This document provides an overview of a hydro power plant project. It discusses site selection factors like water availability and storage. It describes the basic components and working of a hydro power plant including the catchment area, dam, penstocks, turbines, generators, and powerhouse. It classifies hydro plants by head, lists common turbine types, and discusses advantages like no fuel costs and disadvantages like high initial costs. Examples of hydro plants in Gujarat are also mentioned.

1. “HYDRO POWER PLANT”
 PREPARED BY :
DISHANT PATEL 140123109009
VISHAL GOHEL 140123109003
JAY PANCHAL 140123109007
MANTHAN PANCHAL 140123109008
GUIDED BY : Prof. Rahil Parikh

2. CONTENTS:
Introduction
Site selection
Schematic diagram
Working
Elements of HPS
Classification of HPS
Types of turbine
Advantages & Disadvantages
Comparison
Power plant in gujarat

3. INTRODUCTION
 In Hydro Power Plant the water is utilized to move
the turbines which in turn run the electric
generator’s.
 The Potential energy of the water stored in the
dam gets converted into the Kinetic Energy of the
moving water in the penstock. And this Kinetic
Energy gets converted into the Electrical Energy
with the help of Turbine & Generator combination.
 Hydro Power Plant was invented by H.F. Rogers.
 Hydro power = WQH × n × 9.81 watts

4. SITE SELECTION
1. Availability of water
– All other designs are based on it.
– Estimate should be made about the average
quantity of water available throughout the year
and also about maximum and minimum quantity
of water available during the year.
– These details are necessary to decide the
capacity of the hydropower plant, and
– It also provide adequate spillways or gate relief
during flood period.

5. 2. Water storage
– Since there a is wide variation in rainfall during
the year, therefore it is necessary to store the
water for continuous generation of power. The
storage capacity can be calculated with the help
of mass curve.
– The two types of storages in use are
1. The storage is so constructed that it can make water
available for power generation for one year only.
2. Water is available in sufficient quantity even during
the worst dry periods.

6. 3. Water head
– In order to generate a requisite quantity of power it
is necessary that a large quantity of water at
sufficient head should be available.
– An increase in effective head for a given output,
reduces the quantity of water required to be
supplied to the turbines.
4. Accessibility of site
– The site where hydro-electric plant is to be
constructed should be easy accessible. This is
important if the electric power generated is to be
utilized at or near the plant site.
– The site selected should have transportation
facilities of rail and road.

7. 5. Distance from the load centre
– Power plant should be set up near the load centre,
this will reduce the cost of maintenance of
transmission line.
6. Type of the land of the site
– The land to be selected for the site should be
cheap and rocky.
– The ideal site will be one where the dam will have
largest catchment area to store water at high head
and will be economical in construction.

9. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

10. WORKING
 Initially the water of the river is in Catchments Area.
 From catchments area the water flows to the dam.
 At the dam the water gets accumulated . Thus the potential
energy of the water increases due to the height of the dam .
 When the gates of the dam are opened then the water moves
with high Kinetic Energy into the penstock.
 Through the penstock water goes to the turbine house.
 Since the penstock makes water to flow from high altitude to
low altitude, Thus the Kinetic Energy of the water is again
raised.

11. In the turbine house the pressure of the water is controlled
by the controlling valves as per the requirements.
 The controlled pressurized water is fed to the turbine.
 Due to the pressure of the water the light weight turbine
rotates.
 Due to the high speed rotation of the turbine the shaft
connected between the turbine and the generator rotates .
 Due to the rotation of generator the ac current is produced.
 This current is supplied to the powerhouse .
 From powerhouse it is supplied for the commercial
purposes.

12. ELEMENTS OF HPS
1. CATCHMENT AREA :
2. RESERVOIR :
3. DAM :
The whole area behind the clam training into a stream as river
across which the dam has been built at suitable place is
called catchments area.
A reservoir is employed to store water which is further utilized
to generate power by running the hydroelectric turbines.
 A dam is a barrier which confines or raise water for storage or
diversion to create a hydraulic head.
 Dam’s are generally made of concrete, Stone masonary, Rock
fill or Timber.

13. 4. SPILWAYS :
5. SURGE TANK :
6. PENSTOCKS :
 Spill Way’s is a kind of canal provided besides the dam.
 Spill Way’s is used to arrange the excess of accumulation of
water on the dam because excess accumulation of water
may damage the dam structure.
 Penstock is the connecting pipe between the dam & the
turbine house.
 It helps to increase the kinetic energy of the water coming from
the dam.
 Penstock is made up of a very strong material which can
sustain the high pressure of water.
 Surge tank is used to absorb the fluctuation in pressure
caused due to changing demand of water quantity.

14. 7. POWER HOUSE :
 The power house is a building in which the turbines, alternator
and other auxiliary are housed.
8.TAIL RACE :
 Tail race is a passage for discharging the water leaving the
turbines, into the river.
9.SWICH YARD FOR TRANSMISSION OF
POWER :
 The electrical equipment of a hydro-electric power station
includes like transformer, circuit breaker & other switching &
protective devices.

15. CLASSIFICATION OF HPS
1. LOW HEAD PLANTS :

16. Low head hydro power applications use river
current or tidal flows of 60 meters or less to
produce energy.
These applications do not need to dam or
retain water to create hydraulic head, the head
is only a few meters.
Using the current of a river or the naturally
occurring tidal flow to create electricity may
provide a renewable energy source that will
have a minimal impact on the environment.

17. • MEDIUM HEAD PLANT :
A power station operating under heads from 60m to 300m.

18. 3. HIGH HEAD PLANTS :
A power station operating under heads above about 300m.
A head of 200m/250m is considered as the limit between
medium and high head power stations.
Figure- high head hydropower plant

19. 1. Impulse Turbine
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

20.  Impulse turbine : One in which all the energy of
water is converted to kinetic energy before the water
strikes the vanes of the runner wheel.
 This is done by passing the flow through nozzle or
some guidelines.
 The runner is rotated by the force of water and
water passes over the wheel at atmospheric
pressure.

21. 2. Reaction Turbine : Here, water entering the runner wheel of
the turbine has both kinetic energy and pressure energy that is
total head of water striking the runner wheel ,consist partly of
pressure head.
E.g.- Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine

22. ADANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:
 No fuel charges,
 Running cost almost nil,
 No stand by losses,
 Highly reliable,
 Efficiency does not decrease with time,
 Construction and operation wise very simple,
 Maintenance cost very less,
 Starts quickly and synchronizes fast,
 Minimum staff when plant is operational,
 No ash problems thus pollution free,
Also useful in flood control and irrigation and
drinking water purpose,
 Comparatively quiet long life.

23. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:
 Higher initial cost,
 Takes long time of erection,
 Plants are setup at distant places so transmission
losses increases,
 Totally dependent on the availability of water,
 Larger area required,
 Period of installation time is high,

24. COMPARISON OF HYDRO,THERMAL &
NULCEAR POWER PLANT:

25. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN GUJARAT
STATE NAME OF
POWER PLANT
LOCATION
RIVER
CAPACITY
(MW)
GUJARAT
SARDAR
SAROVAR DAM NARMADA 1450
UKAI TAPI 305
KADANA MAHI 242

26. REFRENCES :
 Dr. D.M.Patel
 Wikipedia