This document discusses nucleic acids and proteins, including their structures and functions. It provides information on DNA and RNA, such as their components, properties, and roles in coding for proteins. Key experiments that helped identify DNA as the genetic material are summarized, including Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment, and Hershey-Chase experiment. Questions are also included about nucleic acid and protein structures and these classic experiments.

1. www.psmag.com
Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Structure & Function
PART 2

2. EUKARYOTIC
CHROMOSOMES
a structure made of
DNA and associated
proteins
carries part or all of
a cell’s genetic
information
thelivingenvironmentcheatsheet.blogspot.com

3. BACTERIAL
CHROMOSOMES
ridge.icu.ac.jp
biocadmin.otago.ac.nz

4. CHROMOSOME NUMBER
www.nature.com Sum of ALL chromosomes in a cell

5. NUCLEIC ACIDS:
DNA & RNA
linear array of NUCLEOTIDES

6. PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

7. PHOSPHODIESTER
LINKAGES BETWEEN
NUCLEOTIDES

8. DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
www.goldiesroom.org
DNA was discovered in 1869 by Fredrich Miescher by isolating the nuclei of white
blood cells, he extracted an acidic molecule he called nuclein

9. FUNCTIONS
DNA carries genetic info from one
generation to the next
DNA becomes read and transcribed so that
proteins are made and traits are expressed
DNA must be replicated each time cells
divide

10. jabrooks01.blogs.wm.edu
THE DNA STRUCTURE
ROSALIND FRANKLIN MAURICE WILKINS JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK

11. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
The strands of
DNA are
antiparallel
biology.tutorvista.com

12. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
www.ric.edu
The strands are complimentary (CHARGAFF’S RULE)

13. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
There are Hydrogen bond forces
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

14. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
There are base stacking interactions
dspace.jorum.ac.uk

15. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
There are 10 base pairs per turn
www.bioinfo.org.cn

16. RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
www.biologycorner.com
In the early 1900s, Phoebus Levene isolated two types of nucleic acid: RNA and DNA.
In 1919, he proposed that both were made up of individual units called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide was composed of one of four nitrogen-containing bases,
a sugar, and a phosphate group

17. FUNCTION & TYPE
RNA helps to assemble amino acids into
proteins (Remember: proteins that determine
traits)
3 Types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
learn.genetics.utah.edu

18. sbi4u3.weebly.com

19. PROPERTIES OF RNA
SINGLE-STRANDED
theconversation.com

20. PROPERTIES OF RNA
RIBOSE SUGAR
www.classhelp.info

21. PROPERTIES OF RNA
COMPLEMENTARY
BASES
www.bio.davidson.edu
www.bristol.k12.ct.us

22. PROTEINS
Proteins control the
phenotypes (traits) of
organisms
Proteins regulate our cell
functions (chemical
reactions)
breakingmuscle.com

23. STRUCTURE
esciencenews.com
Example: HIV
protein shell
structure

24. QUESTION #1:
D
Identify this molecule:
A. amino acid
B. carbohydrate
C. RNA
D. DNA

25. QUESTION #2:
Identify the following molecule
A. amino acid
B. hydrogen bond
C. protein
D. Nucleotide
D
C
Phosphate Group
Deoxyribose
CH2
O
Nitrogenous Base

26. QUESTION #3:
How many types of RNA are there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
C

27. QUESTION #4:
Which of the following have hydrogen bonds
between nitrogenous bases?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. BOTH
A

28. QUESTION #5:
What is the function of tRNA?
“Transfer” amino acids to ribosomes/
delivery system of amino acids to
ribosomes during protein synthesis

29. QUESTION #6:
Which of the following is found in BOTH DNA and
RNA?
A. phosphate group, guanine, uracil
B. phosphate group, guanine, cytosine
C. ribose, phosphate group, uracil
D. deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine
B

30. QUESTION #7:
What is the function of mRNA?
“Messenger” serves as template during
protein synthesis/ RNA version of the
gene encoded by DNA

31. QUESTION #8:
Which of the following describes the structure of
DNA?
A. double-stranded RNA molecule
B. double-stranded helix molecule
C. double-stranded RNA helix
D. single-stranded RNA helix
B

32. QUESTION #9:
What is the function of rRNA?
“Ribosomal” binds with proteins to
form the ribosome during protein
synthesis
learn.genetics.utah.edu

33. QUESTION #10:
Describe the primary structure of proteins
amino acid sequence

34. THE SEARCH FOR THE
GENETIC MATERIAL
Before DNA was established as the
genetic material in cells, scientists
knew:
there was a connection between
chromosomes and inherited traits
the genetic material had to control
the production of enzymes and
proteins
the genetic material had to be able
to replicate itself with accuracy
and still allow mutations to occur

35. THE CANDIDATES:
PROTEIN AND DNA
Once T.H. Morgan’s group showed that genes are
located on chromosomes, the two constituents of
chromosomes - proteins and DNA - were the
candidates for the genetic material
Until the 1940s, the great heterogeneity and
specificity of function of proteins seemed to
indicate that proteins were the genetic material
However, this was not consistent with experiments
with microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses

36. GRIFFITH’S TRANSFORMATION
EXPERIMENT (1928)
education-portal.com

37. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty
and Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT
(1943)
www.pixton.com

38. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and
Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT (1943)
education-portal.com

39. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and
Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT (1943)
janebiotech.wordpress.com
education-portal.com

40. ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA
CHASE (1952)
lifesciencesfoundation.org
•
Concluded that the
injected DNA of the
phage provides the
genetic information
that makes the
infected cells
produce new viral
DNA and proteins,
which assemble into
new viruses

41. TRANSDUCTION EXPERIMENT
lifesciencesfoundation.org

42. IS IT PROTEIN?

43. SO, IS IT DNA?

44. QUESTION #11: (BY PAIR)
WHAT IS THE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND OF THE
GIVEN DNA TEMPLATE:
5’ ATT GGC 3’
5’ GCC AAT 3’

45. QUESTION #12:
Which of the following is a DNA template?
A. GGC TTA GGT
B. TTA GGU GGA
C. AAU CCT AAG
A

46. QUESTION #13: (BY PAIR)
What is the contribution of TH Morgan’s group to
molecular genetics?
showed that genes are located on
chromosomes, the two constituents of
chromosomes - proteins and DNA - were
the candidates for the genetic material

47. QUESTION #14:
What are the two strains of Streptococcus used in
the transformation experiments by Griffith?
the “rough” avirulent strain and the
“smooth” virulent strain

48. QUESTION #15: (BY PAIR)
According to Griffith’s Experiment, why did he
suggest that DNA is the genetic material?
DNA as transforming principle:
“transformed” avirulent strains to
virulent strains

49. QUESTION #16: (BY PAIR)
How did Hershey and Chase monitor the fate of
DNA if their experiment
radioactive labelling with P

50. QUESTION #17: (BY PAIR)
How did Hershey and Chase monitor the fate of
PROTEINS if their experiment
radioactive labelling with S