This document provides an overview of immunity, including definitions, classifications, and mechanisms. It discusses innate immunity, which is present at birth, and acquired immunity, which develops after birth through active or passive transfer. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defenses like epithelial barriers, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and phagocytes. Acquired immunity can be active, developing from natural infection or vaccination, or passive, through maternal antibody transfer or administration of antiserum. The document also briefly mentions local immunity at infection sites and herd immunity within communities.
Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
The term immunity refers to the body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism.
The human body has the ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs. The capability is called immunity.
Antigens are the substances which induce specific immune reactions in the body.
Antigens include molecules such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein and some glycolipids.
The ability of a molecule to function as an antigen depends on its size, structural complexity, chemical nature, and degree of foreignness to the host.
Types of antigens
Antigens are of two types:
1. Autoantigens or self antigens present on the body’s own cells such as ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antigen in RBCs.
2. Foreign antigen s or non-self antigens that enter the body from outside.
Following are non-self antigens:
1. Receptors on the cell membrane of microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
2. Toxins from microbial organisms.
3. Materials from transplanted organs or incompatible blood cells.
4. Allergens or allergic substances like pollen grains.
Difference between innate and adaptive immunitykamilKhan63
Adaptive Immunity : it is the immune response against a specific antigen.
Innate Immunity : it is the immediate protective response of the immune system that does not require previous exposure to the antigen.
presentation includes definition of immunity, its various types, cells of immunity in our body and their working and the various diseases associated immunity deficiency
The term immunity refers to the body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism.
The human body has the ability to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs. The capability is called immunity.
Antigens are the substances which induce specific immune reactions in the body.
Antigens include molecules such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein and some glycolipids.
The ability of a molecule to function as an antigen depends on its size, structural complexity, chemical nature, and degree of foreignness to the host.
Types of antigens
Antigens are of two types:
1. Autoantigens or self antigens present on the body’s own cells such as ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antigen in RBCs.
2. Foreign antigen s or non-self antigens that enter the body from outside.
Following are non-self antigens:
1. Receptors on the cell membrane of microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
2. Toxins from microbial organisms.
3. Materials from transplanted organs or incompatible blood cells.
4. Allergens or allergic substances like pollen grains.
Difference between innate and adaptive immunitykamilKhan63
Adaptive Immunity : it is the immune response against a specific antigen.
Innate Immunity : it is the immediate protective response of the immune system that does not require previous exposure to the antigen.
presentation includes definition of immunity, its various types, cells of immunity in our body and their working and the various diseases associated immunity deficiency
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
4. CONTENT
Definition.
Classification of immunity.
Innate immunity.
Types of Innate immunity.
Host factor in innate immunity.
Mechanism of innate immunity.
Acquired immunity.
Types of acquired immunity.
Local immunity.
Herd immunity
5. What is immunity?
Resistance shown by host to microorganisms. It
also includes resistance to toxic molecules or
foreign cells.
The immune system produces antibodies or
cells that can deactivate pathogens.
Fungi, protozoan's, bacteria, and viruses are all
potential pathogens.
7. Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity
It is also called native immunity.
Present naturally since birth.
It is non specific in nature.
This type of immunity persist for life.
Types:
Species immunity
Racial immunity
Individual immunity
8. Species immunity:
• Species show variation in their resistance.
• Man is resistance to many plant pathogens.
• Birds are resistance to tetanus.
(Reason: Physiological & Biochemical difference
between tissues of different species- determine whether
pathogen will multiply or not. )
Racial Immunity:
Within in species different races show different
resistance….
• Algerian Sheep – resistance to anthrax, other races –
suspected.
• Tuberculosis is more common in Negros than
American's.
9. Individuals Immunity:
Different individuals have different
susceptibility or resistance.
Ex. In a group of person exposed to a
pathogens- some person will develop the
disease- severe/moderate/mild type
where as some will have asymptomatic
infection.
10. Host factor in innate immunity
Age: High susceptibility at extremes age.
• Foetus /neonate – immature immune system
• Old person - decrease of immune response.
Hormonal influence
• Diabetes mellitus (elevated level of carbohydrate in tissue)
• Hypothyroidism
• Adrenal dysfunction(increased corticosteroid secretion)
Malnutrition.
12. A. Epithelial Surfaces
1. Skin & mucous membrane - protect against
invasion by microbes.
Healthy skin –
- high salt conc. in sweat
- sebaceous secretions
- long chain fatty acids & soaps
-
13. A. Epithelial Surfaces
Respiratory tract - nose architecture
- cough reflex
- mucosal secretions
- phagocytes in alveoli
14. A. Epithelial Surfaces
2. Saliva - inhibits many micro-organisms.
3. Gastric acidity –
destroys many microbes.
4. Intestinal mucosa - mucus , peristalsis
15. A. Epithelial Surfaces
5. Conjunctiva - flushing action of lachrymal
secretions (tears - contains lysozymes)
Lysozymes:
◦ antibacterial substance
◦ present in tissue fluid & all secretions
◦ except CSF, urine & sweat
◦ also present in phagocytes
6. Flushing action of urine
7. Acidic pH of adult vagina
8. Spermine & zinc in semen is antibacterial
16. B. Antibacterial substances in
blood & tissues
1.Complement system
2.Basic polypeptides – like leukins derived from
leucocytes & platelets
3.Lactic acid in muscle
4.Lactoperoxidase in milk.
5.Interferons - antiviral
17. C. Microbial antagonism
1.resident flora on skin & mucosa prevent
colonisation by pathogens.
2.altered flora following oral antibiotics may lead
to enterocolitis.
19. 1. Phagocytic Cells
Phagocytic cells : 2 types - polymorphonuclear
leucocytes - mononuclear phagocytes:
in blood & tissues
Monocytes macrophages
Imp. link between innate & acquired immunity
Chemotaxis - phagocytes are attracted to the site
of infection by chemotactic factors.
20. Phagocytosis
Involve –
◦ recognition & binding
◦ ingestion and
◦ Digestion
◦
Requires opsonins - molecules on the surface of
certain bacteria which bind to the receptor on
phagocytes - Opsonization.
22. 2. Natural killer cells
Class of lymphocytes important in non-specific
defense against viral infections & tumor cells.
Activated by interferons & selectively kills viral
infected cells & tumor cells.
23. 3.Eosinophils
Number increases during parasitic infections &
allergic conditions.
Not efficient phagocytes but their granules
contain molecules that are toxic to parasites.
24. E. Temperature
1.Many micro- organisms are temperature
dependent e.g. tubercle bacilli, pathogenic to
mammals, do not infect cold-blooded animals.
2.destroys infecting pathogen
e.g. fever induction used to destroy T. pallidum
before Pn became available for treatment.
25. F. Inflammation
1.Non specific defense mechanism.
2.Follows tissue injury or irritation caused by the
entry of pathogens or other irritants
3.Events that occur are
– Vasodilatation
- Increased vascular permeability &
- Cellular infiltration
4.Changes are brought about by chemical
mediators like histamine, PGs, LTs.
5.Signs : redness, heat, swelling & pain.
26. G. Acute phase proteins
1.Present in normal serum at very low levels but
their concentration rises dramatically during an
infection e.g. C-reactive protein (CRP)
2.Enhance host resistance, prevent tissue injury &
promote repair of inflammatory lesions.
28. Active immunity
Induced in an individual after effective contact with an
antigen.
Follow either natural infection or vaccination.
Actively participates in producing antibody .
Often cell- mediated immunity also.
Develop slowly over a period of days or weeks of
time, usually for year.
30. Antibody response to pathogens/ vaccines:
Primary antibody response – on first contact with pathogen /
vaccine
Secondary antibody response- on further contact with pathogens/
vaccine.
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO PATHOGEN / VACCINES
10 20 35 40 50 60 (DAYS)
ANTIBODYLEVEL
31. Primary response:
Lag phase :
After entry of pathogen or vaccine, some time (5-6 days) are
required for sensitization of immune apparatus.
Log Phase:
Antibody appears in blood and increases in titer (level).
Plateau:
Antibody formation and catabolism is almost equal.
Phase of decline:
Catabolism exceeds the antibody formation, hence there is
decrease in Ab level.
32. Secondary Responses:
Memory cells, which are produced in primary responses,
react to further contacts with pathogen/ vaccines quickly and
produce the antibodies in very short time. There is no lag
phase, and antibodies levels rises quickly.
Types of antibodies produced:
Initially IgM type of antibodies are produced followed by IgG
type. IgM antibodies persist for shorter period, while IgG
antibodiues persist for longer period.
33. Natural active immunity
Acquired by natural infection by the microorganism by sub
clinical infection.
Play important role in preventing epidemic.
Eg. Smallpox
34. Artificial active immunity
Resistance produced by vaccination.
Vaccination: A vaccination is an injection of a weakened form of the actual antigen
that causes the disease. The injection is too weak to make you sick, but your B
lymphocytes will recognize the antigen and react as if it were the "real thing". Thus,
you produce MEMORY cells for long term immunity.
Bacterial vaccines
Live: BCG, anthrax, plague & brucella.
Killed: TAB for enteric fiver
Viral vaccines:
Live: small pox, measles, influenza, mumps, sabian
Killed: salk
35. Passive immunity
Resistance is induced by transfer of preformed
antibodies against infective agent or toxin in another host.
Immune system play no active role and the protective
mechanism comes into force immediately after transfer of
antibodies (immune serum).
Types:
Natural passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity
36. Natural passive immunity
A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during
pregnancy - through transplacentally.
Mother milk (colostrums) contain maternal antibodies
will protect the baby for a short period of time
following birth while its immune systems develops.
37. Artificial passive immunity
Resistance passively transferred to a recipient by the
administration of antibodies.
Antisera produce in animals-
Horses/ Sheep are given increasing doses of pathogen/ toxins,
until high level of circulating antibodies are produced.
Animals are bled and serum is separated- called as hyper immune
serum.
Examples- Antisera against tetanus, diphtheria, gas gangrene.
These antisera contain foreign protein and can give rise to
anaphylactic shock, cause death of patient. Hence skin sensitivity
test is necessary before administration of these antisera.
38. Antisera of human origin-
Obtained from convalescent patients who have high antibody
levels for particular pathogen.
Or surgical injections of pathogens are given to human
volunteers. When sufficient antibody levels are achieved ,
blood is obtained and sera separated.
These sera must be tested for antibodies to Hepatitis B
surface antigen, Hepatitis C antigen, HIV infections.
No danger of hypersensitivity reaction with human antisera.
But they are expensive.
39.
40. Local immunity
Proposed by BESREDKA 1919-1924.
Many pathogen have fixed route of entry and multiplication
in particular tissues. Hence vaccines effective at site of entry
& multiplication will be more useful.
Ex. Oral polio vaccine is preferred over salk polio IM vaccine,
influenza vaccine administered intra nasally.
41. Herd immunity
It is the over all immune status of a community and is
important in the control of epidemic outbreaks.
When herd immunity is low, the outbreak of an infectious
disease may be rapid and more severe in nature. It the herd
immunity is high the spread disease is less rapid and is of
mild form.
Developing a high level of herd immunity by means of
active immunization will help in the eradication of
communicable disease in the community.