This document provides an overview of the human movement apparatus, including bones, joints, and the vertebral column. It describes the general anatomy of bones, including their classification, features, and functions. It discusses the anatomy of joints, including their classification into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. It provides details on the types of synovial joints. It also covers the general anatomy of the vertebral column, including its curvatures, joints, movements, vertebral features, and the clinical importance. Finally, it enumerates the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

1. HUMAN MOVEMENT APPARATUS

3. General Anatomy of bones, joints andVertebral column
Dr.B.B.Gosai
Introduction to the Human Movement Apparatus

4. What we will learn today?
 General anatomy of bones- classifications, bony features, functions of
bone and enumerate upper and lower limb bones.
 General anatomy of joints- classifications, examples, structure of
synovial joint and their types with examples,Auxillary structures
(ligaments), enumerate upper and lower limb joints.
 General anatomy ofVertebral column-curvatures , joints, movements,
features of vertebrae, Number & identification of different vertebrae and
clinical importance.
 References:
 Clinical Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore :
Ch Before Ch1(Introduction), 4, 5 & 6
 Atlas of Anatomy by Gilroy: Ch 2, 21, 26

5. General Anatomy of Bone
Bone
Specialised, hard, living and vascular connective tissue.
Two third : inorganic matter: Minerals (Calcium, phosphates)
One third : Organic matter: bone cells and collegen fibers.

6. Skeletal system
 Two parts:
 Axial skeleton: form the
axis of body: Examples:
Skull,Vertebrae, Sacrum,
Ribs
 Appendicular Skeleton:
formed by bones of limbs.

7. Classification according to Internal structure
 Compact bone:
 Dense
 High amount of solid matter
 Less spaces.
 Form outer part of each bone
 Spongy bone (Trabecular bone):
 Thin
 Formed by plates (trabeculae)
 Many spaces.
 Form internal part of ends of bones
 Connective tissue covering bone is
known as periosteum.

8. (e) Sesamoid bone (Patella-
Knee cap)
(f) Pneumatic bone-Maxilla
Length more than breadth
Miniature long
bones: Metacarpals
Small bones of specific shape: Carpals, Tarsals
Flat shape
Irregular shape
Develop in Tendon:
Change of direction of muscle
Contain air spaces:
resonance of voice Classification according to Shape

9. Classification according to Shape
a) Long bones- length more than breadth : Humerus,
femur (Miniature long bones: Metacarpals)
b) Short bones: Small bones of specific shape: carpals,
tarsals.
c) Flat bones: Sternum, flat bones of skull (e.g. parietal
bone)
d) Irregular bone: irregular shape: bones of face, hip bone,
vertebra, sphenoid
e) Sesamoid bone: develop in tendon where it cross
joints-important for change of direction of pull of muscle :
Patella
f) Pneumatic bone: contain air spaces in the bone:
Maxilla, Frontal

10. Bony Features and Bony markings
(large round articular area)
(Narrow part below head)
(large raised elevation)
(Small raised elevation)
(Knuckle like area)
(Thorn like process)
(Rounded
depressed
area)
(Elongated depression-Groove)
(Opening)
(Linear elevation)

11. Bony Features and Bony markings
 Head: large round articular area
 Neck: Narrow part below head
 Condyle: knuckle like area
 Tubercle: Small raised elevation
 Tuberosity: large raised elevation
 Spine: thorn like process
 Fossa: round depressed area
 Groove (Sulcus): elongated depression
 Foramen: Opening
 Line: linear elevation

12. Functions of skeleton
Support for body
Protection to vital structures
Mechanical basis for movement
Storage of salts (e.g calcium)
Supply new blood cells (produced by bone
marrow in medullary cavity of many bones)

13. Upper limb and lower limb bones
(Hip bone)

14. Joint is union or junction between
two or more bones.
Classification of Joints
Three classes (types) of joints:
Based on manner and material by which bones are united.
1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial joints

15. Fibrous joints
 Fibrous joints: united by fibrous
tissue.
 Suture in skull: No movement
takes place in these joints.
Examples: Sagittal suture,
coronal suture.
 Syndesmosis: united by ligament or
membrane. Partial movement takes
place. Example: Interosseous
membrane between radius and
ulna.
 Dentoalveolar syndesmosis
(Gomphosis or socket): Peg like
process fits in to socket. Example:
tooth and alveolar process of
jaw.

16. Cartilaginous joints: bones united by cartilage
Primary cartilaginous joints
(Synchondrosis)
Secondary cartilaginous
joints (Symphysis)
 United by hyaline cartilage
 Examples: Epiphyseal plate,
1st sternocostal joint
 United by Fibrocatilage
 Example: Intervertebral
discs between the vertebrae,
Pubic symphysis,
Manubriosternal joint.

17. Synovial Joints
Characteristics:
1. Presence of joint cavity containing synovial fluid
2. Joint cavity lined by fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

18. Plane joint:
Plane articular surface
Gliding or sliding movement
Example: Acromioclavicular joint
Hinge joint:
Uniaxial (one axis- 1 degree of Freedom-1df)
Movement in Transverse axis-Flexion-Extension
Plane of movement: Sagittal
Example: Elbow joint
(Humero-ulnar joint)
Pivot joint:
Uniaxial (one axis- 1 degree of Freedom-1df)
Movement in Vertical axis-Rotations
Example: Median Atlantoaxial joint
Types of Synovial Joints

19. Condyloid joint: (Ellipsoid)
Biaxial (two axis- 2 degree of Freedom-2df)
Movement in Transverse and anteroposterior axis-
Flexion-Extension, Abduction-Adduction and
Circumduction
Planes of movement: Sagittal and Frontal
Example: Metacarophalangeal joints
Saddle (Sellar) joint:
Saddle (Concavo-convex) articular surface.
Biaxial (Two axis- 2 degree of Freedom-2df)
Movement in Transverse, and Anteroposterior axis,
Flexion-Extension, Abduction-Adduction and
Circumduction
Planes of movement: Sagittal and Frontal
Example: 1st carpometacarpal joint for thumb
Saddle

20. Ball and Socket joint:
Spheroidal (Globular) head articulate with
socket
Triaxial – Multiaxial
(three axis- 3 degree of Freedom-3df)
Movement in Transverse, vertical and
Anteroposterior axis –All movements
independent-Flexion-Extension, Abduction-
Adduction and Rotations, Circumduction
Example: Hip joint

22. Auxillary structures for joints
 Ligaments: Fibrous structure -
Support and stabilize joints
 Fibrocartilaginous discs
(Menisci): Makes articular surface
congruent (matching) and divide
joint cavity in compartments
 Labrum –glenoidal labrum,
Acetabular labrum: Deepen joint
cavity

23. Upper and lower limb joints

24. Vertebral column: formed by Vertebrae
Functions: Protection to spinal cord, Weight transmission and Movements

25. Curvatures of Vertebral column
Curvatures:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Primary curvatures: present from
fetal life (Thoracic and Sacral)
Secondary curvature: develops
later on during infancy or chidhood
(Cervical and Lumbar)

26. Joints of vertebral column
Between Body
of vertebrae-
Secondary
cartilaginous
joint
Between
articular
processes
of
vertebrae-
Plane
synovial
joint

27. Intervertbral disc
Located between Body of vertebrae- Type: Secondary cartilaginous joint
Structure:
Nucleus pulposus : jelly like substance in centre
Annulus Fibrosus: Layers of fibrous tissue
Function: Weight transmission and flexibility of vertebral column (Acts as cushion)

28. Movements at vertebral column

29.  Vertebral foramen present
between body and arch of
vertebra and its content is Spinal
cord with its coverings
 Intervertebral foramen is
present between pedicles of
successive vertebrae and its
contents is spinal ganglion and
Spinal nerve emerge from it.

30. General features of Vertebra
1. Body: cylindrical part anteriorly
2. Vertebral arch: Posteriorly
a) Pedicle: short stout part connect body with transverse process and lamina
b) Lamina: Flat plate connect transverse process and pedicle with spine
c) Transverse process: project posterolaterally (one on each side)
d) Spine: Process located posteriorly (usually inferiorly)
e) Superior and Inferior articular processes (on each side)
3. Superior and Inferior Vertebral notches
4. Vertebral foramen: between Body and vertebral arch

31. Number of Vertebrae
at each level
 Cervical : 7
 Thoracic : 12
 Lumbar : 5
 Sacral : 5
(Fused to form single bone :
Sacrum)
 Coccygeal : 4
(Fused to form single bone
coccyx)

32. Identification of different vertebrae
Cervical: Presence of
foramen transversarium.
Thoracic: Presence f
Costal facet on body of
vertebra
Lumbar: Absence of
foramen transversarium
and absence of costal
facet.
No Foramen
transverarium,
No costal facet

33. Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) Vertebrae
Atlas (1st cervical
Vertebra)
Ring like
Axis (2nd Cervical
vertebra)
Presence of
Odontoid process
(Dens)
Median Atlanto-axial Joint:
Rotation of head - Atlas Rotates
against Dens

34. Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus (Disc prolapse): due to weakening of annulus
fibrosus nucleus pulposus leakage occur. It leads to compression of nerve
roots in vertebral column causing lower back and lower limb pain.
Clinical Anatomy (Applied Anatomy)

35. Fracture and dislocation of vertebra
Sudden, forceful extension of the neck
can also injure the vertebral column
and spinal cord.
Head butting or illegal face blocking in
football may lead to a hyperextension
injury of the neck.
• Fracture of Posterior element
•Compression fracture of vertebra
Severe hyperextension of the neck
(“whiplash” injury) also occurs during
rear-end motor vehicle collisions.
• Tear of Ant. Longitudinal ligament
• Fracture dislocation of vertebra

36. Abnormal curvatures
Kyphosis:(Humpback):
vertebral column curve
excessive posteriorly
(Exaggerated Thoracic
curvature)
Lordosis: Excessive curve
anteriorly (Exaggerated
lumbar curvature) Kyphosis:(Humpback)
Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of vertebral column

37. Preoperative Kyphosis 100
degree with congenital fusion
T11-12 in 13 year old girl.
Female patient operated by Dr.Hitesh
Modi: corpectomy of T11 and correction
of kyphosis done.
She got nice balance with kyphosis
correction to 50 degree.
walking home!.