This document discusses hypothesis testing, which is a method used in scientific research to either accept or reject hypotheses. It outlines the key steps: 1) Formulating a research question and hypothesis, which is either the null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested. 2) Collecting and analyzing data and using a statistical test to calculate the p-value, which represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the actual outcome by chance alone. 3) Comparing the p-value to a predetermined significance level (usually 5%) to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, with lower p-values leading to rejection. This determines whether the results support the alternative hypothesis.

1. RAMESH DEBUR Hypothesis testing

10. Disproving Null Vs Proving the Alternate Null Alternate

17. Errors of Hypothesis testing α is also called as the significance value and is determined by the investigator Stastical Decision True state of the Null Hypothesis True H O False H O Reject H O Type 1 ( α ) Correct Do Not Reject H O Correct Type II ( β )