeding
occurs between capsule and liver
(subcapsular Haematama) and serious
symptoms became apparent only when
the capsule ruptures.