Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
Cytokine Receptors, Mohammad Mufarreh AliMMufarreh
A detailed description of the nature, types, and mechanisms of action of cytokine receptors.
Describes the different functions of cytokines and their role in the regulation of the immune response.
Cytokine receptor signalling and their regulation and the role of cytokines in disease is also covered briefly.
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated.
Identify the organs of primary and secondary immune system- lymphoid organs, Know the functions of lymphoid organs, Understand the importance of lymphoid organs and Lymphatic circulatory system
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Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
B pharma
D pharma
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics I
Immunity and Immunological Products
types of immunity
Immunology
Toxins antibody exotoxins endotoxins
Vaccine
toxoids
sera
B.C.G. vaccine.
cholera. pertussis, plague and typhoid vaccine.
typhus vaccine.
measles, small-pox. poliomyelitis and yellow fever.
diphtheria, tetanus and staphylococcus.
Diagnostic preparations containing bacterial toxins used for Schick test and tuberculin test.
Preparations containing antibodies (antiserum, and antitoxins)used to produce passive immunity
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Definition
Types of immunity
Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Local immunity
Herd immunity
3. State or quality of being immune.
Resistance exhibited by the host against any foreign
antigen and towards injury caused by microorganisms
and their products.
4. 2 types
Innate or Native
Immunity
Acquired or
Adaptive
Immunity
6. Resistance possessed by an
individual by birth i.e.
inherited.
Provides first line of
defense against infections.
3 levels:
3 levels
Species
immunity
Racial
immunity
Individual
immunity
8. AGE:
•Foetus or new born and old persons
(2 extremes of life) carry higher
susceptibility to various infections.
•In foetus,immune system is
immature where as in old age there is
gradual waning of immune
responses.
•In some diseases,clinical illness is
more severe in adults than in young
children due to more active immune
response which causes greater tissue
damage.e.g: chicken pox and
poliomyelitis.
9. HORMONES:
• Certain hormonal disorders enhance succeptibility to
infections.e.g:- diabetes mellitus,adrenal dysfunctions and
hypothyroidism
• Staphylococcal sepsis is more common in diabetes ,which may
be caused by increased level of carbohydrates in tissues
• Corticosteroids depress host resistance by its
antiinflammatory,antiphagocytic effects and by inhibiting
antibody formation.
10. Nutrition:
• Both humoral and cell mediated
immunity are reduced in
malnutrition
•In Kwashiorker (severe protein
defficiency),cell mediated immune
response reduces.
12. 1. Epithelial surfaces:
Skin:
provides mechanical barrier to microorganisms
provides bactericidal secretions
the resident bacterial flora of skin and mucous surfaces
prevent colonization by pathogen
alteration of normal flora may lead to invasion by extraneous
microbes and cause serious diseases.e.g,clostridial
enterocolitis following oral antibiotics.
13. Respiratory tract:
• respiratory tract is lined by moist musous surfaces
which act as trapping mechanism.
• inhaled particles are arrested in nasal passage on
moist mucous membrane surfaces.
• the hair like cilia propels the particles towards
pharynx and are swallowed or coughed out.
• some particles which manage to reach alveoli are
ingested by phagocytes
14. Intestinal tract:
• saliva present in mouth inhibits many microorganisms.
• acidic ph of gastric juices destroys the swallowed bacteria if
any.
• normal flora of intestine prevent colonization of pathogens.
Conjunctiva:
•Tears flush away bacteria and other dust particles
• lysozyme present in tears has bactericidal action.
15. Genitourinary tract:
Urine eliminate bacteria from urethra by its flushing
action.
Acidic ph of vaginal secretion of female due to
fermentation of glycogen by lactobacilus makes vagina
free from microorganisms.
In males, semen is believed to have some antibacterial
substance.
16.
17. 2.Antibacterial substances in blood and
tissues:
There are no. of antibacterial substances present in blood and tissues
Beta lysin: relatively thermostable substance active against anthrax and
related bacilli.
Basic Polypeptide: e.g., leukins and plakins
Acidic substances:lactic acid present in tissue and infected area
Interferon : protects against certain acute and viral infections.
18. 3. Cellular factors:
Once the infective agent cross the epithelial barriers,tissue
factors come into play for defense.
Process:
Invasion of
tissues by
infective agent
Accumulation
of phagocytes
in site of
infection
Deposition of
fibrin that
entangles the
organisms(act
as barrier to
spread of
infection)
Phagocytic
cells ingest
these
organisms and
destroy them.
19. 4.Inflammation:
An important non-specific defense mechanism
Occurs as a result of tissue injury, initiated by entry of
pathogens.
Leads to vasodilation,increased vascular permeability and
cellular infiltration
Due to increased vascular permeability, plasma pours out and
dilutes the toxic products present.
Fibrin barrier is laid to wall off the site of infection
20. 5.Fever:
Rise in temperature following infection is natural defense
mechanism.
Destroys the infecting organism
Stimulates the production of interferon, which help in
recovery from viral infections
.
21. 6. Acute phase proteins: after injury ,there is sudden
increase or decrease in plasma concentration of certain
proteins, collectively called Acute phase proteins
E.g. C reactive protein (CRP),Mannose binding
proteins etc.
They activate the alternative pathway of complement
Prevent tissue injury and promote repair of
inflammatory lesions
22. • The resistance acquired by an individual during life by recognizing and
selectively eliminating specific foreign molecules.
• Provides second line of defense against infection.
23. Antigen specificity: immune system or antibodies can
distinguish among antigens, even between two proteins
that differ in only one amino acid.
Diversity: immune system is capable of generating large
antibody diversity in its recognition molecules.
Immunologic memory: immune system exhibits memory
on second encounter of same antigen by generating a
secondary response which is more specific m quick.
Self/non-self recognition: does not react with body’s own
molecule but effectively eliminates foreign antigens.
25. Active immunity:
also known as adaptive immunity
Resistance developed by an individual as a result of an antigenic
stimulus
Used for prophylaxis to increase body resistance
2 types: • natural active immunity
• artificial active immunity
26. Passive immunity:
Resistance transmitted passively to a receipent in a
readymade form.(receipent’s immune system plays
no active role)
Used for treatment of acute infection
2 types: : • natural passive immunity
• artificial passive immunity
27. Active Immunity Passive Immunity
Produced actively by host’s immune
system
Received passively,no active participation
of host’s immune system
Induced by infection or by immunogens Conferred by administration of readymade
antibodies
Long-lasting & effective protection Short-term & less effective protection
Immunity effective only after lag
period(time required for generation of
antibodies.)
Immediate immunity
Immunological memory present No memory
Booster effect on subsequent dose Subsequent dose less effective
Negative phase may occur No negative phase
Not applicable in immunodefficient, Applicable in immunodefficient
28. Natural active immunity:
Results from either a clinical or an inapparent infection by a
microbe.
Usually long lasting
E.g., person recovering from chicken pox and measles develop
natural active immunity.
* premunition: “special type of immunity seen in syphilis”.
immunity to the re-infection lasts only as long as the
original infection remains active.(once the disease is cured the
patient becomes susceptible to the spirochetes again)
29. Artificial active Immunity:
Resistance induced by vaccination.
Vaccines: preparations of live or killed microorganisms and
their products (antigens or toxoids)
bacterial vaccines: live or attenuated- BCG for tuberculosis
killed- Cholera vaccine
Subunit- Typhoid Vi antigen
Bacterial products- Tetanus toxoids
Viral Vaccines: live or attenuated-oral polio vacine-Sabin
killed-injectable polio vaccine-Salk
Subunit-Hepatitis B Vaccine
30. Natural passive
Immunity:
Resistance passively
transferred from mother to
foetus or infant, through
placenta(transplacentally) and
through milk(colostrum).
31. Artificial passive immunity:
resistance passively transferred to a recipient by
administration of antibodies.
Agents used: • hyperimmune sera of animal
• convalescent sera
• pooled human gamma globulin
“These are used for prophylaxis and therapy”.
32. Combined immunization:
combination of active and passive method of immunization
Whenever passive immunization is employed for immediate
protection, combined immunization is preferred
E.g. protection of non-immune individual with a tetanus prone
wound i.e., injection of TIG in one arm and first dose of
tetanus toxoid in other arm followed by full course of phased
tetanus toxoid injections.
“TIG provided the protection necessary till active immunity is
able to take effect”
33. Natural infection or live vaccine administered orally or
intranasally provides local immunity at site of entry such as
:gut mucosa,nasal mucosa
IgA plays important role in local immunity.
34. Overall level of immunity in a community
Is relevant in control of epidemic diseases
“Eradication of communicable diseases depends on the
development of high level of herd immunity rather than on
development of high level of immunity in individuals”