Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in Ruminants Carbohydrate Digestion...Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
The rumen of such animals will have higher amylolytic bacteria than cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen of roughage- and pasture-fed animals.
Factors such as the forage:concentrate ratio, the physical form of the diet (ground vs. pelleted), feed additives, and animal species can affect the rumen fermentation process and VFA production.
Molar ratios of VFAs are dependent on the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. Cellulolytic bacteria tend to produce more acetate, while amylolytic bacteria produce more propionic acid.
Typically three major VFA molar ratios are 65:25:10 with a roughage diet and 50:40:10 with a concentrate-rich diet.
Changes in VFA concentration can lead to several disorders of carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.
Rumen acidosis occurs when animals are fed high-grain-rich diets or when animals are suddenly changed from pasture- or range-fed to feedlot conditions
Very little digestion occurs in the mouth in farm animals.
The small intestine is the site of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics.
Pancreatic amylase acts on alpha 1,4 links, and other disaccharidases and remove disaccharide units.
The end product (mainly glucose) diffuses into the brush-border using ATP-dependent glucose transporters.
Undigested (fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides [NSP]) in the hindgut can serve as an energy source for hindgut microbes in monogastrics.
Ruminant carbohydrate digestion is very different from monogastrics. First, there is no amylase secreted in the saliva and then most carbs are fermented in the rumen by microbial enzymes.
Carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen. These include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
VFAs are absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal vein and are carried to the liver.
Ratios of the VFAs change with the type of diet. Roughage diets favor microbes that produce more acetic acid, whereas concentrate diets favor microbes that produce more propionic acid.
Carbohydrate fermentation disorders in ruminants include rumen acidosis (grain overload), when cattle are fed high-starch-based cereal or grain-rich diets or when there is a sudden change from pasture to feedlot FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES
Cellulose and hemicellulose bound with lignin in plant cell walls or fiber. Provide bulk in the rumen. Fermented slowly.
The lignin content of fiber increases with plant maturity and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation in the rumen decreases.
Fiber in the form of long particles essential to stimulate rumination. Which enhances the breakdown and fermentation of fiber and stimulates ruminal contraction, and increases the flow of saliva to the rumen.
Saliva contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and phosphate salts which help to maintain pH of the rumen close to neutral.
Rations lacking fiber generally result in a low percentage of fat in the milk and contribute to digestive disturbances (e.g., displaced abomasum, rumen acidosis).
Non-fibrous carbohydrat
Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in Ruminants Carbohydrate Digestion...Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
The rumen of such animals will have higher amylolytic bacteria than cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen of roughage- and pasture-fed animals.
Factors such as the forage:concentrate ratio, the physical form of the diet (ground vs. pelleted), feed additives, and animal species can affect the rumen fermentation process and VFA production.
Molar ratios of VFAs are dependent on the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. Cellulolytic bacteria tend to produce more acetate, while amylolytic bacteria produce more propionic acid.
Typically three major VFA molar ratios are 65:25:10 with a roughage diet and 50:40:10 with a concentrate-rich diet.
Changes in VFA concentration can lead to several disorders of carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.
Rumen acidosis occurs when animals are fed high-grain-rich diets or when animals are suddenly changed from pasture- or range-fed to feedlot conditions
Very little digestion occurs in the mouth in farm animals.
The small intestine is the site of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics.
Pancreatic amylase acts on alpha 1,4 links, and other disaccharidases and remove disaccharide units.
The end product (mainly glucose) diffuses into the brush-border using ATP-dependent glucose transporters.
Undigested (fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides [NSP]) in the hindgut can serve as an energy source for hindgut microbes in monogastrics.
Ruminant carbohydrate digestion is very different from monogastrics. First, there is no amylase secreted in the saliva and then most carbs are fermented in the rumen by microbial enzymes.
Carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen. These include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
VFAs are absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal vein and are carried to the liver.
Ratios of the VFAs change with the type of diet. Roughage diets favor microbes that produce more acetic acid, whereas concentrate diets favor microbes that produce more propionic acid.
Carbohydrate fermentation disorders in ruminants include rumen acidosis (grain overload), when cattle are fed high-starch-based cereal or grain-rich diets or when there is a sudden change from pasture to feedlot FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES
Cellulose and hemicellulose bound with lignin in plant cell walls or fiber. Provide bulk in the rumen. Fermented slowly.
The lignin content of fiber increases with plant maturity and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation in the rumen decreases.
Fiber in the form of long particles essential to stimulate rumination. Which enhances the breakdown and fermentation of fiber and stimulates ruminal contraction, and increases the flow of saliva to the rumen.
Saliva contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and phosphate salts which help to maintain pH of the rumen close to neutral.
Rations lacking fiber generally result in a low percentage of fat in the milk and contribute to digestive disturbances (e.g., displaced abomasum, rumen acidosis).
Non-fibrous carbohydrat
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
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Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
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feeding management cannot be ignored under any circumstances. This presentation depicts the tangential and burning points related to the role and significance of Vitamins and minerals for the livestock
ANN 601 Dynamics Of Microbial Protein Synthesis In The Rumen.pptx Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
Dynamics Of Microbial Protein Synthesis In The Rumen
.
Introduction
Protein is a relatively high input cost in dairy rations. Protein available for absorption in the ruminant intestine is derived from ruminal microbes and dietary protein that escapes degradation during passage through the rumen.
Protein is one of the major limiting nutrients in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Feeding a diet containing more protein is not a satisfactory solution because the breakdown of dietary protein in the rumen is one of the most inefficient processes as it leads to more waste and nitrogen (N) excretion into the environment
(Koenig and Rode, 2001)
Methionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys) have been shown to be first for synthesis of protein. Met deficiencies have most often been suggested to affect milk fat synthesis because Met is a methyl donor in the transmethylation reactions of lipid biosynthesis. Lactation has been demonstrated to increase the demand for methylated compounds
(Yang et al., 2010).
Efficient utilization of dietary protein depends on the ability to formulate diets that deliver the optimal amount of metabolizable amino acids (AA) meaning that are actually absorbed from the intestine in the right proportions to meet the protein needs (maintenance, pregnancy and milk protein) of the cow.
Animal feed contains proteins mainly from the two sources 1 Proteins and 2 Non Nitrogenous sources (NPN).
Proteins are classified mainly into two forms i.e Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP).
RUP escapes the rumen fermentation and directly absorb in the intestine in the form of dietary amino acids whereas RDP and NPN sources after digestion converted to peptides, amino acid which is under the influence of ruminal bacteria converted into microbial protein and finally available in the small intestine.
During the process of digestion the most of the RDP and NPN compound are converted to ammonia which may be converted to microbial protein or may be absorbed by the blood to reach the liver where it converted to urea which may be recycled through the saliva of cow or excreted through the kidney via excretion.
Digestion and Absorption of Protein and Nonprotein Nitrogenous Compounds in Ruminants
.
.
The key to nitrogen metabolism in the ruminant is the ability of the microbial population to utilize ammonia in the presence of adequate energy to synthesize the amino acids for their growth.
Most (80% of the rumen bacterial species, especially cellulolytic, can utilize ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen for growth while 26% require it absolutely and 55% could use either ammonia or amino acids.
A few species can use peptides as well. Protozoa can not use ammonia
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2. PROTEIN METABOLISM
• Proteins provide the amino acids for vital functions,
reproduction, growth and lactation.
• Non-ruminant animals need pre-formed amino acids in their
diets, but ruminants can utilize many other nitrogen sources
because of their rare ability to synthesize amino acids and
protein from non-protein nitrogen sources.
• In addition, ruminants possess a mechanism to spare
nitrogen. When a diet is low in nitrogen, large amounts of
urea (from urine) return in the rumen where it can be used by
the microbes.
• In non-ruminants, urea is always entirely lost in the urine. It is
possible to feed cows with diets containing non-protein
nitrogen as the only nitrogen source and still obtain a
3. PROTEIN TRANSFORMATION
IN THE RUMEN
• Feed proteins degraded by microorganisms in the rumen via amino acids
into ammonia and branched chain fatty acids .
• Non-protein nitrogen from the feed and the urea recycled into the rumen
through the saliva or the rumen wall contribute also to the pool of
ammonia in the rumen.
• Too much ammonia in the rumen leads to wastage, ammonia toxicity, and
in extreme cases, death of the animal. The bacterial population uses
ammonia in order to grow.
• Use of ammonia to synthesize microbial protein is dependent upon the
availability of energy generated by the fermentation of carbohydrates. On
the average, 20 grams of bacterial protein is synthesized per 100 grams of
organic matter fermented in the rumen.
• Bacterial protein synthesis may range from less than 400 g/day to about
1500 g/day depending primarily on the digestibility of the diet.
• The percentage of protein in bacteria varies from 38 to 55% .
4. • A portion of the dietary protein resists ruminal
degradation and passes undegraded to the small
intestine. Forage proteins degraded 60 to 80%
Concentrates or industrial by-products degraded
20 to 60%.
• Major part of the bacterial protein flows to the
abomasum attached to feed particles.
• The strong acids secreted by the abomasum stop
all microbial activity and the digestive enzymes
start breaking down the protein into amino acids.
5. Table 1: Composition and intestinal
nitrogen digestibility of ruminal microbes
Nutrient
Protein
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Peptidoglycan
Minerals
Crude Protein
Digestibility
Bacteria
Mean
Range
47.5
38-55
27.6
7
4.25
11.5
23-Jun
2
4.4
62.4
31-78
71
44-86
Protozoa
24-49
76-85
6. • Amino acids absorbed Approximately 60% from bacterial
protein, 40% from undegraded dietary protein.
• The amino acid composition of bacterial protein is relatively
constant regardless of the composition of dietary protein.
• All amino acids, including the essential ones are present in
bacterial protein in proportion that is fairly close to the
proportion of amino acids required by the mammary gland
for milk synthesis.
• The conversion of dietary protein to bacterial protein is
usually a beneficial process. The exception occurs when
high quality protein is fed
7. PROTEIN IN FECES
1. Undigested protein About 80% of the protein
reaching the small intestine is digested, 20% goes into
the feces.
2. Digestive enzymes secreted into the intestine also
major source of nitrogen in the feces
3. Fecal metabolic protein the rapid replacement of
intestinal cells (On the average, for every increment of
1 kg of dry matter ingested by the cow, there is an
increase of 33 g of body protein lost in the intestine
and excreted in the feces.
• Ruminant feces rich in nitrogen (2.2 to 2.6% N) as
compared to the feces of non-ruminant animals.
8. LIVER METABOLISM AND UREA
RECYCLING
• Not all the ammonia produced in the rumen may be converted to
microbial protein. Excess ammonia cross the ruminal wall and is
transported to the liver.
• The liver converts the ammonia to urea which is released in the
blood. Urea in the blood can follow two routes:
1) Return to the rumen through the saliva or through the rumen
wall.
2) Excreted into the urine by the kidneys.
• When urea returns to the rumen, it is converted back to ammonia
and can serve as a nitrogen source for bacterial growth.
• Urea excreted in the urine is lost to the animal. With rations low in
crude protein, most of the urea is recycled and little is lost in the
urine.
• However, as crude protein increases in the ration, less urea is
recycled and more is excreted in the urine.
9. MILK PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• The mammary gland needs large amounts of
amino acids to syntesize milk protein.
• The metabolism of amino acids in the mammary
gland is extremely complex.
• Amino acids may be converted into other amino
acids or oxidized to produce energy. Most of the
amino acids absorbed by the mammary gland are
used to synthesize milk proteins.
• Milk contains about 30 g of protein per kg, but
vary between cows /breed and among breeds.
10. Milk Protein Composition
• About 90% of the protein in milk is casein.
• There are many types of casein and they contribute to the high
nutritive value of many dairy products.
• Whey proteins are also synthesized from amino acids in the
mammary gland.
• The enzyme á-Lactalbumin is essential for the synthesis of lactose
and â−lactoglobulin is important in curd formation during cheese
production.
• Some proteins found in the milk (immunoglobulins) play a role in
immunity of newborn calf. The immunoglobulins absorbed directly
from the blood and not synthesized within the mammary gland, so
their concentration in the colostrum is high.
• Milk also contains non-protein nitrogen compounds in very small
amount (e.g., urea: 0.08 g/kg).