This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate or natural immunity which individuals are born with and includes species, racial, and individual immunity. Innate immunity acts as the first line of defense and is provided by the skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells. Acquired or adaptive immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes both active and passive immunity. Acquired immunity has humoral components involving antibodies and cellular components involving T cells. Herd immunity is also discussed, where a community's immunity protects even unvaccinated individuals when a high percentage of the population is immune.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT IMMUNITY AND THE IMPORTANT PART MAJOR COMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. IMMUNITY
• Immunity is derived from Latin word “immunis” which means free
from burden. In this case burden refers to disease caused by
microorganisms or their toxic products.
• Immunity is defined as the state of resistance or in susceptibility to
disease caused by particular microorganisms or their toxic products.
• In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular
organisms having adequate biological defenses to
fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while
having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune
diseases.
4. Types of
immunity
Natural or Innate
Immunity
Acquired or Adaptive or Specific
Immunity
Specie
s
immun
ity
Racial
immuni
ty
Individu
al
immunit
y
Active
Acquired
immunity
Passive
Acquired
immunity
Natural ArtificialNatural Artifici
al
5. NATURAL OR INNATE IMMUNITY
• Immunity with which an individual is born is called
innate or natural immunity.
• Innate immunity is inherited by the organism from the
parents and protects it from birth throughout life.
• Innate immunity is provided by various components
such as Skin, mucus membrane, Phagocytic cells etc.
• Innate immunity acts as first line of defense to
particular microorganisms.
6. TYPES OF INNATE IMMUNITY
1. Species immunity:
If one species is resistant to certain infection and the
other species is susceptible to the same infection then
it is called as species immunity.
Anatomic, physiological and metabolic differences
between species determine species immunity. For
example, Birds are resistant to anthrax but Human are
susceptible. It is simply because higher body
temperature of birds kills Bacillus anthracis.
Anatomic differences between species also determine
species immunity. For example, Human are more
susceptible to skin infection whereas Cattles are more
7. 2. Racial immunity:
If one race is susceptible while other race is resistant
to same infection, then it is called Racial immunity.
For examples; certain African race are more resistant
to malaria and yellow fever but Asian or Americans are
susceptible to same infection.
Racial immunity is determined by difference in Socio-
economic status, habitat, culture feeding habits,
environments, genetic, etc.
8. 3. Individual immunity:
If one individual of certain race or cast is resistant
while other individuals of same race or cast are
susceptible to certain infection, then it is called as
individual immunity.
Individual immunity is determined by various factors
such as health status, nutritional status, previous
illness, personal hygiene, genetic differences etc.
For examples; Individual with genetic deficiency of
glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase are resistant to
Malaria.
9. MECHANISM OF INNATE IMMUNITY
1. Anatomical barrier
2. Physicochemical barrier
3. Phagocytic barrier or Phagocytosis
4. Inflammatory barrier or Inflammation
10. ANATOMICAL BARRIER
1. Skin:
Skin consists of two distinct layer; a thin outer layer
called epidermis and thick inner layer called dermis.
Epidermis consists of mostly dead cell filled with
keratin. Dermis is composed of connective tissue, hair
follicle, sebaceous gland and sweat gland.
Skin provides first line of defense by preventing entry
of microorganisms. However skin may be penetrated
by injury or insects.
11.
12. 2. Mucous membrane:
• Mucus secreted by mucous membrane traps the
microorganisms and immobilises them.
• Microorganisms and dust particles can enter the
respiratory tract with air during breathing which are
trapped in the mucus.
• The cilia sweep the mucus loaded with
microorganisms and dust particles into the pharynx
(throat).
• From the pharynx it is thrown out or swallowed for
elimination with the faeces.
13.
14.
15. PHYSIOCHEMICAL BARRIER
1. Acid of the stomach kills most ingested
microorganisms
2. Bile does not allow growth of microorganisms
3. Cerumen (ear wax) traps dust particles, kills bacteria
and repels insects
4. Lysozyme is present in tissue fluids and in almost
all secretions e.g. sweat, urine, tears, saliva etc.
5. Nasal Hair. They filter out microbes and dust in
nose
6. Urine. It washes microbes from urethra
16.
17. PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Phagocytosis is an important defense mechanism of
host to provide immunity. Most of the bacteria that
enter into host are killed by phagocytic cells such as
Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.
• Phagocytosis is an example of endocytosis.
• There are two types of endocytosis; phagocytosis and
pinocytosis.
18.
19. INFLAMMATION
• Inflammation is an important defense mechanism of
host to prevent infection. It is induced in response to
tissue damage caused by microorganism, toxins or by
mechanical means.
• The inflammation may be acute; for eg. in response
to tissue damage or chronic; for eg. Arthritis, cancer
etc.
• Main aim of inflammation is to prevent spread of
injected microorganism or toxin from site of injection
and kill them on spot by phagocytosis.
21. STEPS OF INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
1. Tissue damage caused by toxin, microorganism or
mechanical injury release histamine
2. Vasodilation: Histamine causes blood vessels
vasodilation.
3. Increased permeability: Histamine increases the
permeability of blood capillaries so that fluid
accumulates & causes edema.
4. Extravasation: Neutrophil migrates to the site of
tissue damage by the process of chemotaxis and
passes through capillaries wall and enter into tissue
space by the process called extravasation.
22. 5. Phagocytosis: Neutrophil kills the microorganism or
toxins by phagocytosis and release molecular
mediators that contributes to inflammatory
response. At the same time activates effectors cells.
6. Inflammatory response: As inflammatory response
develops, various cytokines and other inflammatory
mediators act on endothelium of local blood vessels,
including increased expression of cell adhesion
molecules (CAMs). The epithelium is then said to be
inflamed. Neutrophils are the first cell types to bind
to inflamed endothelium and extravasate into tissue.
23.
24. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• Immunity which is developed later in life after
microbial infection in host is called as Acquired or
developed immunity. For example, If an individual is
infected with chicken pox virus, he/she become
resistant to same virus in later life.
• Acquired immunity is provided by Antibodies and
certain T-lymphocytes.
• Components of acquired immunity such as Antibodies
and T- cells are specific to particular microorganism.
Therefore acquired immunity is also known as
Specific immunity.
25. TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
1. Active immunity:
• If host itself produces antibodies, it is called active
immunity.
a) Artificial active immunity: Immunity provided by
vaccination.
b) Natural active immunity: Immunity provided by natural
infection.
2. Passive immunity:
• If host does not produce antibodies itself but antibodies
produced in other host provides immunity, than it is known
as Passive immunity.
26.
27. CHARACTERISTICS OF
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
1. Specificity: It is the ability to differentiate between
antigens.
2. Diversity: It can recognise a vast variety of antigens.
3. Discrimination between Self and Non-self: It can
recognise and respond to foreign molecules (non-
self) and can avoid response to those molecules that
are present within the body (self) of the animal.
4. Memory: When the immune system encounters a
specific foreign agent, (e.g., a microbe) for the first
time, it generates immune response, eliminates the
invader and retains the memory for second
28. COMPONENTS OF ACQUIRED
IMMUNITY
Acquired immunity has two components:
1. Humeral immunity or Antibody mediated immune
system (AMIS)
2. Cellular immunity or cell mediated immune system
(CMIS)
29. HUMERAL IMMUNITY OR
ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNE
SYSTEM (AMIS)
• The word ‘humor’ mean fluid.
• It consists of antibodies that circulate in the body fluids like
blood plasma and lymph.
• В lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies that regulate
humoral immunity.
• Humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immune system
(AMIS) provides defence against most extracellular bacterial
pathogens and viruses that infect through the respiratory and
intestinal tract.
Role of AMIS:
• The AMIS protects the body from viruses, some bacteria and
30. CELLULAR IMMUNITY OR CELL
MEDIATED IMMUNE SYSTEM
(CMIS)
• Lymphocytes are of two types: T lymphocytes and В
lymphocytes.
• Because T lymphocytes (T cells) mature in the thymus,
this immunity is also called T- cell immunity.
• The T-cells play two important functions—effector
and regulatory.
• The effector function includes cytolysis (destruction
of cells by immune processes) of cells infected with
microbes and tumour cells and lymphokine
production. The regulatory functions are either to
31. •Herd immunity also known as community immunity.
•Herd immunity occurs when a high percentage of the
community is immune to a disease (through vaccination
or other methods), making the spread of this disease
from person to person unlikely.
•Even individuals not vaccinated are offered some
protection because the disease has little opportunity to
spread within the community.
•Vaccines prevent many dangerous and deadly diseases.
•In India polio have been stamped out because of
HERD IMMUNITY
32.
33. 1. Protection of those without immunity.
2. Evolutionary pressure.
3. Serotype replacement.
4. Eradication of diseases.
EFFECTS OF HERD IMMUNITY
34. •Individuals who are immune to a disease act as a
barrier in the spread of disease.
•There are certain groups of people who cannot get
vaccinated and are vulnerable to disease:- babies,
pregnant women and immunocompromised people,
such as those receiving chemotherapy or organ
transplants.
•If enough people are vaccinated against dangerous
diseases, those who are susceptible and cannot get
vaccinated are protected because the germ will not be
able to “find” those susceptible individuals.
MECHANISM OF HERD IMMUNITY
35. 1) Innate herd immunity:
It is genetically determined physiological changes
with respect to antibody production or other
defence mechanism in a herd.
It does not depend on the previous exposure of herd
with infection or it may arise in a herd through
prolonged exposure to an infection or natural
selection.
2) Acquired herd immunity:
It is a type of herd immunity where a sufficient
number of its members have actually been exposed
naturally or artificially to infectious agents during
TYPES OF HERD IMMUNITY
36. REFERENCES
1. Kuby, J., Goldsby, R. A, Kindt T. J., Osborne B. A. (2013). Immunology 7th
edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
2. Lyolyard, P. M., Whelan, A., Fanger. M. (2011) Instant Notes in Immunology.
3rd edition. Garland Science Taylor and Francis Group, Newyork
3. A. K. Abbas, A. H. H.Lichtman, S. Pillai. (2017).Molecular and Cellular
Immunity. 9th edition. Elsevier
4. C. A. Janeway, P. Travers, M. Walport, M. J. Shlomchick. (2005). Immunology –
the immune system in health and Diseases. 6th edition. Garland Science
Taylor and Francis Group, Newyork
5. K. Murphy, P. Travers, M. Walport. (2008). Janeway’s Immunology. 7th edition.
Garland Science Taylor and Francis Group, Newyork
6. J. M.Cruse, R. E. Lewis. (2009). Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology. 3rd
edition. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, New York.
7. Google
4-Feb-21 NIDHI SAXENA, DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 36