Volcanoes form when magma rises from the Earth's mantle and upper mantle and erupts from a vent on the Earth's surface. There are several types of volcanoes that differ in shape and composition based on the type of boundary they are located at and the viscosity of the lava they emit. The largest volcanoes are called supervolcanoes and have the potential to cause catastrophic global consequences when they erupt due to the massive amounts of material they can eject.
A brief explanation of what a volcano is, its parts, and how it erupts.
Link to Powerpoint presentation with animations:
https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqlgXtwNT9zAgihsvLpaBRIUmINw?e=ThXPlx
A brief explanation of what a volcano is, its parts, and how it erupts.
Link to Powerpoint presentation with animations:
https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqlgXtwNT9zAgihsvLpaBRIUmINw?e=ThXPlx
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Volcanoes Presentation with material chiefly drawn from the Geological Society of the UK.
Presented to Reddam House Waterfall learners on 14 March 2022
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. What is a volcano? Where volcanoes take place? Where do they form? Creating a new volcano. Types of volcanoes. Cone-shape volcanoes. Shield volcanoes.
Story mode about volcanic eruption preparedness, Philippine setting
credits to Internet and book sources for information and data
Links are broken
(created for a group/school presentation)
Volcanoes and earthquakes education powerpointShubham Saha
This power point is intended to educate you about volcanoes and earthquakes as it is very easy to understand and very descriptive. This can help you in school projects, work purposes or even just for your knowledge. Enjoy....
Ground deformation: Taking the Pulse of Yellowstone’s “Breathing” Volcano: Pr...Shelley Olds
This interactive presentation is part of a jigsaw activity and includes notes with directions and explanations for students. See:
http://www.unavco.org/education/resources/educational-resources/lesson/gps-yellowstone/gps-yellowstone.html for complete activity
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Volcanoes Presentation with material chiefly drawn from the Geological Society of the UK.
Presented to Reddam House Waterfall learners on 14 March 2022
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. What is a volcano? Where volcanoes take place? Where do they form? Creating a new volcano. Types of volcanoes. Cone-shape volcanoes. Shield volcanoes.
Story mode about volcanic eruption preparedness, Philippine setting
credits to Internet and book sources for information and data
Links are broken
(created for a group/school presentation)
Volcanoes and earthquakes education powerpointShubham Saha
This power point is intended to educate you about volcanoes and earthquakes as it is very easy to understand and very descriptive. This can help you in school projects, work purposes or even just for your knowledge. Enjoy....
Ground deformation: Taking the Pulse of Yellowstone’s “Breathing” Volcano: Pr...Shelley Olds
This interactive presentation is part of a jigsaw activity and includes notes with directions and explanations for students. See:
http://www.unavco.org/education/resources/educational-resources/lesson/gps-yellowstone/gps-yellowstone.html for complete activity
Turfgrass science: new developments in an exciting field, carefully illustrat...asianturfgrass
My work with the Asian Turfgrass Center involves lots of travel, research, writing, and teaching. I usually travel to four countries each month, although this month is a treat, with only three: USA, Thailand, and Japan. As I do this work, the things that especially interest me are choosing the grass species that will be most suitable for the environment, ensuring that the grass is supplied with just enough fertilizer, but no excess, and in general to manage the turf to create a high quality surface while doing so with a minimum of water, fertilizer, pesticide, and energy inputs. I'll illustrate the importance of this through some examples from my work in Asia, and relate that to examples from Iceland, England, Spain, Oregon, and lots of other places. This won't be an especially technical presentation, although there will be a few facts and numbers shown. It will give an overview of turfgrass science as I see it from my traveling perspective.
The secret to preventing turfgrass nutrient deficienciesasianturfgrass
See the presentation handout here (http://seminar.asianturfgrass.com/2014_hgcsa.html) with links to files and websites mentioned in the presentation.
As a subtitle to this presentation, I used "why K fertilizer is almost always required but Ca is not, and the controlling role of N, among other examples to illustrate the point."
The quick reason why that subtitle is important to understand is this. Adding more nitrogen (N) makes the grass grow more, which naturally increases the demand of all other nutrients. That makes sense, because as the plant grows more, it produces more leaves and stems and roots -- it is a bigger plant. And when there is a bigger plant, in order to maintain nutrient levels in the plant, more of every nutrient will be required.
But why is potassium (K) almost always required as fertilizer, but calcium (Ca) is not? That is because grass in Hawaii, over the course of about a year, will use more K than is available in the soil. So if K is not added as fertilizer, the soil K will get so low that plant uptake of K may be too low. With Ca, that isn't the case. The amount of Ca in the soil is large, and the amount used by the grass is less, so even over a span of multiple years, the grass can obtain all the calcium it will use from the soil.
The presentation explains how this can be calculated.
Leaves of Grass: nutrient requirements for every turfgrassasianturfgrass
High quality turf must be supplied with enough of each essential nutrient. The nutrients the grass uses will either come from the soil or must be supplied as fertilizer. How can a turf manager be sure that all nutrients are supplied to the turf in adequate amounts? This presentation will explain how the maximum amount of each element used by the grass can be estimated, and how the minimum levels for sustainable nutrition (MLSN) guidelines can be used to ensure that the grass is always supplied with enough of each element.
All about Volcanoes (presented by Angel) .pptxSheluMayConde
All About Volcanoes
Volcanoes are remarkable geological structures formed by the eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases from the Earth's mantle. These natural phenomena can shape landscapes, create new landforms, and significantly impact both the environment and human societies. Understanding volcanoes involves exploring their types, formation processes, eruption mechanisms, and effects.
What is a Volcano?
A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which magma, gases, and ash are expelled. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava. Over time, repeated eruptions can build up a mountain or other landform around the volcanic vent.
Types of Volcanoes:
Shield Volcanoes:
Characteristics: Broad, gently sloping sides formed by the flow of low-viscosity basaltic lava that can travel long distances.
Examples: Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii.
Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):
Characteristics: Steep, conical volcanoes made up of alternating layers of lava, ash, and volcanic debris. They are known for their explosive eruptions.
Examples: Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount St. Helens in the USA, and Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes:
Characteristics: Small, steep-sided cones built from volcanic fragments such as ash, tephra, and volcanic rocks ejected during eruptions.
Examples: Parícutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in the USA.
Lava Domes:
Characteristics: Rounded, steep-sided mounds formed by the slow extrusion of viscous lava.
Examples: Mount St. Helens’ Lava Dome in the USA.
Volcanic Features:
Crater:
Description: A bowl-shaped depression at the summit of a volcano, typically formed by explosive eruptions.
Caldera:
Description: A large depression formed when a volcano's summit collapses or is blown away during a massive eruption.
Examples: Yellowstone Caldera in the USA.
Lava Flows:
Description: Streams of molten rock that pour from a volcanic vent and solidify as they cool.
Pyroclastic Flows:
Description: Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic material that can travel down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions.
Volcanic Ash:
Description: Fine particles of pulverized rock and glass created during volcanic eruptions that can travel long distances.
Formation of Volcanoes:
Subduction Zones:
Description: Volcanoes often form at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, leading to magma formation.
Examples: The Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.
Rift Zones:
Description: Volcanoes can also form at divergent plate boundaries where tectonic plates are pulling apart, allowing magma to rise.
Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East African Rift.
Hotspots:
Description: Volcanic activity that occurs away from plate boundaries, caused by plumes of hot material rising from deep within the mantle.
Examples: Hawaiian Islands and Yellowstone.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Volcano
1.
2.
3.
4. A volcano is a mountain that extends down
to a pool of magma between
the crust and mantle.
It's basically a hole in the Earth from
which magma can erupt.
The word volcano is derived from the name
of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian
Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes
from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman
mythology.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
5.
6. Volcanoes are
formed when
magma from
within the
Earth's upper
mantle works
its way to the
surface.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
8. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Magma can rise when pieces of Earth's crust called
tectonic plates slowly move away from each other.
Magma also rises when these tectonic plates move toward
each other.
A final way that magma rises is over hot spots. Hot spots
are exactly what they sound like--hot areas inside of Earth.
11. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines is an active stratovolcano in the Cabusilan
Mountains on the island of Luzon, near the tripoint of the Philippine
provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
12. Taal Volcano, Philippines – The second most active volcano in the Philippines
with 33 historical eruptions. All of these eruptions are concentrated on Volcano
Island, an island near the middle of Taal Lake. Taal Volcano and Lake presents
one of the most picturesque and attractive views in the Philippines
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
13. Mayon Volcano, Philippines - An active volcano in the province of Albay, on the
island of Luzon in the Philippines. Renowned as the "perfect cone" because of its
almost symmetric conical shape, the mountain and its surrounding landscape was
declared a national park on July 20, 1938, the first in the country.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
14. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Mauna Loa, Hawaii – One of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii and
the largest on Earth in terms of volume and area covered. The Hawaiian name
“Mauna Loa” means “Long Mountain”. Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are very
fluid; eruptions tend to be non-explosive and the volcano has relatively shallow
slopes
15. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Mount Nyiragongo, D.R of Congo – An active volcano located inside Virunga National
Park, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The main crater is about two km wide and
usually contains a lava lake. Nyiragongo’s lava lake has at times been the most voluminous
known lava lake in recent history. Nyiragongo and nearby Nyamuragira are together
responsible for 40% of Africa’s historical volcanic eruptions.
16. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Mount Vesuvius, Italy – Located just 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples, making it the most
densely populated volcanic region in the entire world. Mount Vesuvius has a history of
activity that makes it one of the world’s most dangerous volcanoes. It last erupted was in
1944, but the most memorable eruption was the massive eruption of 79 AD, when it buried
the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
17. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Mauna Kea, Hawaii - one of the five volcanoes that make up the Big Island of
Hawaii. The peak of Mauna Kea is 4,207 meters above sea level, but 10,203
meters above the base of the floor of the Pacific Ocean.
18. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Mount Ararat, Turkey - Its biggest claim to fame is that it's the biblical site
where Noah's Ark came to rest. But it's also a major volcano—at just under
17,000 feet, the tallest in Turkey. Mount Ararat has erupted once within the last
10,000 years, in 1840.
19. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Mount Fuji, Japan - Rises almost 20,000 feet from a flat plain. It's one of the most famous
volcanoes in the world, along with a few others, like Vesuvius in Italy. Fuji, however, has had
no eruptions on the scale of Vesuvius' in 79 CE, which buried the nearby towns of Pompeii
and Herculaneum, and killed about 16,000 people. Fuji has been dormant since 1707, and
no one died in that eruption.
22. Characteristics:
Composite volcanoes are made up of
alternating layers of lava and ash (other
volcanoes just consist of lava).
They are usually found at destructive or
compressional boundaries.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
(Composite Volcano)
24. Plumes of steam, gas, and ash often occurred at Mount St. Helens, a
stratovolcano, in the early 1980s. On clear days they could be seen from
Portland, Oregon, 50 mi (80 km) to the south. The plume photographed here
rose nearly 3,000 ft (910 m) above the volcano’s rim.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
26. Characteristics:
Shield volcanoes are usually found
at constructive or tensional
boundaries.
They are low, with gently sloping sides.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
30. Characteristics:
it erupts at least 1,000 km3 of material (a
large volcano erupts around 1 km3)
it forms a depression, called a caldera
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
32. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
An 'uplifted bulge' begins to form under the lower
crust as the magma chamber enlarges.
Thestagesinthecreationofasupervolcanocaldera:
33. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
Cracks appear on the surface. Gas and ash erupt
from the magma chamber through these cracks.
Thestagesinthecreationofasupervolcanocaldera:
34. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
The magma chamber collapses and a
depression is formed. This is called a caldera.
Thestagesinthecreationofasupervolcanocaldera:
35. Yellowstone is one example of a supervolcano. Three huge eruptions
have happened in the last 3 million years. the last eruption was 630,000
years ago, and was 1,000 times bigger than the Mount St Helens eruption
in 1980. The large volume of material from the last Yellowstone eruption
caused the ground to collapse, creating a depression called a caldera.
The caldera is 55 km by 80 km wide.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
36. Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
The supervolcano at Yellowstone is formed because of a volcanic hotspot.
Every year millions of visitors come to see the related features, such
as geysers and hot springs. Old Faithful is one example of a geyser.
38. • Magma is liquid rock inside a volcano.
• Lava is liquid rock (magma) that flows out of a
volcano. Fresh lava glows red hot to white hot as
it flows.
• Pyroclastic flow is a fluidized mixture of solid to
semi-solid fragments and hot, expanding gases
that flows down the sides of a volcano. This is the
most deadly of all volcanic phenomena.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
39. • Lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed
of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. It is
liquid when it's moving, but when it stops, it
solidifies.
• Pumice is a light, porous volcanic rock that forms
during explosive eruptions. It resembles a sponge
because it consists of a network of gas bubbles
frozen amidst fragile volcanic glass and minerals.
Reporter: Mylene S.Pilongo
We will be talking about the hottest and yet coolest thing on the face of the Earth.
Pool of magma – magma chamber
Magma – molten rocks
We learned that the surface of our planet is not one big piece – it is broken into what we call as tectonic plates which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These tectonic plates “float” on a hotter, softer layer in the Earth’s mantle. When that very hot and viscous layer comes up towards the surface, we call it “magma”.
Volcanoes on Earth are generally located in areas where the tectonic plates diverge (split) or converge (compress) with each other. Usually happened in the plate boundaries.
1. The magma rises up to fill in the space. When this happens underwater volcanoes can form.
2. When this happens, part of Earth's crust can be forced deep into its interior. The high heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and rise as magma.
3. areas where underlying mantle is extremely hot, much hotter than in other areas. These areas heat up magma. The magma becomes less dense. When it is less dense it rises.
The stages of volcano is classified into 3:
An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon.
A dormant volcano is one which has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future.
An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption.
The characteristics of a volcano differs base on its type
When most people think about a volcano, they just imagine a conical mountain with ash and/or lava going out from its mouth. But that’s just one type of volcano – the stratovolcano (or composite volcano).
Alternating layers (strata)
destructive or compressional boundaries – boundary of 2 plates which are moving toward each other
The eruptions from these volcanoes may be a pyroclastic flow rather than a lava flow. A pyroclastic flow is a mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust.
A pyroclastic flow can roll down the sides of a volcano at very high speeds and with temperatures of over 400°C.
constructive or tensional boundaries – areas between 2 crustal plates that are moving away from each other
They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava.
Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle.
Caldera – a cauldron / depression shaped tectonic feature usually formed from the collapsed of a magma chamber
a supervolcano often has a ridge of higher land around it
a supervolcano erupts less frequently - eruptions are hundreds of thousands of years apart
Pyroclastic flow These awesome features are heavier-than-air emulsions that move much like a snow avalanche, except that they are fiercely hot, contain toxic gases, and move at phenomenal, hurricane-force speeds.
Lahar is very dangerous because it's consistency and the way it acts is very much like cement.
Pumice - all types of magma (basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite) will form pumice.