immunological autoimmune disease description

1. AUTOIMMUNITY
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
PRASHANT SHARMA Dr. MONIKA ASTHANA
BIOTECHNOLOGY INCHARGE
DEPARMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION
IMMUNITY is the defence system of body which give
protection against infectious disease mediated by virus,
bacteria, and foreign pathogen.

3. DISORDER IN IMMUNE SYSTEM
Complications arise when the immune system does not
function properly.
1. Immune Deficiencies.
2. Hypersensitivity.
3. Autoimmunity.

4. BASIC IDEA OF AUTOIMMUNITY

5. History of Autoimmunity
• Ehrich (1901) obsereved that goats produce
antibodies against erythrocytes from other goats
but not against their own, and postulated the concept
of “horror autotoxicus”.
• Anderson and MacKay gave the concept of
immunological self-versus non-self was first
proposed in the 1940.

6. Autoimmune disease symptoms
• The early symptoms of many autoimmune diseases are very similar, such
as:
• Fatigue
• achy muscles
• swelling and redness
• low-grade fever
• trouble concentrating
• numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
• hair loss
• skin rashes

7. Mechanism of autoimmunity
• Antigenic alterations
'neoantigens’ may elicit an immune response.
• Sequestered antigens
Certain self-antigens are present in closed systems and are not
accessible to the immune apparatus.

8. CONT..
• Cross-reacting foreign antigens
The fortuitous similarity between some foreign and self-antigens is the
basis of the cross-reacting antigen theory of autoimmunity.
• Molecular mimicry
Due to the presence in some infecting microorganisms and self-
antigens, of epitopes with identical peptide sequences.

9. CONT..
• Polyclonal B cell activation
while an antigen generally activates only its corresponding B cell,
certain stimuli non-specifically turn on multiple B cell clones.
• Forbidden clones
Breakdown of immunological homeostasis may lead to cessation of
tolerance and the emergence of forbidden clones of
immunocompetent cells capable of mounting immune response against
selfantigens.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

11. ORGAN SPESIFIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
• HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS:
Antibodies are formed number of thyroid
Protein, thyroglobulin and thyroid
Peroxidase.

12. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
• Autoantibodies against
Acetyl choline receptors
(ACR)on motor end plate
of muscles.
• Mouth reduction
problem.
• Autoantibodies + ACHR
↓
Blocking of ACH with ACHR.

13. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
• On knee and hip joints.
Arthritis factor(IgM) autoantibodies
+
IgG
+
Complex(IgM+IgG complex)
(Depositid in joint)
↓
Hypersensitivity
↓
Inflammation in joint

14. PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
Intrinsic factor+Autoantibodies
(Responsible for vitamin B12 absorption)
+
Binding with autoantibodies
↓
Blocking of uptake of vitamin B12
↓
Rb Hematopoisis
(formation of blood cells)
↓
Anemia

15. Women More Susceptible Than Men.

16. Why Are Women More Susceptible Than Men to
Autoimmunity?
• The reasons for the ‘gender bias’ in autoimmune disease are still not
well understood but can be grouped broadly into three
categories; Immune Response, Hormones and Genetics.
• Women carry two X Chromosomes, while men only carry one. X
Chromosomes carry a number of genes which relate to immunity.

17. Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
• T-Cell Vaccination Is a Possible Therapy
• Peptide Blockade of MHC Molecules Can Modulate Autoimmune
Responses
• Monoclonal Antibodies May Be Used to Treat Autoimmunity
• Oral Antigens Can Induce Tolerance