The document covers univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analysis methods used in research methodology. It explains the types of variables and relevant statistical tests, including descriptive statistics for single and two-variable analyses. Additionally, it includes exercises to apply knowledge on degree of freedom and significance testing for chi-square results.

1. Univariate and Bivariate
Analysis
Dr. Rajeev Kumar,
M.S.W (TISS, Mumbai), M.Phil. (CIP, Ranchi), UGC-JRF, Ph.D. (IIT
Kharagpur)
Visiting Faculty, RKMVERI, Ranchi
Lecture-6: Research Methodology (Descriptive and inferential statistics

2. After data collection
We need to define the type of variables from the collected data.
Based on the type of variables, we choose the appropriate statistical analysis

3. Types of statistical analysis
Univariate: because it deals with single variable
Bivariate: it deals with two variables
Multivariate: it deals with more than two variables

4. Univariate analysis
Descriptive analysis
If categorical variables
Mean
(Standard Deviation)
Median
(IQR)
Mode (Range)
Frequency and percentage
If continuous variables
Central tendency Dispersion

5. Bivariate analysis
Analytical statistics
Chi square test T test
Correlations and
simple regression

6. Multivariate analysis
ANOVA test
Partial correlation
Multiple and multivariate regression analysis

7. How to interpret the statistical result?
Few examples
• How the statistical results are displayed?

8. Display of sociodemographic profile
(categorical variables)

9. Second example of descriptive data

10. Tables from research articles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3105560/

11. Bivariate data

13. How to read these tables
• We have to understand
• What is DF (degree of freedom?
• What is your ά alpha value?
• What is p ( probability)?
• What is the critical value?
• What is the test value ?

14. What is df
• Degree of freedom: The number of observation, which are free to vary or
change.

15. Df for chi square

16. Table of critical values (Chi square)

17. What is our alpha value?

18. Now find out if your result is significant?

19. Exercise-1
• Please find out the DF (degree of freedom)
• If one table has 5 column and 3 rows=
• If table has 3 rows and 4 column =
• If 3 column and 2 rows=
• 3 column and 3 rows=
• 2 column and 2 rows=

20. Exercise-2
• In one chi square analysis, df=2, Chi square χ2 = 4.03, tell me if this result is
significant at .05? Whether this result is significant at .01 and .001?
• In one survey the result of pass and fail was compared between male and
female candidates, the chi square result reveals, df=1, χ2=1.89 now find out,
whether this result is significant at p ≤0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤0.001
• In a chi square result, in the table, there were 4 columns and 4 rows.
Calculate its degree of freedom. The test value of χ2 = 45.88, please
evaluate this result at p ≤0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤0.001

21. Use this table again

22. Exercise-3:
Now evaluate the chi square results

23. Thanks for your attention
keep learning!!!