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1. immunity
The document discusses various topics related to immunology including innate immunity, acquired immunity, active immunity, passive immunity, factors influencing innate immunity, a comparison of active and passive immunity, the mechanisms of innate immunity, local immunity, herd immunity, adoptive immunity, vaccines, cell-mediated immunity, and antibody-mediated immunity. It also briefly mentions severe combined immunodeficiency disorder, otherwise known as "bubble boy disease".
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1. immunity
- 1. IMMUNOLOGY Aruni Puthuppally Asst Professor Noorul Islam Dental College Trivandrum
- 2. Immunology s The group of cells, tissues and molecules that are associated with the resistance to microbial invasion is called immune system. s The coordinated reaction of immune system towards the microbes is known as immune response.
- 3. s The immune system is made up mainly of lymphoid organs and reticuloendothelial cells. s The RE cells consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells are the key mediators of the immune response.
- 4. MALT The Organs ofthe Immune System
- 5. The Cells ofthe Immune System
- 6. s Lymphocytes originated from thymus are known as T-lymphocytes and are responsible for Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI). s Lymphocytes originated from bone marrow are known as B-lymphocytes and are responsible for Antibody Mediated or Humoral Immunity (AMI).
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- 8. Antibody Mediated Immunity s Antibody mediated immunity (AMI) provides primary defense against most extracellular bacterial pathogens and their toxins. s Abs are present in blood, lymph and mucus secretions. s B cells are responsible for the production of Abs. s AMI helps in defense against viruses that infect through the RT and GIT. s It participate in the pathogenesis of immediate type 1,2 and 3 HS and certain autoimmune diseases.
- 9. Cell Mediated Immunity s CMI protects against infection by fungi, viruses and facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens. s CMI participate in the rejection of homograft and GVH reaction. s It provides immunological surveillance and immunity against cancer. s CMI mediates the pathogenesis of delayed type 4 HS and certain autoimmune diseases.
- 11. Immunity s Host resistance against microorganisms & other substances. s Immune response : Rxn of the body against foreign antigen.
- 13. Immunity Innate ½ Acquired
- 14. Innate Immunity s Inborn resistance present s Genetic and constitutional make up s Does not require prior exposure s Not modified significantly by repeated exposure
- 15. Innate Immunity Species Racial Individual
- 16. Plant Virus X Physiological and Biochemical Differences
- 17. Innate Immunity Species Racial Individual
- 18. More su sceptibl e for TB X Algerian sheep
- 19. Innate Immunity Species Racial Individual
- 20. Show similar sensitivityor resistance Do not show such similarity
- 21. Factors influencing levelof immunity Factors influencing level of immunity m es xtre o E Tw
- 22. Components of InnateImmunity Physical barriers Chemical barriers Biological barriers
- 23. Physical Barriers 1. Skinand Mucous Membranes Form a ‘wall’ between deep tissues and pathogens. 2. “Flushing” mechanisms a. Salivary flow Prevents bacterial overgrowth b. Coughing & Sneezing Clears respiratory tract c. Urination Flushes the urinary tract d. Lacrimation Cleanses eyes e. Ciliary action Expels bacteria
- 24. Chemical Barriers 1. pHof body fluids Inhibits growth of many pathogens 2. Lysozyme Breaks down cell walls of bacteria 3. Interferon Inhibits viral replication
- 25. Biological Barriers 1. Naturalresistance Species resistance to microbes 2. Normal flora Competes with invaders 3. Inflammation Localizes & destroys pathogens 4. Complement Cell lysis and phagocytosis 5. Phagocytosis Engulfment of pathogens
- 28. Mechanisms of InnateImmunity A. Non immunological defenses B. Immunological defenses A B • Antibacterial agents in blood & tissues • Epithelial surface • Cellular factors • Microbial antagonism • Fever • Acute phase proteins • Inflammation
- 29. Immunologic Defenses s Antibody mediated - IgM, IgG, IgA s Cell mediated - T lymphocytes s Phagocytosis - Neutrophils, Macrophages s Complement - Lysis & enhances phagocytosis
- 30. Acute Phase Proteins Activatealternate pathway of complement • C reactive protein • Mannose binding protein • Alpha – 1- acid glycoprotein • Amyloid P
- 31. Fever s A rise in temperature following infection is a natural defense mechanism. s Pathogens like Treponema pallidum will be destructed at high temperature. s It stimulate the production of interferon and aids recovery from viral infections.
- 32. Opsonization – aprocess that facilitates phagocytosis by coating antigens with opsonin (Eg. antibody and C3b)
- 33. Inflammation Immunological response totissue injury. Non-specific defense mechanism. Vascular changes & recruitment of neutrophils & macrophages.
- 34. Classic features ofInflammation ¢ Calor (Heat) • Dolor (Pain) • Rubor (Redness) • Tumor (Swelling)
- 35. Cells &Proteins in Inflammatory Reactions s Cells s Specific proteins • Phagocytes • CRP • Monocyte- • Mannose binding protein Macrophage • Amyloid protein • Natural killer cell • Prostaglandins
- 36. Cytokines: Biologically active proteinsthat are released during inflammation During inflammation, they: 1) Affect the local microcirculation by causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability 2) Attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair.
- 38. Chemotaxis – migrationof cells in response to concentration gradients of certain factors Diapedesis – movement of blood cells between endothelial cells lining blood vessels
- 39. Neutrophil Extravasation InInflammation Blood flow
- 41. Immunity Innate Acquired ½
- 42. Acquired Immunity s The resistance that an individual acquires during life. s ↑ es dramatically with subsequent exposure to the same Ag. s Immune response primarily refers to acquired immunity.
- 43. rison Co mpa Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity “Line of defense” “First” “Second” Specificity General Specific Improved response No Yes upon re - exposure Immunological No Yes memory Cells Phagocytes, NK Lymphocytes (B,T) cells
- 44. Acquired Immunity Active Passive Natural Artificial Natural Artificial
- 45. Types of Acquiredimmunity s Active – Resistance developed as a result of antigenic stimulus s Passive – Resistance that is transmitted in a readymade form
- 46. Active Immunity s Induction of immunity by infection or with a vaccine is called Active Immunity. s Natural : By a clinical or inapparent infection. s Artificial : By vaccines.
- 47. Passive Immunity The resistance that is transmitted to a recipient in a readymade form. Here the recipient’s immune system plays no active role. There is no latent period, but immunity is transient. Non-immune individual can be made immune by transferring serum or lymphocytes from an immune individual. Serum constituents (antibodies) and lymphocytes are involved in immunity.
- 48. Passive Immunity s Natural : Mother to fetus. s Artificial : Administration of antibodies. Ex: ATS, TIG s Uses of passive immunity : • Temporary protection of non-immunised patients • For treatment of particular infection • For suppression of active immunity, Eg: RhIg
- 49. Comparison of active& Passive immunity Active Immunity Passive Immunity Produced actively by host’s immune system Received passively,No active host participn Induced by infection or by immunogens Readymade antibody transferred Durable, effective protection Transient, less effective Immunity effective only after lag period Immediate immunity Immunological memory present No memory Booster effect on subsequent dose Subsequent dose less effective ‘Negative phase’ may occur No negative phase Not applicable in the immunodeficient Applicable in immunodeficient
- 50. Adoptive immunity s Extract of immunologically competent lymphocytes: Transfer factor, are injected s Application- Lepromatous leprosy
- 51. Local immunity s Achieved by administration of live vaccines • Eg: Polio vaccine s Secretory IgA produced locally by plasma cells s These IgA are responsible for this
- 52. Herd immunity s Refers to overall level of immunity in a community s Relevant in controlling epidemic disease s Eradication of communicable diseases depends on the development of a high level of herd immunity
- 53. Immunology Your Skin Your T-cell Pathogen Your WBC Pathogen
- 54. Immunology Your Skin Your T-cell Pathogen Your WBC Pathogen
- 55. Granulocytes Agranulocyte Agranulocyte T-Cells B- Cells NK Cells
- 59. Factors influencing levelof immunity Factors influencing level of immunity m es xtre o E Tw
- 60. Components of InnateImmunity Physical Barriers Chemical Barriers Biological Barriers
- 63. Innate immunity Acquired immunity Activeimmunity Passive immunity Factors influencing innate immunity Comparison – active and passive immunity Mechanism of innate immunity
- 64. Local immunity Herd immunity Adoptiveimmunity Vaccines Cell Mediated Immunity Antibody Mediated Immunity
- 65. In severe combinedimmunodeficiency, a person's ability to fight infections is severely impaired. This condition has been dubbed "bubble boy disease" and became widely known during the 1970s with the case of David Vetter, who lived for 12 years sealed in a plastic, germfree environment.
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