The document defines and compares innate, acquired, active, and passive immunity. It describes the mechanisms of innate immunity like epithelial surfaces and cellular factors. It also explains the types of acquired immunity including natural and artificial active immunity induced by infection or vaccination, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity from maternal antibody transfer or administration of antibodies.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Type I, II and III hypersensitivity reactions are known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions because they occur within 24 hours of exposure to the antigen or allergen.
Immediate or Type I hypersensitivity is a rapid immunological reaction occurring in a previously sensitized individual that is triggered by the binding of an antigen to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells.
presentation includes definition of immunity, its various types, cells of immunity in our body and their working and the various diseases associated immunity deficiency
Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Type I, II and III hypersensitivity reactions are known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions because they occur within 24 hours of exposure to the antigen or allergen.
Immediate or Type I hypersensitivity is a rapid immunological reaction occurring in a previously sensitized individual that is triggered by the binding of an antigen to IgE antibody on the surface of mast cells.
presentation includes definition of immunity, its various types, cells of immunity in our body and their working and the various diseases associated immunity deficiency
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This slide share to study about the immunization, immunoglobulins or antibodies and vaccines for Undergraduate and postgraduate students in biological sciences
all about Immunity & infection in human body
cells, tissues, and molecules
study of structure and function of the immune system
infection: the state produced by the establishment of an infective agent in or on a suitable host , host may or may not have signs or symptoms
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This topic describes about antigen-antibody reaction in detail including their classification, mechanism of action, various examples of each reaction with labelled diagrams.
The topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Trichinella is a neamtode, The disease is called as Trichinellosis/Trichinosis. This topic will be explaining about Morphology of Trichinella, mode of transmission, life cycle ,clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
Hospital Acquired Infections/Health care associated infections/Nosocomial infection .
More useful for MBBS ,PG (MD/MS) Students to get a brief idea about HAI.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Immunity
1. DR ARUNA RANI BEHERA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
2. DEFINITION OF IMMUNITY
Resistance exhibited by the host towards injury
caused by microorganisms and their products .
Imp. for prevention of infectious diseases.
3.
4. INNATE IMMUNITY
Resistance which individual possess from birth by
virtue of genetic & constitutional makeup
Not depend on prior contact with foreign antigen
Types
1.Nonspecific- resistance to infections in general
Specific- resistance to specific pathogen
2.Species immunity
Racial immunity
Individual immunity
5. Type of
innate
immunity
Explanation Examples
Species
immunity
Innate immunity towards
a microbe exhibited by all
members of a given
species
frogs are resistant to
Bacillus anthracis;
while toads are
susceptible.
Racial
immunity
innate immunity
confined to a particular
race; may be absent in
other communities
Negroes of America are
more susceptible to
tuberculosis than the
whites.
Individual
immunity
Antimicrobial defense
mechanisms that are
confined to a particular
individual; may not be
exhibited by others.
One exception is
identical twins who
exhibit similar degrees
of susceptibility to
infections
6. SPECIES IMMUNITY
Resistance to infections by
all members of a particular
species.
Eg; B.anthracis infect
human beings but not
chickens
Physiological & biological
differences between tissues
of different host species is
responsible.
7. RACIAL IMMUNITY
With in a species , different
races may show difference in
susceptibility or resistance to
infection
Algerian sheep
- resistant to anthrax
- Genetic origin
American negroes are more
susceptible to TB than white
race.
8. African people are resistant to p.falciparum –
Due to sickle cell anemia (heridatary abnormality of red cells )(sickling)
9. INDIVIDUAL IMMUNITY
Varies with different individual of same race & species.
Homozygous twins exhibit similar degree of resistance or
susceptibility to LL,TB but not in Heterozygous twins.
11. Age
The 2 extremes of life( fetus
& old age)-higher
susceptibility to various
infections.
In fetus-immune system is
immature
Old persons-gradual waning
of immune response
The foetus in utero
- normally Protected from
maternal infections by
placental barrier.
12. Some pathogens cross this barrier causing Infections
resulting in foetal death.
such as Toxoplasma gondii
Others-
Rubella,
Cytomegalovirus ,
Herpes.
( TORCH )
Due to immaturity of immune system
13. Hormonal influence
Endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus,
hypothyroidism, adrenal dysfunction are associated
with enhanced susceptibility to infection.
Staphylococcal sepsis is more common in diabetes
Corticosteroids depress host resistance by anti-
inflammatory , antiphagocytic effects & by inhibiting
antibody formation.
Pregnancy ,stress ---elevated steroids—higher
susceptibility to infections.
14. Nutrition
Malnutrition predisposes to
bacterial infections.
Both humoral & cellular
immunity reduced.
Malnutrition commonest
cause of immunodificiency.
16. Epithelial surfaces
Skin possesses bactericidal activity
High concentration of salt in drying sweat, sebaceous secretions and
long chain fatty acids
Skin may be freed of transient flora but not resident flora
The skin and mucous surfaces have resident flora which prevents
colonisation of pathogen
Alteration of normal flora –invasion of microbes-serious diseases
staphylococcal or clostridial enterocolitis following oral antibiotics.
17. Mucosa of respiratory tract - nose prevents entry
of microorganisms, inhaled particles arrested at
nasal orifices.
Mucus secretions act as trapping mechanism &
hair like cilia propels the particles towards
pharynx –swallowed or coughed .
Cough reflex— defense mechanism of the
respiratory tract.
Phagocytic particles –particles which reach the
Pulmonary alveoli are ingested by phagocytic cells
18. Intestinal tract
Mouth is constantly bathed in saliva which has
inhibitory effect on microorganisms
Acidity of stomach destroys microorganisms
Normal intestinal flora prevent colonisation of
pathogenic bacteria
19. Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva is freed of foreign particles by the
flushing action of lacrymal secretions.
The eyes become susceptible to infection when
lachrymal secretions are absent.
Tears contain the antibacterial substance lysozyme
Lysozyme
- present in tissue fluids
-absent CSF, sweat , urine.
20. Genitourinary tract
Urine - eliminates bacteria from the urethra by its
flushing action
Semen – spermine & zinc present in semen have
antibacterial activity.
Vagina – acidic pH of vagina due to fermentation
of glycogen in the epithelial cells by lactobacilli
makes it inhospitable to many pathogens.
22. Antibacterial substances
Complement system,properdin , lysozyme
Complement system plays an Important role in
destruction of pathogenic bacteria (that invade blood
and tissues)
Betalysin, Leukins from leucocytes , plakins from
platelets
Interferons-Stimulated by live or killed Viruses.
-Gives protection from viral infections.
23. Cellular factors
Natural defense against the invasion of blood and
tissues by microorganisms and other foreign particles
is mediated by phagocytic cells.
Phagocytic cells
Microphages -- polymorphonuclear
leucocytes(neutrophils)
Macrophages- mononuclear phagocytic cells
histiocytes(tissues), reticuloendothelial cells,
monocytes in blood.
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
24. Inflammation
Non specific defense mechanism.
Tissue injury or irritation initiated by the entry of
pathogens or other irritants leads to inflammation.
Inflammation-l/t
Vasodilation-the arterioles at the site constrict
initially and then dilate leading to increased blood
flow.
Increased vascular permeability-Out pouring of
plasma- helps in diluting toxic products
Cellular infiltration
25. Fever
Rise in temperature following
infection is a natural defense
mechanism.
It destroys the infecting pathogens
Therapeutic induction of fever
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM in tissues
of syphilitic patients before penicillin
became available.
Fever stimulates the production of
interferon.
26. ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS
Infection and injury leads to a sudden increase in
plasma concentration of certain proteins APP.
C reactive protein,
Mannose binding protein(MBP)
Alpha - 1- acid glycoprotein,
Serum amyloid p component.
CRP - activate alternate pathway of complement.
Enhance host resistance, prevent tissue injury and
promote repair of inflammatory lesions
27. Acquired immunity
The resistance that an individual acquires
during life is known as acquired immunity.
2 types.
-Active
-passive.
28. Active immunity Passive immunity
1. Produced actively by host’s
immune system.
2. Induced by infection or by
immunogen
3. Long lasting & effective
protection.
4. Immunity effective only after
lag period.
5. Immunological memory
present.
Booster effect on subsequent
dose.
6. Negative phase may occur.
7. Not applicable in the
immunodeficient
1. Received passively by host,No
active host participation.
2. Ready made antibody
transferred
3. Short lived protection
4. Immediate immunity
5. No Immunological memory
No Booster effect on
subsequent dose.
6. No Negative phase
7. Applicable in the
immunodeficient
29. Active immunity Passive immunity
Produced actively by host
immune system
Immunoglobulins received passively
Induced by
Infection (natural)
Vaccination (artificial)
Acquired by-
Mother to fetus IgG transfer
(natural)
Readymade antibody transfer
(artificial)
Long lasting Lasts for short time
Lag period present No Lag period
Memory present No Memory
Booster doses-useful Subsequent doses-Less effective
Negative phase may occur No Negative phase
In immunodeficiency
individuals not useful
Useful in immunodeficient
individuals
30.
31. Natural active
immunity
Artificial active
immunity
Natural active
immunity results from
either a clinical or an
inapparent infection by
a microbe.
A person who has
recovered from an
attack of Measles
develops natural active
immunity.
poliomylitis, chicken
pox
Artificial active immunity
is the resistance Induced
by vaccines
vaccines are preparations
of live or killed
microorganisms or their
products
Used for immunisation.
32. VACCINES
LIVE VACCINES
BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis (OPV)
MMR vaccine
Killed vaccine (cholera vaccine)
Ty 21a for typhoid
KILLED VACCINES
TAB vaccine for enteric fever
salk vaccine for poliomyelitis(IPV)
Killed cholera vaccine
neural & nonneural vaccine for rabies
Subunit (hepatitis B vaccine)
BACTERIAL PRODUCTS
Tetanus toxoid
33. Natural passive immunity
Natural passive immunity is the resistance passively
transferred from mother to baby
In human infants maternal antibodies are transimitted
predominantly through the placenta.
Human colostrum is rich in IgA antibodies.
Gives potection to neonate.
Most paediatric infections common after the age of
3 months
34. Artificial passive immunity
Resistance passively transferred to a recipient by the
administration of antibodies.
The agents used for this purpose are hyperimmune sera
of animal or human origin,
Convalescent sera and pooled human gammaglobulin.
These are used for prophylaxis, and therapy.
35. MISCELLANEOUS
A.COMBINED IMMUNISATION
active & passive immunisation
B.ADOPTIVE IMMUNITY
injection of immunologically competent lymphocytes
C.LOCAL IMMUNITY
immunity at the site of entry
D. HERD IMMUNITY
36. Herd immunity
Herd immunity is defined as the overall immunity of a
community (or herd) towards a pathogen.
Elements that contribute to create a strong herd immunity
are-
o Occurrence of clinical and subclinical cases in the herd
o On-going immunization programme
o Herd structure i.e. type of population involved
o Type of pathogen-Herd immunity may not be strong in a
community against all the pathogens.
37. Herd immunity develops following effective vaccination
against some diseases like:
o Diphtheria and Pertussis vaccine
o Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine
o Polio (Oral polio vaccine)
o Smallpox vaccine