Integrated Science M4 Volcanoes

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Integrated Science - Module 3  Unit 2  Lesson 7 BEGINBEGIN

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
2. Plate Tectonics2. Plate Tectonics
3. What is a Volcano?3. What is a Volcano?
4. Volcanic Eruptions4. Volcanic Eruptions
8. Precautions &
Behaviours
8. Precautions &
Behaviours
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
1 . The Layers of the
Earth
Earth
5. Volcanic eruptions
in the Caribbean
in the Caribbean
7. Ecological
Consequences
7. Ecological
Consequences
6. Types of Volcanic
Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
INTRODUCTION
 Watch what happened when a
volcano erupted in a Caribbean
island >
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sPyyHY57H4
 Are there really volcanoes here
in the Caribbean? Where in the
earth do they come from? What is
a volcano anyway?? Why do they
erupt? Why are there different
types of eruptions? How can I
keep myself safe during an
eruption? How do volcanic
eruptions affect our
environment?
 You will learn the answers to
these questions, and more, in
this presentation!
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8. Precautions &
Behaviours
8. Precautions &
Behaviours
Earth
Earth
in the Caribbean
in the Caribbean
7. Ecological
Consequences
7. Ecological
Consequences
Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
OBJECTIVES
On completing this slide presentation, you should be able to:
search for and access information on the internet.
describe the structure of the earth.
show understanding of the relationship between the
structure of the earth and the formation of volcanoes.
describe the major types of volcanoes.
state the causes of volcanic eruptions and compare different
types of eruptions.
show an understanding of the need for precautionary
behaviors in relation to volcanic eruptions.
describe positive and negative consequences of volcanic
eruptions.
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NOTE: For some activities, you will be asked to type your responses in
boxes. To do so, you must be in Slide Show View. You can enter and
delete text in the box in Slide Show View.

8. Precautions &
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8. Precautions &
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Earth
Earth
in the Caribbean
in the Caribbean
7. Ecological
Consequences
7. Ecological
Consequences
Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
1: THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH
To understand volcanoes and why they erupt, let’s first
take a look at the structure of the earth in which volcanoes
are formed.
1.Click and listen carefully to the song from >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGaxYzY
Isn’t it catchy? AND informative too!
OK! OK-A-Y! So, Play it again! And, YE-E-S ….. you can
‘Throw your hands up’ ….. and dance if you want to!! BUT
….. Remember the facts!)
2.Then, look at the diagram on the next slide and try to use
the words of the song, to identify the parts of the earth
you’re hearing about.
3.This video can also help. Watch >
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iUfi8XqEos
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8. Precautions &
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8. Precautions &
Behaviours
Earth
Earth
in the Caribbean
in the Caribbean
7. Ecological
Consequences
7. Ecological
Consequences
Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
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8. Precautions &
Behaviours
8. Precautions &
Behaviours
Earth
Earth
in the Caribbean
in the Caribbean
7. Ecological
Consequences
7. Ecological
Consequences
Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
1: THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH - CRUSTAL PLATES
 In the top left graphic on the previous slide, did you
observe the oceanic crustal plate and the
continental crustal plate? Those are the earth’s
crustal plates on which are our aquatic and our
terrestrial environment, respectively.
 We live and work and perform various activities on those
outer-most layers of crustal plates.
 Click, watch and listen starting from 0.51 – 2.45 at >
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcPghqnnTVk
 These crustal plates are in slow - but constant
-movement over earth’s surface.
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8. Precautions &
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Earth
in the Caribbean
in the Caribbean
7. Ecological
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7. Ecological
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Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
 The presence of crustal plates is one reason why we
have certain types of volcanoes.
 Now, think about this….
 Are volcanoes found in every part of the world?
 Are they found on land all over the earth?
 Are there any volcanoes in the oceans & seas?
 Is there a pattern to where they are located?
 At the website below, Click ‘Plate Boundary’ then click
‘Volcanoes’ below the map and decide if plate
boundaries and volcanoes are in similar locations.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_ha
 Now click ‘Show all features’; note the relationships.
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8. Precautions &
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8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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7. Ecological
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Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
2: PLATE TECTONICS
 We now know that volcanoes and earthquakes are not
randomly distributed over the Earth's surface.
Worldwide, the plate boundaries are the sites where
many volcanoes are concentrated
 In studying volcanoes, scientists have noticed that there
is “a series of 452 giant volcanoes encircling the basin of
the Pacific Ocean”. They call it the Pacific Ring of Fire
and it is home to over 50% of the world's active and
dormant volcanoes.
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Does the
Caribbean have
its own ‘Ring of
Fire’?
CHECK

8. Precautions &
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Eruptions
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2: PLATE TECTONICS
Does this map of the Caribbean Plate help to answer the
question? Look at the red dots; at left – volcanoes in the
‘Ring of Fire’. At right the locations of volcanoes of the EC.
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Feedback to Question : Does the Caribbean have its own Ring of fire?
THINK & TELL
Locate Jamaica. Do you think Jamaica or an Eastern Caribbean
(EC) island is more likely to have a volcanic eruption? Why?

8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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2: PLATE TECTONICS
 The crustal plates continuously move slowly around the
earth, and have been doing so for millions of years.
Where were the continents millions of years ago? Will
the continents always be in these same locations as they
are today? What future movements are likely?
 Watch the video to find out! It’s about Plate Tectonics
Theory >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYVS_Yh6dTk&feature=fvwp
 On the next slide, type 2 – 3 points on what you
understand about the Plate Tectonics Theory. Click the
check button for feedback.
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8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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2: PLATE TECTONICS
Type 2 – 3 points on what you understand about the Plate Tectonics Theory.
Click the check button for feedback.
11CHECK
1. The main idea of Tectonic Plates theory is that the lithosphere exists as
separate and distinct crustal tectonic plates or ‘slabs’ on which are the
continents and oceans.
2. These plates slide on the fluid-like asthenosphere.
3. The plates are in constant but small, slow movement above the hot mantle
and move around the earth, causing the continents to shift and change
positions over time.
4. The movements of these plates is due to convection currents in the mantle.
5. At the boundaries where the plates meet/move, both volcanoes and
earthquakes can occur.

8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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7. Ecological
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2: PLATE TECTONICS - PLATE BOUNDARIES AND MOVEMENTS
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 The crustal plates which meet together at boundaries, move
in various ways.
 Some plates move apart from each other; this creates a
divergent boundary.
 Some plates move towards each other; this creates a
convergent boundary.
 Some plates slide past each other; this creates the transform
boundary.
 The crustal plates which meet together at boundaries, move
in various ways.
 Some plates move apart from each other; this creates a
divergent boundary.
 Some plates move towards each other; this creates a
convergent boundary.
 Some plates slide past each other; this creates the transform
boundary.
1. Open this url for ‘Plates & Boundaries’, read/scroll down to see the animated
movements at each boundary >
http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.html
Look also at the lower map.
2. Then, at this next web site, scroll down to ‘How are Volcanoes a result of Plate
tectonics?’ and read >
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/volcanic-eruptions-what-causes-volcanoes-to-erupt.ht
3. In the diagram at the website below, look at where various types of volcanoes
are formed >
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BWJVgH5RPGM/UinVCe16MTI/AAAAAAAACJ8/SlwQp46M

8. Precautions &
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8. Precautions &
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Earth
Earth
in the Caribbean
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7. Ecological
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7. Ecological
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Eruptions
Eruptions
Quiz
3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO?
By now, you’re obviously thinking to yourself:
So… What exactly is a volcano? To find out, watch >
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgktM2luLok
A volcano is really one type of explosive landform, and
each can be thought of as a giant ‘safety valve’ that
releases the pressure that builds up inside the earth.
Volcanoes are found on land or under the sea.
Click
http://news.discovery.com/games/volcano-explorer.htm then
click ‘Enter’ and go to the ‘Menu’ and click ‘Inside a
Volcano’. Examine the diagram and read about the structure
of a volcano.
Then also examine the diagram on the next slide and note
the words in red.
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3. WHAT IS A VOLCANO?
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https://gcps.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/15538/7372/PH%20volcano%20diagram.JPG

8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO? - MAJOR TYPES OF VOLCANOES
When you think of a volcano, typically, you picture
something that looks like that upside-down cone shown at
the previous website or in the previous diagram. Right? But
not all volcanoes look like that.
Again Click
http://news.discovery.com/games/volcano-explorer.htm then
click ‘Enter’ and go to the ‘Menu’ on the left and click
‘Volcano types”. Click on each of the three commonest
types of volcanoes.
Read the related text for each diagram. Note the difference
in shape, parts, how each erupts and lava flow.
You should realize, however, that the boundaries between
the various types of volcanoes are not sharp --- different
sorts of volcanoes grade into each other.(1)
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(1)
Source > http://ncealevel3science.wikispaces.com/Geology

8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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7. Ecological
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Eruptions
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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO? - MAJOR TYPES OF VOLCANOES
These simple line diagrams show the essential difference
in height and shape between the major types of volcanoes.
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Strato volcano or Composite volcano
Cinder cone volcano
Shield volcano
Lava cone (Dome) volcano
Practice how to draw a
volcano like the diagram at>
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/volcano_diagram.jpg

8. Precautions &
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8. Precautions &
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Earth
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in the Caribbean
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7. Ecological
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7. Ecological
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Eruptions
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3: WHAT IS A VOLCANO? - VOLCANOES IN THE CARIBBEAN
 Grenada in the Eastern Caribbean has the region’s only
submarine (under-water) volcano called Kick-’em-
Jenny. When it erupts, it usually causes water to shoot
into the air and onshore, you can hear a deep rumbling
sound.
 “Sitting on a subduction zone, where the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge plate is being pushed beneath the Caribbean
plate, Kick- ‘em Jenny sits in a highly active seismic
area..”
 Source >
http://iceagenow.info/2012/07/underwater-volcano-looming-tsuna
 Click and read more about it at >
http://repeatingislands.com/2011/11/26/largest-underwater-volca
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8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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Eruptions
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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
The cover slide shows Mount Rinjani erupting in 1994, in
Thailand. Are all eruptions exactly like that? Watch these
video clips >
http://vimeo.com/96688332 (Volcanic eruption Tenerife)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OowFvnlWI90 (Volcanic
eruption)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWB0TrrjtAU&feature=related
(Iceland volcano eruption 2010…)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwBVG0Si7rs&feature=related
(Hawaii volcano)
Check the Eruption in Montserrat at >
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbzBN-o8E-I
Check the discussion in section 2) d. in your SIM.
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8. Precautions &
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7. Ecological
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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - WHAT CAUSES THEM?
Volcanic eruptions are characteristic of different types of
volcanoes. Several factors cause the type of eruption a
volcano has.
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The buoyancy of
the magma.
The pressure of
gas that is
dissolved in it.
The flow of new magma into an already-filled magma chamber can
singly or together force the magma upwards through the pipe to the
surface, or it can burst through weak spots (fissures) in the crust.
Lava, hot gases, steam and ash will then come out in varying
amounts and force depending on the different types of volcanoes.
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8. Precautions &
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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - WHAT CAUSES THEM?
 The viscosity of materials/substances is their
thickness and their resistance to flow.
 Materials with a low viscosity (e.g. water) will flow easily,
but those with high viscosity (e.g. porridge) flows slowly.
 Gas can move through materials of various viscosities,
such as magma, at different speeds, making it more/less
buoyant. If the substance is very viscous, the gas will
accumulate until pressure builds right up, then the gas
will burst through, spilling some of the substance in the
process.
 This happens with volcanoes! The type of explosive or
non-explosive eruptions is related to the viscosity of
the magma and lava and the amount of gases
present. When gas builds up under pressure in very
viscous magma, the volcano will erupt explosively!
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8. Precautions &
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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - WHAT CAUSES
THEM?
 Click and read >
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5003801_what-causes-volcanoe
 Some volcanoes are explosive when they erupt, with
materials coming out with force and great speed.
Montserrat’s volcano is an example.
 Other volcanoes are not explosive; materials come out
slowly e.g. St. Lucia’s steam vents and Hawaii’s lava
fountains.
 Open the url below, Click ‘Enter’ and under ‘Virtual
Volcano’ use the settings for magma viscosity and gas
to do simulations to determine how magma and lava
viscosity and amount of gas cause different types of
volcanoes to erupt in different ways >.
http://news.discovery.com/games/volcano-explorer.htm
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8. Precautions &
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4: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
 Volcanic eruptions get their names from well-known
places, people or volcanoes that have had similar types
of eruption.
 At the website below, scroll down to look at images/text
in ‘What are the Types of Volcanic Eruptions?’ Open >
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/volcanic-eruptions-what-causes-volc
 Then also Click and scroll down to ‘Types of Eruption’ at
>
http://www.3dgeography.co.uk/#!volcano-diagrams/c8aq
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8. Precautions &
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5: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS - IN THE CARIBBEAN
 Click and read through the two Case Studies on the volcanic
eruptions on Montserrat at >
http://smageog.blogspot.com/p/volcano-case-study-montserrat.html
The eruption was preceded by earthquakes about three years
before eruption!
 In the third graphic, look at the destructive plate boundaries
undergoing subduction.
 Also read >
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes
 Click to this website and read about the sites of volcanoes in the
Caribbean >
http://www.uwiseismic.com/General.aspx?id=46
DID YOU KNOW?
 Volcanoes have erupted on Martinique, St Vincent and
Montserrat. The Caribbean island of Dominica has the most
active volcanoes per square kilometre in the world!
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8. Precautions &
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6: TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Many volcanoes will have a mix of different eruption types.
Mt. St Helen is a stratovolcano. In 1980, it showed
volcanian and also plininan eruptions.
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After eruption
Ash plume during an explosionBefore eruption

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CAREER FOCUS
 Volcanologists are scientists who specialize in the
study of volcanoes and their activities. Most have a
background as a geologist.
 Their work involves practical field activities around
volcanoes, a lot of laboratory analyses of samples from
volcanoes, as well as monitoring remote sensing
equipment from which, for example, they can prepare
hazard assessment maps which show the ‘areas of
greatest danger and highest risks around volcanoes’.
 Sounds interesting?? You wouldn’t mind the risks??
 Why not start out with a Degree in Geography-Geology
from The University of the West Indies (UWI)? Then,
perhaps, you might find that you are sufficiently
interested in volcanoes to devote your life to studying
them in all parts of the world!
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8. Precautions &
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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES ERUPTING
ACTIVITY 7.1
Decide on and type three effects or consequences of
volcanoes erupting. Discuss your answers with your
teacher.
(You have to be in Slide Show view to type and delete text.)
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Land destroyed e.g. by mudslides, lava, earthquakes, tsunamis.
Property loss e.g. vehicles, house - burned up by lava and fires or
collapsed from all the ash pilling up onto it or from mudslide; ash
getting into machinery or aircraft engines.
Deaths of living organisms - burned by lava, pyroclastic flows or
fire; choked by ash, gas and smoke; killed by mudslides.

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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES – Air Pollution From: Aerosols,
Gases, Ash, Lava & Pyroclastic Flows From A Volcanic Eruption
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http://volcanosbyevelynhannaandaaliyah.yolasite.com/resources/volcanichazards.jpg
SO2, CO2,
ash, HF,
H2SO4
HCl
Dust, gases and ash are blown far away by the force of
the eruption, and carried by prevailing winds/breezes.

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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES – Air Pollution From:
Aerosols, Gases, Ash, Lava & Pyroclastic Flows From A
Volcanic Eruption
Dust, gases and ash are blown far away by the force of the
eruption, and carried by prevailing winds/breezes.
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http://volcanosbyevelynhannaandaaliyah.yolasite.com/resources/volcanichazards.jpg
SO2, CO2,
ash, HF,
H2SO4
HCl

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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES - NEGATIVES
 Gas clouds cause sunlight to be reduced/blocked
sometimes for days and can clog aircraft engines.
 Dust causes health problems to persons and animals;
coats the leaves of plants; also covers buildings, cars.
 Mud flows/landslides kill people, destroy built
structures and alter the topography of the land.
 Hot lava kills plants and animals in its way; burns up
buildings.
 Acid rain damages buildings and living things.
 Earthquakes can result and present additional hazards.
 Volcanic eruptions occurring close to the coast can
result in tsunamis as fast-moving debris crashes into
the sea and causes the water to be disturbed.
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Cont’d

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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES –
A MAJOR NEGATIVE!
Underwater volcanic eruptions emit large volumes of
volcanic material which can displace the ocean and
generate tsunami waves in the immediate area.
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Read about some Positive and Negative impacts at >
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/naturalhazar

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7: ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF VOLCANOES - POSITIVES
Click and watch, and listen carefully to the narrator!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hec9yK-QQ4o
(Volcanoes erupting on the Big Island)
Creates new land; additional land developed when lava
runs into sea and hardens
Volcanic soil is rich in nutrients; good for farmland
Hot steam from nearby hot springs useful for heating
homes, offices, factories and is good for tourism.
Produces large deposits of sulphur and other minerals
Geothermal power from heat underground can run
generators for electricity.
Gems and precious minerals are brought to the surface.
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8: PRECAUTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS!
- BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION …..
Make a ‘Family Emergency Evacuation Plan’ which you can
put into action during the eruption. Why? Your family may
not be together when disaster strikes, so it is important to
know what each of you will do in the emergency.
For example:
1.Clearly define how you will contact each member (e.g. cell
‘phones are an asset!);
2.Determine your safe route and who will provide transport;
3.Decide how you will get back together e.g. where you will
meet at a site away from the disaster area.
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– BEFORE A VOLCANIC ERUPTION ….
 Here are other suggestions for your ‘Family Emergency Evacuation
Plan’:
 Build an ‘Emergency Kit’ which includes items such as: non-
perishable food; enough water for all family members to last at
least three days; a battery-powered radio; flashlights; correct
batteries and a pair of goggles and disposable breathing masks for
each member of the family.
 Do the simulation activity at >
http://www.ready.gov/kids/games/data/bak-english/index.html and
at > http://odpem.org.jm/Kids/EmergencyKit/tabid/209/Default.aspx
 A good idea is to keep the Kit in your car, or somewhere
accessible, in case you are told to evacuate quickly.
 Find out how to prepare for other natural disasters such as
earthquakes, mudslides, tsunamis that may follow a volcanic
eruption.
Ref. > http://www.ready.gov/volcanoes
33

8. Precautions &
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We cannot prevent volcanic eruptions but by careful pre-
planning and preparation, we can drastically reduce the loss
of lives, damage to some types of property e.g. motor
vehicles, and the emotional trauma that necessarily
accompanies these natural disasters.
Click and read ‘Safety Tips’ from >
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disa
Then click and scroll down to ‘Volcano Safety Tips’ and
read carefully, at >
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-volcano.htm
34

8. Precautions &
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QUICK QUIZ & REVIEW
 Are you ready to test yourself?
 There are three questions in the QUICK QUIZ section,
two multiple choice (M.C.) items and two REVIEW
QUESTIONS that you are required to answer.
 For each M.C. item, click on the letter of the correct
response, click the ‘FEEDBACK’ button and read the
feedback provided. Click the button ‘NEXT QUESTION’
to continue.
 You can start by clicking the ‘BEGIN QUIZ’ button.
35

8. Precautions &
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QUICK QUIZ: QUESTION 1
1. Identify the type of volcano that Mt Fuji below is.
36
Answer: Composite volcano
CHECK

8. Precautions &
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Quiz
2. Which volcano, A or B, is showing:
(1) a lava fountain? (2) an ash cloud?
37
Answer: (1) = B; (2) = A
CHECK
A = Soufriere Hills
volcano in Montserrat
B = Hawaiian volcano

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3. Use the appropriate word from the list on the left to label
the parts 1-6.
38
crustal plates
inner core
inner mantle
lithosphere
outer core
upper mantle
lithosphere - 5inner core - 1 inner mantle - 3
crustal plates - 6outer core - 2 upper mantle - 4
CHECK
LIST

8. Precautions &
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M.C. QUESTION 1
Click on the letter of the correct option.
Molten rock flowing out of a volcano is called ---------- .
39
A. sedimentA. sediment
D. pyroclastic flowD. pyroclastic flow
C. magmaC. magma
B. lavaB. lava
FEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACK

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FEEDBACK TO M.C. QUESTION 1
Molten rock flowing out of a volcano is called lava .
 A – sediments are materials such as rocks, sand, mud
which settle in an area.
 B – lava is the name for molten rock flowing out of the
volcano.
 C – magma is the name for molten rock INSIDE the
earth or inside the volcano.
 D – this name refers to gaseous materials and water
vapour exploding out of a volcano.
40
NEXTNEXT
QUESTIONQUESTION
NEXTNEXT
QUESTIONQUESTION

8. Precautions &
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M.C. QUESTION 2
Cinder cone volcanoes have______________.
41
A. runny, flowing lava.A. runny, flowing lava.
D. no gases erupting from them.D. no gases erupting from them.
B. gentle slopesB. gentle slopes
C. pyroclastic flows.C. pyroclastic flows.
FEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACK

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FEEDBACK TO M.C. QUESTION 2
Cinder cone volcanoes have pyroclastic flows.
A – flowing lava is characteristics of shield volcanoes.
B - Cinder cone volcanoes have steep slopes, in the shape
of a cone.
C - pyroclastic flows are found in both cinder cone
and in composite volcanoes. These are both explosive
volcanoes.
D – only shield volcanoes with flowing lava have no
pyroclastic flows.
42
NEXTNEXT
QUESTIONQUESTION
NEXTNEXT
QUESTIONQUESTION

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REVIEW QUESTIONS
43
Base
Sill
Flank
Branch pipe
1. Label the diagram below. Go to the next slide for feedback.

8. Precautions &
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REVIEW QUESTIONS (CONT.)
Feedback to Question 1. Take turns telling a partner the
labels for the volcano.
44
Check labels at >
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/gifs/volcanodiagram
2. You learned that the upper mantle moves.
What causes it? Explain it to a partner.
The mantle “flows” because of convection currents that are
caused by very hot material in the mantle rising, cooling, and
then sinking, in a circular pattern of motion.
Click here to check your answer to Review Question 1.
Click here to check your answer to Review Question 2.

8. Precautions &
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END OF ACTIVITY
 You have reached the end of the PowerPoint slide set.
 If you wish to review any of the concepts in this lesson,
go to the first slide or check the menu on the left.
 If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close
(X) button.
45

8. Precautions &
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CREDITS
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0dWF_3PYh4
 http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/visualgeology/naturaldisasters/Chapte
 http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.html
 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth
 http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/erupting-
volcano.html
 http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org/04jun
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=endscreen&v=EXQ8825GaLg&NR=1
 http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/plate5.htm
 http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2010/01/world/gallery.large.h
aiti-1/index.4.html
 http://tinyurl.com/7vx9nzm
 https://gcps.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/
15538/7372/PH%20volcano%20diagram.JPG
 46

8. Precautions &
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CREDITS
 http://worldlywise.pbworks.com/w/page/25833576/Unit
%202%20Section%20B%20-%20Causes%20and
%20effects%20of%20volcanoes%20and%20responses
%20to%20them
 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/hotspots.html
 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html
 http://w4.nkcsd.k12.mo.us/~amerenbl/volcanoes.html
 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs002-97/
 http://tms-science.wikispaces.com/6.+Volcanoes
 http://www.ussartf.org/volcanoes.htm
 http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-volcano.htm
 http://www.hmsg.co.uk/en/h_geogcw2
 47

Integrated Science M4 Volcanoes

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