The document summarizes the biomechanics of the spine, including its main structures and movements. It discusses the 33 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. It describes the normal spinal curvatures and mobile spinal segments composed of vertebrae and discs. The document outlines the anterior and posterior portions of spinal segments, facets, processes, and ligaments. It also summarizes the range of motion at each level and coupling of spinal movements, as well as the main flexor and extensor muscles.
THis PPT will give you knowledge about the principles of shoulder; articulating surface, motions, ligamentous structure and musculature structure that related to shoulder region.
THis PPT will give you knowledge about the principles of shoulder; articulating surface, motions, ligamentous structure and musculature structure that related to shoulder region.
Biomwchanics of wrist and hand
- Kinematics and Kinetics of joints including flexion and extension mechanism
-Pathomechanics
- Prehension
-Functional position of wrist
Extensor mechanism of finger, very easy notes. Referred from cynthia norkin. In this ppt in last two slides u can see the identify the parts. Its like a quiz for candidates who studying this ppt. They can able to know that how well they prepared this topic.
Thank you, From Liki pedia
(A student physiotherapist)
Elbow complex is designed to serve hand.
They provide MOBILITY for Hand in space by apparent shortening and Lengthening of upper extremity.
They provide Stability for skillful and forceful movements
1. Biomechanics of ankle joint subtalar joint and footSaurab Sharma
Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
Biomwchanics of wrist and hand
- Kinematics and Kinetics of joints including flexion and extension mechanism
-Pathomechanics
- Prehension
-Functional position of wrist
Extensor mechanism of finger, very easy notes. Referred from cynthia norkin. In this ppt in last two slides u can see the identify the parts. Its like a quiz for candidates who studying this ppt. They can able to know that how well they prepared this topic.
Thank you, From Liki pedia
(A student physiotherapist)
Elbow complex is designed to serve hand.
They provide MOBILITY for Hand in space by apparent shortening and Lengthening of upper extremity.
They provide Stability for skillful and forceful movements
1. Biomechanics of ankle joint subtalar joint and footSaurab Sharma
Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
Basic spine anatomy is the first step in understanding the spine profession. Being familiar with spine anatomy makes you spine-minded, understand pathological spine diseases, correlate symptoms and signs, and facilitate your surgical skills.
This is a teaching lecture given twice by Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mohi Eldin, professor of neurosurgery, in the Basic Spine Course, Egyptian Medical Syndicate, Cairo, March 2009 and in 2010.
Femoral Head (Superiorly, Medially, Anteriorly).
Acetabulum (Inferiorly, Laterally, Anteriorly).
Horseshoe-shaped (Acetabular Notch).
The deepest portion (Acetabular Fossa).
Labrum Acetabular:
Is a wedged fibrocartilaginous ring inserted into the acetabular rim to increase the acetabular concavity.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Objectives
Identify the main structures of the spine.
Identify normal curvatures of the spine, including the cervical, thoracic, and
lumbar regions.
Identify mobile segment.
Ligaments of spine.
To know about different spine movements.
2
3. Introduction
“ The vertebral column also known as back bone is a complex structure which meet
the demands of mobility and stability of the trunk and extremities, also protect the
spinal cord”
3
5. Cervical Spine
Seven vertebrae
More flexible
Supports the head
Wide range of motion
Rotation to left and right
Flexion Up and down
Lateral bending
Peripheral nerves
• Shoulder, Chest and diaphragm
• Arms
5
6. Thoracic Spine
Twelve vertebrae
Mid-back or dorsal region
Ribs attached to vertebrae
Relatively immobile
Peripheral nerves
• Intercostal
6
7. Lumbar Spine
Lower back
Five vertebrae
Carries the weight of the upper body
• Larger, broader
Peripheral nerves
• Legs
• Pelvis
7
8. Sacral and Coccygeal region
Sacrum
• Triangular structure
• Base of the spine
• Connects spine to pelvis
• Nerves to pelvic organs
Coccyx
• Few small bones
• Remnant of tail
8
10. Primary Curvature
Called khypotic curves
During fetal development, the spine assumes the shape of the letter "C,"
This C-shaped curve is the primary curve of the spine and is well-suited for
the fetus to confine in the womb.
• Develops in pregnancy -mid term
• Concave anteriorly
• Convex poseriorly
• Primary curvature remains in adults as Thoracic and sacral curvatures
10
11. Secondary curvatures
The cervical curve of the neck region is the first to develop.
Opposite to direction of primary curves.
Convex anteriorly
Concave posteriorly
Develops in early childhood.
i.e. cervical and lumbar curvatures
Called Lordotic curvatures
11
12. Mobile Segment
“ The smallest functional unit of the spine is called as mobile segment”
Parts:
Two adjacent vertebras
Intervertebral disc
Soft tissues which secure them, i.e. Ligaments and muscles.
12
13. Mobile Segment
The anterior portion of the segment is composed of
Two superimposed intervertebral bodies
The intervertebral disc
The longitudinal ligaments
The posterior portion of the segment is composed of
Vertebral arches,
The intervertebral joints formed by the facets,
The transverse and spinous processes,
Ligaments
13
15. Anterior Portion
The Vertebral Bodies
are designed to bear mainly compressive loads
progressively larger caudally as the superimposed weight of the upper
body increases.
lumbar region are thicker and wider ; their greater size allows them to
sustain the larger loads to which the lumbar spine is subjected.
15
16. Anterior Portion
Intrvertebral disc
Two principle functions:
I. To separate two vertebral bodies thereby increasing available motion
II. Transmit load from one vertebral body to next.
Three main parts
1. Nucleus pulposus
2. Annulus fibrosus
3. Vertebral end plates: Cartilaginous layer covering the superior and
inferior surfaces of the disc
16
17.
18. Posterior Portion
The Facets
Cervical Spine:
Two uppermost cervical vertebrae (Cl and C2), facets are parallel to the
transverse plane
The facets of C3 to C7 are oriented at a 45° angle to the transverse plane and
are parallel to the frontal plane allowing flexion, extension, lateral flexion and
rotation.
Thoracic Spine:
The facets oriented at a 60° angle to the transverse plane and at a 20° angle
to the frontal plane.
allows lateral flexion, rotation, and some flexion and extension.
18
19. Posterior Portion
The Facets
Lumbar Spine:
The facets are oriented at right angles to the transverse plane and at a
45° angle to the frontal plane.
This alignment allows flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, but almost no
rotation.
The lumbosacral joints differ from the other lumbar intervertebral joints in
that the oblique orientation of the facets allows appreciable rotation.
19
20.
21. Posterior Portion
The Facets
The facets guide movement of the motion segment and have a load-
bearing function, and may have some role in the lateral stability of the
motion segment
Load sharing between the facets and the disc varies with the position
and the health of the spine.
The loads on the facets are greatest with axial rotation of the spine.
21
22. Clinical Condition
With disc degeneration, a greater amount of force is transferred to the
facet joints, thereby redistributing the load through the motion segment .
Because the facets are not the primary support structure in extension, if
total compromise of these joints occurs, an alternate path of loading is
established.
This path involves the transfer of axial loads to the annulus and anterior
longitudinal ligament as a way of supporting the spine.
High loading of the facets is also present during forward bending,
coupled with rotation.
22
23. Posterior Portion
vertebral arches and intervertebral joints
They play an important role in resisting shear forces.
For Example:
This function is demonstrated by the fact that patients with deranged
arches or defective joints (e.g., from spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis)
are at increased risk for forward displacement of the vertebral body.
23
24. Posterior Portion
Transverse and Spinous Processes
Serve as sites of attachment for the spinal muscles that, when activated
Initiate spine motion
Provide extrinsic stability.
24
27. Kinematics
The movements available in the vertebral column as a whole are
a. Flexion and extension
b. lateral flexion
c. rotation
Agonistic muscle initiate and carry out motion
antagonistic muscles control and modify the motion
co-contraction of both groups stabilizes the spine.
27
28. Kinematics
The ROM differs at various levels of the spine and depends on the
orientation of the facets.
Motion between two vertebrae is small and does not occur
independently.
All spine movements involve the combined action of several motion
segments.
The skeletal structures that influence motion of the trunk are
The rib cage, which limits thoracic motion
The pelvis, which augments trunk movements by tilting.
28
29. SEGMENTAL MOTION OF THE SPINE
The vertebrae have six degrees of freedom: rotation about and translation
along a transverse, a sagittal, and a longitudinal axis.
The motion produced during flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and axial
rotation of the spine is a complex combined motion resulting from
simultaneous rotation and translation which is called as coupling.
29
30. Kinematics
Coupling is defined as the association of one movement about an axis
with another movement around a different axis.
The most predominant movements that exhibit coupled behaviors are
lateral flexion and rotation.
Pure lateral flexion and pure rotation do not occur in any region of the
spine.
30
31. THE MUSCLES
The spinal muscles can be divided into
flexors and extensors.
The trunk muscles play an important role in the mechanical behavior of
the spine, including spine stability and intradiscal pressure.
The main flexors are the abdominal muscles and the psoas muscles.
The main extensors are the erector spinae, the multifidus, and the
intertransversarii attached to the posterior elements.
31
32. THE MUSCLES
When extensor muscles contract symmetrically, extension is produced.
When right and left side flexors and extensor muscles contract
asymmetrically, lateral bending or twisting of the spine is produced.
32
