Kidneys& Its Function
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The kidney regulates electrolyte and fluid balance in the body through its main functions of filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary water and ions back into circulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and a tubule system for reabsorption and secretion. As fluid moves through the nephron's tubules, complex mechanisms involving countercurrent exchange and active transport work to concentrate urine by returning water to the blood while retaining waste products.
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Renal system
The renal system consists of the kidneys and urinary bladder. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining fluid balance and composition in the body, regulating the internal environment. The kidneys are composed of nephrons which filter blood, reabsorbing necessary substances and secreting waste products to produce urine. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied during micturition.
Mechanism of formation of urine
Mechanism of Formation of Urine involves 4 key processes:
1. Glomerular filtration where plasma is filtered in the nephrons at a normal rate of 125 ml/min. Approximately 178 liters/day are reabsorbed in the renal tubules and only 1-2 liters/day are excreted as urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Tubular secretion where certain substances like protons and drugs are actively secreted into the tubular fluid.
4. Concentration and acidification of urine where urine becomes concentrated through
kidney.pptx
gross Anatomy of kidney, description of external and internal structure of kidney, the relation of right and left kidney. difference between right and left kidney, and some clinical abnormalities relate to kidney,
Urine formation
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
Parts, structure and functions of nephron
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which filter the blood to form urine. The renal tubule, including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, processes and carries away the filtered fluid.
Urine formation and micturition
The document summarizes urine formation and micturition. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration in the kidneys where water and small molecules pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the renal tubules, with less than 1% excreted as urine. Micturition is the process of emptying the bladder through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It discusses the internal anatomy of the kidneys including the cortex, medulla, nephrons, and blood supply. It also summarizes kidney functions like filtration, reabsorption, and regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance. Physiological concepts like glomerular filtration rate and the mechanisms of filtration and tubular transport are explained as well.
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This document provides an overview of urine formation and glomerular filtration rate. It discusses the key parts of nephron involved including glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and different segments of nephron. The three main steps in urine formation are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration is the process by which plasma is filtered into Bowman's space to form primary urine. The rate of glomerular filtration is regulated by various factors like hydrostatic and oncotic pressures in the glomerular capillaries. Glomerular filtration rate can be measured by using clearance of substances like inulin, creatinine and urea that are freely filtered but neither re
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Renal system
The renal system consists of the kidneys and urinary bladder. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining fluid balance and composition in the body, regulating the internal environment. The kidneys are composed of nephrons which filter blood, reabsorbing necessary substances and secreting waste products to produce urine. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied during micturition.
Mechanism of formation of urine
Mechanism of Formation of Urine involves 4 key processes:
1. Glomerular filtration where plasma is filtered in the nephrons at a normal rate of 125 ml/min. Approximately 178 liters/day are reabsorbed in the renal tubules and only 1-2 liters/day are excreted as urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption where approximately 99% of the filtered load is reabsorbed, mainly through active transport of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Tubular secretion where certain substances like protons and drugs are actively secreted into the tubular fluid.
4. Concentration and acidification of urine where urine becomes concentrated through
kidney.pptx
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Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
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The document summarizes urine formation and micturition. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration in the kidneys where water and small molecules pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the renal tubules, with less than 1% excreted as urine. Micturition is the process of emptying the bladder through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
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The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. It consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. The glomerulus filters blood to form filtrate, which passes through three segments of the tubules - the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. These tubule segments reabsorb essential substances and further concentrate the filtrate through selective reabsorption and secretion to produce urine and maintain electrolyte and pH balance.
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Here are the answers:
1. B
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4. C
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Structure of nephron and functions of its parts
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine. It consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. The glomerulus filters blood to form filtrate, which passes through three segments of the tubules - the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. These tubule segments reabsorb essential substances and further concentrate the filtrate through selective reabsorption and secretion to produce urine and maintain electrolyte and pH balance.
Human kidney,structure and functions of kidney
human kidney structural and functions.different types of structural components present in kidney and each structure having definite functions.structural and functional aspects of kidney.
Urinary System Notes
The urinary system functions to regulate homeostasis by controlling water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and eliminating waste from the body. The major organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and are made up of nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and remove waste. Urine is formed through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons and is temporarily stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra.
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Anatomy of Nephron
Here are the answers:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
Well done! You correctly answered all the questions. Let me know if you have any other questions.
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The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymph vessels, and lymphatic organs that include lymph nodes and tonsils. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid and contains water, proteins, cells, and other components. It flows from lymph capillaries through collecting vessels and trunks into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and returns to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system helps remove excess fluid from tissues, transports fat and proteins, and plays a role in immune defense and absorption of nutrients. Disruptions in lymph flow can cause edema or other pathologies like lymphadenopathy or elephantiasis.
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Here following topics are covered.
Macroscopic structure of the urinary system
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This document summarizes the structure and function of the kidney. It describes that the kidney contains approximately 1-2 million functional units called nephrons. Each nephron contains a glomerular capsule with capillaries that filters blood to form urine. The urine passes through different segments of the nephron and collecting ducts before exiting the kidney. In addition to filtering wastes, the kidneys regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance and produce hormones like erythropoietin and renin.
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The document summarizes the key structures and mechanisms involved in urine formation by the kidneys. The glomeruli, proximal canaliculi, and distal canaliculi are responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion to form urine. Filtration occurs as blood is filtered in the glomeruli, producing primary urine. Most of the filtered substances are then reabsorbed back into the bloodstream in the canaliculi. Remaining substances and waste are excreted in the final urine output, with the kidneys processing around 180 L of blood filtrate per day.
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VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during exercise. It is measured using equipment like a metabolic cart or treadmill along with a mouthpiece and nose clips. The measurement involves exercising to exhaustion while oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output are measured. VO2 max is important because it is the best indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic capacity, though other factors also influence endurance. A higher VO2 max is associated with lower risk of heart disease. Coaches use VO2 max measurements to design effective training programs tailored to individual athletes' physiological capacities.
Seminar presentation on AKI and CKD in pediatrics
This document outlines a presentation on acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It begins with defining the objectives of the presentation, which are to define, identify causes, explain clinical features, identify diagnostics, describe treatments, and discuss nursing interventions for renal failure. It then covers definitions of AKI, epidemiology of AKI globally and in developing countries, etiologies of AKI including pre-renal, intrinsic renal and post-renal causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, medical management including fluid maintenance, and complications of AKI.
Plant adaptations (bd mod)
This document discusses structural adaptations, tropisms, and hormonal control in plants. It covers how plants photosynthesize and use water and nutrients. It describes how plants adapt structurally to factors like light, temperature, water availability, and fire. It discusses tropisms like phototropism, geotropism, and thigmotropism which allow plants to grow toward beneficial stimuli. Finally, it outlines the roles of major plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene in controlling growth, development, and responses to environmental conditions.
Metabolism protein
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2) In the liver, amino acids are broken down through transamination and transdeamination reactions to produce ammonia, which is highly toxic.
3) Ammonia is detoxified in the liver through the urea cycle into urea, which is excreted in the urine. Deficiencies in urea cycle enzymes can cause a toxic buildup of ammonia in the blood.
Artificial respiration & cpr
This document provides instructions for performing manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and lists causes of respiratory failure that may require CPR, including drowning, electrocution, anesthesia, carbon monoxide poisoning, polio, myasthenia gravis, and certain drugs. It describes how to perform manual CPR by placing the patient supine, clearing the airway, extending the neck, exhaling forcefully into the mouth and nostrils, and repeating at a rate of 10-15 breaths per minute until normal breathing resumes or the patient can be transferred to a hospital.
Osmoregulation
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acid base balance and imbalance
a brief overview of acid base balance, imbalance. the features, diagnosis, compensation and management.
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Protein metabolism
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Physiology of the kidneys
The document discusses kidney physiology, including kidney function, structure, nephron components, and regulation of filtration, reabsorption, and electrolyte balance. The kidneys regulate blood volume, pressure, pH, and waste products by filtering blood to form urine and reabsorbing necessary electrolytes and water. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes glomerular and tubular structures that filter blood, reabsorb essential components, and secrete waste for urine formation and excretion.
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Unit- IX Excretory System.pptx
The urinary system removes waste from the body through urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. The kidneys also help regulate water balance and electrolyte levels in the blood through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes in the nephrons.
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11.3 the kidney
The kidney removes waste from the body through excretion. It contains a cortex and medulla, and is made up of functional units called nephrons. Nephrons contain a glomerulus for ultrafiltration of blood and a tubule for reabsorption of needed substances like water and glucose before urine is formed. The kidney regulates water balance through processes like reabsorption and the hormone ADH to concentrate or dilute urine as needed.
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The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
1. The basic functions and structures of the kidney, including filtration, homeostasis, and hormone production.
2. The anatomy of the kidney, including locations of the cortex, medulla, renal pyramids and other structures.
3. The nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, describing its role in filtration, reabsorption, secretion and other processes.
4. Key physiological concepts like the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and regulation of electrolytes and acid-base balance.
renal-physiology-1-1704071learihskhd.pdf
The document provides an overview of kidney anatomy and physiology. It describes the key functions of the kidney which include excretion of wastes, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, and hormone production. The basic functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, is explained in detail. The nephron is responsible for filtering blood to form urine via processes like glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion. The countercurrent multiplier system involving the loop of Henle is also described, which helps concentrate urine.
Excretory Products And Their Elimination Class 11th
Created By: NehaRohtagi1
Class 11th CBSE [NCERT]
Biology Chapter 17
Notes on the topic: Excretory Products And Their Elimination
For Class - 11th
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AnswerKidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom uri.pdf
Answer:
Kidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom urine and it is essential to maintain
homeostasis. Blood is going to enter into the kidney through renal arteries followed by entry of
afferent arterioles into the \"glomerulus of nephrons\" & leave the filtrate (according to
concentration gradient) finally exists as efferent arteriole
Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. The filtration of blood takes place in the kidneys
through the nephrons. Two ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. From
the bladder, urine is excreted out through the urethra. Relatable analogy is presence of \"similar
ureters\" and two bean shaped kidenys with nephrons
The different stages in glomerular filtration or urine formation are.
Filtration: The movement of water and solutes from the plasma into the renal tubules is known as
filtration. The major driving force of the filtration is hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
capillaries.
Blood passes through the capillaries in the glomerulus, due to the hydrostatic pressure in the
Bowman’s capsule, plasma is filtered into the Bowman\'s capsule except blood proteins (this is
called ultra-filtration). This filtrate is called glomerular filtrate. Hydrostatic pressure is the
pressure exerted by the filtrate in Bowman\'s capsule (15 mm Hg).
Absorption (or reabsorption):
It is the movement of water and solutes from the renal tubule into the plasma. The process of
absorption mostly occurs in the proximal tubules (approximately 70% of the filtrate is
reabsorbed from the proximal tubules). The process of reabsorption is driven by hydrostatic and
oncotic pressure, which is strictly under hormonal regulation.
Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood proteins, which draws water in to the
circulation.
Secretion:
Tubular reabsorption of water and other substances back to the blood occur while the glomerular
filtrate passes through the tubular portion of nephron. About 99% of water and electrolytes are
reabsorbed during this process by both active and passive reabsorption process. During tubular
secretion, substances pass from the blood into renal tubules.
Excretion:
Urine from the renal tubules enter into the collecting duct à Papillary duct à Calyx à Renal pelvis
à Ureters à Urinary bladder à Urethra (excreted out of the body.).
Normal glomerular filtration rate in the Bowman’s capsule is from 90 to 120 ml / min/1.73 m2.
Usually older people do have a bit lower normal GFR levels as it is naturally reduce with age.
Given GFR is 35mL/min/1.73 m2 (moderate decrease), it tells about the patient’s kidney
function that “a sign of chronic kidney disease” because of diabetes, high blood pressure
followed by glomerulonephritis. It is better control blood pressure by hormonal release.
The three stages of urine formation are 1. Filtration; 2. Tubular reabsorption & secretion; 3.
Water conservation
Glomerular filtration (GFR):
The formation of urine includes
1. Glomerular filtration
.
AnswerKidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom uri.pdf
Answer:
Kidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom urine and it is essential to maintain
homeostasis. Blood is going to enter into the kidney through renal arteries followed by entry of
afferent arterioles into the \"glomerulus of nephrons\" & leave the filtrate (according to
concentration gradient) finally exists as efferent arteriole
Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. The filtration of blood takes place in the kidneys
through the nephrons. Two ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. From
the bladder, urine is excreted out through the urethra. Relatable analogy is presence of \"similar
ureters\" and two bean shaped kidenys with nephrons
The different stages in glomerular filtration or urine formation are.
Filtration: The movement of water and solutes from the plasma into the renal tubules is known as
filtration. The major driving force of the filtration is hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
capillaries.
Blood passes through the capillaries in the glomerulus, due to the hydrostatic pressure in the
Bowman’s capsule, plasma is filtered into the Bowman\'s capsule except blood proteins (this is
called ultra-filtration). This filtrate is called glomerular filtrate. Hydrostatic pressure is the
pressure exerted by the filtrate in Bowman\'s capsule (15 mm Hg).
Absorption (or reabsorption):
It is the movement of water and solutes from the renal tubule into the plasma. The process of
absorption mostly occurs in the proximal tubules (approximately 70% of the filtrate is
reabsorbed from the proximal tubules). The process of reabsorption is driven by hydrostatic and
oncotic pressure, which is strictly under hormonal regulation.
Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood proteins, which draws water in to the
circulation.
Secretion:
Tubular reabsorption of water and other substances back to the blood occur while the glomerular
filtrate passes through the tubular portion of nephron. About 99% of water and electrolytes are
reabsorbed during this process by both active and passive reabsorption process. During tubular
secretion, substances pass from the blood into renal tubules.
Excretion:
Urine from the renal tubules enter into the collecting duct à Papillary duct à Calyx à Renal pelvis
à Ureters à Urinary bladder à Urethra (excreted out of the body.).
Normal glomerular filtration rate in the Bowman’s capsule is from 90 to 120 ml / min/1.73 m2.
Usually older people do have a bit lower normal GFR levels as it is naturally reduce with age.
Given GFR is 35mL/min/1.73 m2 (moderate decrease), it tells about the patient’s kidney
function that “a sign of chronic kidney disease” because of diabetes, high blood pressure
followed by glomerulonephritis. It is better control blood pressure by hormonal release.
The three stages of urine formation are 1. Filtration; 2. Tubular reabsorption & secretion; 3.
Water conservation
Glomerular filtration (GFR):
The formation of urine includes
1. Glomerular filtration
.
PHS 352 lecture 1.pptx
The kidney performs several essential functions: it filters the blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. The kidney achieves this through its basic functional unit, the nephron. Each nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a renal tubule that processes the filtrate, removing waste and regulating electrolyte and water balance in the body through reabsorption and secretion. Precise regulation of blood flow and filtration allow the kidney to maintain homeostasis.
Renal physiology introduction.
This document provides an overview of renal physiology, covering the following key points in 3 sentences:
The kidneys have excellent blood supply and filter plasma to remove waste and regulate water/ion balance through processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion; the nephron is the functional unit where filtration occurs at the glomerulus and capillaries aid reabsorption; precise control of filtration, reabsorption of substances like sodium, glucose and water, and secretion of potassium allows the kidneys to maintain electrolyte and fluid homeostasis.
Renal Physiology.pdf
The kidneys perform several important functions including filtering the blood to remove wastes and regulate fluid levels. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Glomerular filtration occurs where blood is filtered through tiny blood vessels into Bowman's capsule. Most of the filtered fluid is then reabsorbed back into blood vessels, with only 1% remaining as urine. Tubular secretion also adds unwanted substances to the urine. Urine is transported to the bladder via ureters and stored until elimination through the urethra. The kidneys help maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance.
THE URINARY SYSTEM.pptx
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Nephrons filter blood in the glomerulus and remove waste while reabsorbing useful substances. Hormones regulate urine concentration and volume. Urine is stored in the bladder and expelled through the urethra in a process called micturition.
EXCRETORY-PRODUCTS-THEIR-ELIMINATION.pptx
The document discusses human excretory system and urine formation. It describes that the human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, which are the functional units. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion in the nephrons. Various mechanisms such as countercurrent multiplication help concentrate the urine. Kidney function is regulated by hormones like ADH, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and atrial natriuretic factor.
Tubular handling of water
Normally 180 L of fluid is filtered through the glomeruli each day while only 1 L of urine is produced. The kidneys can excrete the same amount of solute in a urine volume of 500 mL concentrated to 1400 mOsm/kg or a larger volume of 23.3 L diluted to 30 mOsm/kg. At least 87% of filtered water is always reabsorbed, even with a urine volume of 23 L, and the reabsorption of the remaining water can be varied without affecting total solute excretion. Therefore, when urine is concentrated, water is retained beyond solute needs, and when dilute, water is lost beyond solute needs, allowing precise regulation of body fluid
Similar to Kidneys& Its Function (20)
Excretory Products And Their Elimination Class 11th
Excretory Products And Their Elimination Class 11th
AnswerKidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom uri.pdf
AnswerKidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom uri.pdf
AnswerKidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom uri.pdf
AnswerKidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom uri.pdf
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The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
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The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
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This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
Normal and abnormal puerperium
Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
Version
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Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
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Caesarean section
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Normal labour
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Anatomy of the foetal skull
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Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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Kidneys& Its Function
- 6. Renal Blood Vessels (continued) Insert fig. 17.5 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 16. Glomerular Filtration Membrane (continued) Insert fig. 17.8 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 22. Reabsorption in Proximal Tubule Insert fig. 17.13 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 25. Salt and Water Reabsorption in Proximal Tubule Insert fig. 17.14 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 34. Osmolality of Different Regions of the Kidney Insert fig. 17.19 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 38. Proximal Tubule Insert fig. 17.13 www.freelivedoctor.com Secretion
- 41. Renal Clearance of Inulin Insert fig. 17.22 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 54. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (continued) Insert fig. 17.25 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 59. Acidification of Urine Insert fig. 17.28 www.freelivedoctor.com
- 62. Clinical Diuretics Sites of Action Insert fig. 17.29 www.freelivedoctor.com