This document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the basic components and principles of hydroelectric dams, including reservoirs, dams, penstocks, turbines, generators, and transformers. It also describes different types of hydroelectric plants based on factors like head, capacity, and location. Several major hydroelectric plants in India are discussed as examples, including Sardar Sarovar and Ukai. International examples of different types of dam structures are also summarized.

1. DIVYA VISHNOI
Assistant Professor

2.  A hydro power station uses potential energy of water at
high level for generating electrical energy.
 This power station is generally located in hilly areas where
dams can be built conveniently and large water reservoirs
can be obtained. This kind of power station can be used to
produce large amounts of electrical energy. In most
countries these power stations are used as peak load
power stations. This is because they can be started and
stopped easily and fast.
 For hydro power station factors like rainfall, steam flow
available head and storage facilities are studied.
 25% of electricity generation capacity in world is provided
by hydel power plant.
 In the countries like Norvey 99% electricity is produced by
hydelpowerplant.
INTRODUCTION

3.  4% of the total hydel energy potential in world
is in India.
 In India 25.32% of total electricity generation
capacity is produced by hydel power plant.
 As per rocords of March-2016, 42,663 MW
electricity was generated by hydel power plant.
 It is increasing day by day because of the
institutes like National Hydro Power
Corporation Limited(NHPCL).

5. Major Hydropower generating units
NAME STATA CAPACITY (MW)
BHAKRA PUNJAB 1100
NAGARJUNA ANDHRA PRADESH 960
KOYNA MAHARASHTRA 920
DEHAR HIMACHAL PRADESH 990
SHARAVATHY KARNATAKA 891
KALINADI KARNATAKA 810
SRISAILAM ANDHRA PRADESH 770

7. A
SIMPLE
OVER
VIEW

8. Hydro Electric Power

9. BASIC ELEMENTS OF HYDEL POWER PLANT
• Reservoir
• Dam
• Trace rack
• For bay
• Surge tank
• Penstock
• Spillway
• Turbine
• Powerhouse

10. DAM TURBINE
POWER HOUSE
INTAKE
GENERATOR
PENSTOCK
RESEVOIR
POWER LINE
TRANSFORMER

11. FIRST ELEMENT :-
DAMS

12. The movement of water can be used to make electricity. Energy from
water is created by the force of water moving from a higher elevation
to a lower elevation through a large pipe (penstock). When the water
reaches the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or turbine.
The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which then turns the
generator, making electricity.

13. A dam failure can have sever effects downstream of the dam.
During the lifetime of a dam different flow conditions will be experienced
and a dam must be able to safely accommodate high floods that
can exceed normal flow conditions in the river. For this reason,
carefully passages are corporated in the dams as part of structure.
These passages are known as spillways.
What are Spill ways?

16. 2nd ELEMENT:-
INTAKE

17. A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of
water in to a power canal or into a penstock without producing
a negative impact on the local environment.
INTAKE:-

20. 3rd ELEMENT:-
PENSTOCK

21. PENSTOCK
conveying water from the intake to the power
house.
Of concrete in low heads
Of steel iis suitable for all heads


22. Penstock has:
Automatic butterfly valve
 shuts off water flow if pen stock ruptures.
Air valve
 internal pressure = atm pressure
Surge Tank
reducing water hammering in pipes which can
cause damage to pipes.
thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside
the penstock.

23. TRASH RACK
 cleaning machine, which removes debris from water
 In order to save water ways and electromechanical equipment
from any damage.
 Set steel bars on edge to the flow of water and space about 1“
apart
 A head gate or valve should be installed below the trash rack
to control flow and to allow the turbine to be inspected and
repaired.

24. TRASH RACK

25. 4th ELEMENT
TURBINES

26.  its function is to convert the K.E of moving water into
mechanical energy
 The water strikes and turns the large blades of a turbine,
which is attached to a generator above it by way of a
shaft.

28. WICKETS GATE
 key component in hydroelectric
turbines that control the flow of
water from the input pipes
(Penstock) to the turbine
propellers/blades.

29. 5TH ELEMENT
GENERATOR

30. BASIC PRINCIPAL
 Heart of the hydroelectric .
 The basic process is to rotate a series of gaint magnets inside
coils of wire. This process moves electrons, which
produces electrical current.

31. INSIDE THE
GENERATOR:-
• 1. Shaft
2. Excitor
3. Rotor
4. Stator

32. Principle
• As the turbine turns, the excitor sends an electrical current
to the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnets
that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire, called
the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and the
magnets creates an electric current.

33. 6TH ELEMENT:-
TRANSFORMERS

34. transformer
• Its function is to step up the voltage and pass
it out to the electrical grid or power house

35. 7TH ELEMENT
OUTFLOW / TAILRACE:-
After passing through the turbine the water
returns to the river trough a short canal called a tailrace.

36. 8TH ELEMENT
POWER HOUSE:-

37. Head gate
• Controlling the water
flowing into the channel.

40. PART-3
TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

41. HEAD
• The head is the vertical distance from the
surface of the water at the dam down to the
water in the stream below where the turbine
is located

42. Low Head Scheme
• A low head scheme is one which uses water
head of less than 15 m or so. A runoff river
plant is essentially a low head scheme. In this
Scheme, a weir or a barrage is constructed to
raise the water level , and the power house is
constructed either in continuation with the
barrage or at some distance downstream of
the barrage, where water is taken to the
power house through an intake canal.

43. GENERAL ARRANGENENT OF
HYDROPOWER PROJECT
i. General available topography of the area
ii. Available head
iii. Available flow
iv. Availability of other type of power station in the
vicinity
v. Requirements of power for industries
vi. Political influences of the area
vii. Location of the power house
viii.economy

44. PURPOSES OF MULTIPURPOSE
HYDROPROJECT
For irrigation of agricultural land.
For navigation.
For fisheries and tourism.
For flood control.
For civil water supply.
For generation of electricity.

45. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDEL
POWER PLANT

46. • According to availability of water:-
a) Run of river plant without pondage
b) Run-off river plant with pondage
c) Storage plant
d) Pump storage plant
• According to head :-
a) Low head plant
b) Medium head plant
c) High head plant
• According to load :-
a) Base load plant
b) Peak load plant

47. • According to plant capacity:-
a) Microhydal plant (upto 5 MW )
b) Medium capacity plant ( 5-100 MW )
c) High capacity plant (100 MW )
d) super plant ( above 100 MW )
• According to place of power house:-
a) Surface power house plant
b) Under ground power house plant
• According to turbine specific speed:-
a) High specific speed plant
b) Medium specific speed plant
c) Low specific speed plant

48. Large Scale Hydropower plant

49. Small Scale Hydropower Plant

50. Micro Hydropower Plant

51. WATER TURBINES USED IN HYDEL
POWER PLANT
 PELTON TURBINE
 FRANCIS TURBINE
 KAPLAN TURBINE

52. PELTON WHEEL

53. KAPLAN TURBINE

54. ADVANTAGES OF HYDEL POWER
PLANT
• This plant is free from pollution.
• Its operation and maintenance cost is less.
• It has no stand by losses.
• Unit cost of power is less.
• Hydraulic turbines can be started speedily.
• The plant has longer service life.
• No fuel is required.
• No change in efficiency with the age.

55. Disadvantages of hydel power plant
• Initial cost of dam and plant is high.
• The availability of power from it is not much reliable.
• Loss of forest creates environmental problems.
• Due to evaporation , considerable water is lost.
• Time required for construction of hydroproject is
more.

56. AUXILIARIES ATTACHED WITH HYDEL
POWER PLANT.
(A)Electrical instruments
• Generator
• Exciter, transformers
• Switch gears
• Other instruments of
control room
(B)Mechanical instruments
• Shaft coupling, journal
bearings, thrust bearings
• Lubricating oil system
• Cooling system
• Brake system for
generator-turbine shaft

57. Overview of sardar sarovar
• PLACE:- On Narmada river, Kevadia( Narmada
district ) 100 km away from Baroda.
• DAM:- Height-138.68m
Length-1210 m concrete.
Max.surface of river-140.21m
• RESERVOIR:-378 square kms, lingth:214km
width: 16.1km
*

58. • TURBINE:-
(A) River head power house :-
-- 6 x 200 =1200 MW capacity
-- Reservoir Turbine, made in Japan.
(B) For canal head power house:-
-- 5 x 50 =250 MW capacity
-- Kaplan turbines are used.

59. STATE
DISTRIBUTION
IN MILLION
ACRE FOOT
Madhyapradesh 18.25
Gujarat 9.00
Maharashtra 0.25
Rajsthan 0.50
Water distribution in sardar sarovar

60. Overview of Hydroelectric project ukai
• PLACE :- On the river Tapi, near Ukai, Surat.
• DAM :- ~Lenth: 868.83 m concrete dam.
~Height: 68.58m
~4057.96m dam of soil.
• RESERVOIR :-
~120 km length and average 5 km width.
~capacity: 6.078 MAFT (million act fit)

61. • SPILLWAY:- ~Length:1529m
~Width : 259m
~Depth :18.29m
• PENSTOCK:- ~Diameter :7.01m
~Thickness : 18 to 22mm
~Length : 60 m
• TURBINE:- ~Manufacturer: BHEL
~ Head : 47.8rated.
~Power :75 MW

62. Lets see few of the
International Hydel
Power Plant Dam…

63. Arch Dam
Monticello Dam impounds Putah Creek west of Sacramento,
California. The solid concrete structure stands 93 m (304 ft) tall.
The dam’s arched upstream face transfers some of the pressure
from its reservoir, Lake Berryessa, onto the walls of the canyon.

64. Kariba Arch Dam
The Kariba Dam lies along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The facility controls flooding and supplies hydroelectric power to both
countries. A public road traces the rim of the dam, between reservoir
Lake Kariba and the drop to the Zambezi River. The distinct arch shape
distributes pressure evenly on the overall structure of the dam.

65. G and P Corrigan/Robert Harding Picture Library
Hoover Dam
The Hoover Dam is an arch-gravity dam on the Colorado River.
Its reservoir, Lake Mead, lies between the states of Arizona and
Nevada. As an arch-gravity dam, it depends on its shape and its
own weight for stability.

66. Lake Mead
Lake Mead, a vast artificial lake, straddles the border between Arizona
and Nevada. The lake was formed by the construction of the Hoover
Dam on the Colorado River. During wet periods, it stores excess water
until it is needed. Lake Mead has also become a popular area for
boating and other recreational activities.

67. •Buttress dams fall into two basic categories:
1. Flat slab and
2. Multiple arch.
•Flat slab buttress dams have a flat upstream face.
•These dams are sometimes called Ambursen dams in recognition of
Nils Ambursen, the Norwegian-born American engineer who
popularized them in the early 20th century.
•An example of a flat slab buttress dam is the Stony Gorge Dam, which
crosses Stony Creek near Orland, California.
• It stands 42 m (139 ft) tall, stretches 264 m (868 ft) long, and contains
33,000 cubic meters (43,100 cubic yards) of concrete.

68. Flat Slab Buttress Dam
Lake Tahoe Dam impounds the Truckee River in northern California. Like all
flat slab buttress dams, it has a flat slab upstream face supported by a
series of buttresses on the downstream side. Lake Tahoe Dam measures
5.5 m (18 ft) tall and 33 m (109 ft) long. It was completed in 1913 to raise
the water level in Lake Tahoe, a natural lake, to provide additional water
for crop irrigation.

69. •Multiple arch buttress dams feature an upstream face formed by a
series of arches.
•The arches rest on top of buttresses that extend down to the
foundation.
•Bartlett Dam, on the Verde River near Phoenix, Arizona, is a multiple
arch dam.
•It stands 94 m (309 ft) high, stretches 244 m (800 ft) long, and
contains nearly 140,000 cubic meters (182,000 cubic yards) of
concrete.

70. Multiple Arch Dam
Bartlett Dam impounds the Verde River northeast of Phoenix, Arizona. Like
all multiple arch dams, Bartlett Dam makes use of a series of arches
supported by buttresses to withstand the pressure of the water in its
reservoir, Bartlett Lake. Each of the dam’s 10 concrete arches has a 7-m (24-
ft) radius and measures 2 m (7 ft) at the base and just 0.6 m (2 ft) at the
crest. The thick base provides additional strength at the bottom of the
reservoir, where the water pressure is most intense.

71. Concrete Gravity Dam
Shasta Dam impounds the Sacramento River in northern California. Like all
concrete gravity dams, Shasta Dam holds back the water in its reservoir,
Shasta Lake, by the sheer force of its weight. Built of solid concrete, the
massive structure rises 183 m (602 ft). It measures 165 m (542 ft) at the
base and just 9 m (30 ft) at the crest. This shape, typical of concrete gravity
dams, counteracts the force of the water pressing against the dam at the
bottom of the reservoir, where the pressure is most intense.

72. Grand Dixence Dam
With a height of 285 m (935 ft), the Grand Dixence Dam in the Swiss Alps
is one of the tallest dams in the world. Waterpower generates the majority
of Switzerland’s domestic electricity and is the nation’s most important
natural resource.

73. Raúl Leoni Hydroelectric Plant, Venezuela
Located on the Caroní River in Venezuela,the Raúl Leoni hydroelectric plant
provides electricity for the entire country.
The plant was built on the site of a village called Guri and is named for a
Venezuelanpresident who served from 1964 to 1968.

74. 1 Itaipu Brazil/
Paraguay
12,600 1984
2 Guri Venezuela 10,300 1968
3 Grand Coulee United
States
6,480 1942
4 Sayano-
Shushensk
Russia 6,400 1980
5 Krasnoyarsk Russia 6,000 1968
6 La Grande 2 Canada 5,328 1982
7 Churchill Falls Canada 5,225 1971
8 Bratsk Russia 4,500 1964
9 Ust-Ilim Russia 4,500 1974
10 Tucurui Brazil 4,245 1984
Rank Name of Dam Location
Rated
Capacity
(Megawatts)
Year of
Completed
World’s Largest Dams
By Power Generating Capacity

75. 1 Owen Falls Uganda 204,800 1954
2 Kariba Zimbabwe
/Zambia
180,600 1959
3 Bratsk Russia 169,270 1964
4 Aswan High Egypt 168,900 1970
5 Akosombo Ghana 148,000 1965
6 Daniel Johnson Canada 141,852 1968
7 Guri
(RaulLeoni)
Venezuela 136,000 1986
8 Krasnoyarsk Russia 73,300 1967
9 W.A.C. Bennett Canada 70,309 1967
10 Zeya Russia 68,400 1978
Rank Name of Dam Country
Storage
Capacity
Cubic
Meters
Year of
Completed
World’s Largest Dams
By Storage Capacity

76. 1 Rogun Tajikistan 335 1989
2 Nurek Tajikistan 300 1980
3 Grand Dixence Switzerland 285 1961
4 Inguri Georgia 272 1980
5 Boruca Costa Rica 267 1990
6 Vaiont Italy 262 1961
7 Chicoasen Mexico 261 1980
8 Manuel M.
Torres
Mexico 261 1981
9 Alvaro
Obregon
Mexico 260 1946
10 Mauvoisin Switzerland 250 1957
Rank Name of Dam Country
Height
(m)
Year of
Completed
World’s Largest Dams
By Height

77. RTU Questions
• Explain Khosla’s method of independent variables?
• Discuss Bligh’s theory with its limitations?
• Explain Bligh’s Creep Theory in details?
• Compare Khosla and Bligh’s theory?
• Write down the expression for uplift pressure at the
salient point E, D and C of pile at upstream,
downstream and intermediate pile. What is the
effect of mutual interference of piles?
• Describe the exit gradient and critical gradients and
their importance?

78. References
• Irrigation Engineering & Water Power Engineering
– By Prof. P.N.MODI and Dr. S.M. SETH
--- Standard Book House Delhi
• Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures
– By Prof. Santosh Kumar Garg
– Khanna Publishers
• Irrigation, Water Power Engineering & Hydraulic Structures
– By Prof K.R. Arora
– Standard Publishers Distributions
• Internet Websites
• http://www.aboutcivil.org/
• http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105110/

79. Thanks
GHT