This document discusses hypothesis testing, which is a method used in scientific research to either accept or reject hypotheses. It outlines the key steps: 1) Formulating a research question and hypothesis, which is either the null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested. 2) Collecting and analyzing data and using a statistical test to calculate the p-value, which represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the actual outcome by chance alone. 3) Comparing the p-value to the significance level (usually 0.05) to either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, with type 1 and type 2 errors representing incorrect decisions.