Wind Energy_Power Plant_Yagna (Autosaved)

WIND ENERGY AND
HYDRO POWER PLANT
IN TENAFLY NJ
Yagna Otia
Student ID #1074808
Distributed Generation Feasibility Study
ENGY 710 Power Plant Systems
Prof. Stanley Greenwald

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List of Contents
1. Abstract.............................................................................................................................3
2. About Place...........................................................................................................................4
3. Geographical and Demographical Data.............................................................................5
Residential Buildings ............................................................................................................ 5
Commercial buildings ........................................................................................................... 5
Institutional buildings ........................................................................................................... 5
Calculations According to NEC (National Electric Code) ...................................................5
4. Electric Load Requirements (Residential, Institutional and Commercial)....................6
A. Residential Load.................................................................................................................6
B. Commercial Load...............................................................................................................7
C. Institutional Load...............................................................................................................8
5. Wind Power Plant System Design ....................................................................................10
A. Introduction..................................................................................................................10
B. Types of Wind Power Plant ..........................................................................................10
6. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) .......................................................................11
A. HAWT advantages........................................................................................................12
B. HAWT disadvantages...................................................................................................12
7. Components of A Wind Power Plant ...............................................................................13
8. Project Layout....................................................................................................................14
9. Site Selection.......................................................................................................................15
A. Cost Estimation............................................................................................................15
10. Back Up Option for Wind Energy Plant........................................................................16
A. Cost Estimation for Hydro Power Plant........................................................................16
11. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................18
12. References.........................................................................................................................19
List of Tables
Table 1: Geographical Data of Tenafly ______________________________________________________ 5
Table 2: Residential Load Calculation_______________________________________________________ 6
Table 3:Commercial Load - Department Store ________________________________________________ 7
Table 4: Commercial Load - Restaurants ____________________________________________________ 7
Table 5: Commercial Load - Coffee Shops____________________________________________________ 7
Table 6: Commercial Load - Hospitals ______________________________________________________ 7
Table 7: Commercial Load - Banks _________________________________________________________ 8
Table 8: Commercial Load - Churches ______________________________________________________ 8
Table 9: Commercial Load - School ________________________________________________________ 8
Table 10: Wind Plant Cost Estimation______________________________________________________ 15
Table 11: Hydro Plant Cost Estimation _____________________________________________________ 16
Table 12: Hydro Power Plant Generation cost _______________________________________________ 17
List of Figures
Figure 1: Tenafly Geographical Map _______________________________________________________ 4
Figure 2: Wind Turbine System ___________________________________________________________ 10
Figure 3:Wind Load Map New Jersey ______________________________________________________ 15

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1. Abstract
Wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or
electrical power. Windmills are used for their mechanical power, wind pumps for water
pumping, and sails to propel ships. Wind power as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation,
and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are generally less problematic than
those from nonrenewable power sources.
Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which
has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in conjunction with
other electric power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a
region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional
production can occur.
The little town of Tenafly, in the municipality of New Jersey, United States of America.
New Jersey has adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard requiring that more than 20% of net
electricity sales come from renewable energy resources by 2021; specific solar and offshore
wind requirements are included in the standard. This place has the problem of power
generation. This power plant would help the people of Tenafly town. But due to power issue
the government has not encouraged in building hotels. This power plant helps the visitors to
stay comfortable when they visit Tenafly town.

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2. About Place
Figure 1: Tenafly Geographical Map
In 1872, Tenafly joined with six neighboring villages to form Palisades Township. Tenafly was
incorporated as an independent borough by a vote of 137 to 130 on January 24, 1894. The
population was 1,532. The first borough election followed promptly and the first council
meeting a week later.
Today, Tenafly takes up 4.4 square miles with a population of 13,806. It is predominately a
residential community with a total of 4,897 housing units. Tenafly's street plan and overall
development were largely determined by its hills, its valleys and its tall trees, which have given
the borough its special charm.
Fine schools, quality housing, recreational facilities, parks and woodlands, good cultural
programs, diverse houses of worship, and quality borough services all help to attract
newcomers to and keep older residents in this historic town.

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3. Geographical and Demographical Data
Estimation of Tenafly area among 14704 people:
Residential Buildings
 4774 HOMES
Commercial buildings
 8 DEPARTMENT STORES
 26 RESTAURENTS
 10 COFFEE SHOPS
 20 HOSPITALS
 8 BANKS
 6 CHURCHES
Institutional buildings
 6 SCHOOLS
Calculations According to NEC (National Electric Code)
COUNTRY United States
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 40.918309°N 73.950521°W
POPULATION 14704
TEMPERATURE 24 ºC (75.2 ºF) in summer
-7º C (19.4 ºF) in winter
Table 1: Geographical Data of Tenafly

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4. Electric Load Requirements (Residential, Institutional and
Commercial)
A. Residential Load
There are total of 4774 residential units in the town of Tenafly. The average size of the dwelling
unit in the Tenafly Town is 5500 sq. ft.
For each of 4774 residential homes @5500 sq. ft. per unit:
Lighting Load (3 watt/sq. ft. x
5500)
16500 W
2 appliance circuits @ 1500 watts 3000 W
Laundry @ 1500 watts 1500 W
Dryer Load 5400 W
Dishwasher @ 1200 watts 1200 W
Microwave @ 1500 watts 1500 W
Refrigerator @ 800 watts 800 W
Unit without A/C and Demand Factor 29900 W
1st 10K @100 % Demand Factor 10000 W
Remainder @ 40% = (29900 - 10000) (0.40)
watts
7960 W
Plus 10000 VA at 100% (1) 17960 W
A/C @ 1500 watts @ 100% (2) 1500 W
Total Household unit (1+2) 19460 W/Unit
Table 2: Residential Load Calculation
With 4774 households, with growth demand factor @ 23 %
4774 x 19460 W/unit x 0.23
= 21367.47 KW
TOTAL RESIDENTIAL LOAD = 21.3 MW

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B. Commercial Load
1) 8 Department Store 22000 sq. ft. @ 75% Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 3:Commercial Load - Department Store
Lighting 3.50 w/sq. ft. x 22000 sq. ft. = 77000 W
Miscellaneous 1.00 w/sq. ft. x 22000 sq. ft. = 22000 W
Elec. A/C 6.00 w/sq. ft. x 22000 sq. ft. = 132000 W
Total = 231000 W
8 department stores @ 75 % Growth Rate = 8 x 1.75 x 231000 W = 32.42 MW
2) 26 Restaurants 4200 sq. ft. @ 30 % Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 4: Commercial Load - Restaurants
Total = 43050 W
26 Restaurants @ 30% Growth Rate = 26 x 1.3 x 43050 = 1455090 W = 1.45 MW
3) 10 Coffee Shops 2000 sq. ft. @ 30 % Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 5: Commercial Load - Coffee Shops
Total = 25000 W
10 Coffee Shops @ 40 % Growth Rate = 10 x 1.3 x 25000 = 325000 W = 0.325 MW
4) 20 Hospitals 5400 sq. ft. @ 60 % Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 6: Commercial Load - Hospitals
Total = 51300 W

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20 Hospitals @ 60 % Growth Rate = 20 x 1.6 x 51300 W = 16.416 MW
5) 8 Banks 1300 sq. ft. @ 40 % Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 7: Commercial Load - Banks
Total = 14950 W
8 Banks @ 40 % Growth Rate = 8 x 1.4 x 14950 = 167440 W = 0.168 MW
6) 6 Churches 3000 sq. ft. @ 20 % Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 8: Commercial Load - Churches
Total = 26250 W
6 Churches @ 20 % Growth Rate = 6 x 1.2 x 26250 = 189000 W = 0.189 MW
Total Commercial Load = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
= 32.42 MW + 1.45 MW + 0.325 MW + 16.416 MW + 0.168 MW + 0.189
MW
TOTAL COMMERCIAL LOAD = 50.968 MW
C. Institutional Load
6 Schools 14,000 sq. ft. @ 65 % Growth Rate in 10 yrs.
Table 9: Commercial Load - School
Lighting 3.00 w/sq. ft. x 14,000 sq. ft. = 42000 W
Miscellaneous 1.50 w/sq. ft. x 14,000 sq. ft. = 21000 W
Elec. A/C 4.00 w/sq. ft. x 14,000 sq. ft. = 56000 W
Total = 119000 W
5 Schools @65 % Growth Rate = 6 x 1.65 x 119000 W = 1.18 MW
TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL LOAD = 1.18 MW

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Total Electric Load Requirement:
= Residential Load + Institutional Load + Commercial Load
= 21.3 MW + 50.968 MW + 1.18 MW
= 73.448 MW
Total Electric Power Generation Requirement:
If choice of fuel is 100 % available
= Total Electric Load x Time
= 73.448 MW x 24 Hr./Day x 365 Day/Yr.
= 0.643 x 106 MWh/yr.

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5. Wind Power Plant System Design
Figure 2: Wind Turbine System
A. Introduction
Wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or
electrical power. Windmills are used for their mechanical power, wind pumps for water
pumping, and sails to propel ships. Wind power as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation,
and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are generally less problematic than
those from nonrenewable power sources.
B. Types of Wind Power Plant
Wind turbines can be separated into two basic types determined by which way the turbine
spins. Wind turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common (like a wind mill),

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while vertical axis wind turbines are less frequently used (Savonius and Darrius are the most
common in the group).
6. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
 Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are
pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled
with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades
into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.
 Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind
of its supporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being
pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable
distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small
amount.
 Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake),
because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the
wind, and because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their
swept area and thus their wind resistance. Since cyclical (that is repetitive) turbulence
may lead to fatigue failures, most HAWTs are of upwind design.
 Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually
three-bladed and pointed into the wind by computer-controlled motors. These have high
tip speeds of over 320 km/h (200 mph), high efficiency, and low torque ripple, which
contribute to good reliability. The blades are usually colored white for daytime
visibility by aircraft and range in length from 20 to 40 meters (66 to 131 ft.) or more.
The tubular steel towers range from 60 to 90 meters (200 to 300 ft.) tall. The blades
rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute. At 22 rotations per minute the tip speed
exceeds 90 meters per second (300 ft./s). A gear box is commonly used for stepping up
the speed of the generator, although designs may also use direct drive of an annular
generator. Some models operate at constant speed, but more energy can be collected by
variable-speed turbines which use a solid-state power converter to interface to the
transmission system. All turbines are equipped with protective features to avoid damage

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at high wind speeds, by feathering the blades into the wind which ceases their rotation,
supplemented by brakes.
A. HAWT advantages
 The tall tower base permits access to stronger twist in locales with wind shear. In some
wind shear destinations, each ten meters up the wind pace can increment by 20% and
the force yield by 34%.
 High effectiveness, since the razor sharp edges dependably move oppositely to the
wind, getting power through the entire pivot. Conversely, every vertical axis wind
turbine, and most proposed airborne wind turbine plans, include different sorts of
responding activities, obliging airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for piece
of the cycle. Backtracking against the wind prompts characteristically lower
productivity.
B. HAWT disadvantages
 Massive tower development is obliged to backing the substantial edges, gearbox, and
generator.
 Components of an even pivot wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and brake gathering)
being lifted into position.
 Their stature makes them prominently unmistakable crosswise over extensive zones,
disturbing the presence of the scene and some of the time making neighborhood
restriction.
 Downwind variations experience the ill effects of weariness and auxiliary
disappointment brought on by turbulence when a razor sharp edge goes through the
tower's wind shadow (therefore, the larger part of HAWTs utilize an upwind plan, with
the rotor confronting the twist before the tower).
 HAWTs require an extra yaw control instrument to turn the cutting edges toward the
wind.
 HAWTs for the most part oblige a braking or yawing gadget in high winds to prevent
the turbine from turning and crushing.

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7. Components of A Wind Power Plant
Modern wind energy systems consist of three basic components: a tower on which the wind
turbine is mounted; a rotor that is turned by the wind; and the nacelle, which houses the
equipment, including the generator, that converts the mechanical energy in the spinning rotor
into electricity. The tower supporting the rotor and generator must be strong. Rotor blades need
to be light and strong in order to be aerodynamically efficient and to withstand prolonged use
in high winds. Following are the components of a Wind Power Plant:
 Tower
 Rotor
 Generators
 Gear Box
Tower:
The tower of the wind turbine carries the nacelle and the rotor. Towers for large wind turbines
may be either tubular steel towers, lattice towers, or concrete towers. Guyed tubular towers are
only used for small wind turbines (battery chargers etc.)
Rotor:
The rotor, which spins when driven by the wind, supports blades that are designed to capture
kinetic energy in the wind. Nearly all modern wind turbines have rotors that spin about an axis
parallel to the ground. The spinning rotor turns a shaft which converts the wind’s energy into
mechanical power. In turn, the shaft drives the generator, which converts mechanical energy
into electricity. Although some modern wind turbines have rotor blades made of composite
wood, most modern wind turbine blades are made of fiberglass, a lightweight, strong material
typically composed of polyester resins and glass fibers. Unlike the American farm windmill,
contemporary wind turbines do not use blades made from aluminum or steel; aluminum is
unable to withstand continuous stress from flexing in strong winds, and steel is too heavy.
Small wind turbines typically use a tail vane to keep the rotor pointing into the wind. Most
medium-size wind turbines use an electric motor to mechanically aim the rotor into the wind.
Generators:
The wind turbine generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Wind turbine
generators are a bit unusual, compared to other generating units you ordinarily find attached to
the electrical grid. One reason is that the generator has to work with a power source (the wind
turbine rotor) which supplies very fluctuating mechanical power (torque).

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Gear Box:
The power from the rotation of the wind turbine rotor is transferred to the generator through
the power train, i.e. through the main shaft, the gearbox and the high speed shaft.
8. Project Layout
The 73.448 MW of wind power plant will be established at Tenafly in Bergen County in New
Jersey State. The particular site is selected mainly because it meets necessary requirements for
building power plants at this place. To encourage people to use renewable energies as an option
to fossil fuels, government should take few important steps to revive this industry. For example,
reducing the tax for the use of renewable energy or can reduce the leasing rate on per acre land.
Now after considering all the factors like economic and environmental conditions Tenafly is
the perfect place to setup a wind power plant.
Advantages:
 The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
 Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases
or other pollutants.
 Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This
means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural
areas as farming can still continue.
 Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape.
 Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines
to produce their own supply.
 Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world.
 Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and
businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good
use of range of wind turbines available today.
Disadvantages:
 The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This
means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time.
There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.
 Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large
structures being built. The landscape should have left in its natural form for everyone
to enjoy.

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 Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car
travelling at 70 mph.
 Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or
interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
 When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore,
wind power does produce some pollution.
 Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity.
For example, the largest single turbine available today can only provide enough
electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity. How many would be needed
for a town of 100 000 people?
9. Site Selection
Figure 3:Wind Load Map New Jersey
A. Cost Estimation
Table 10: Wind Plant Cost Estimation
Plant Type Plant Cost Fuel Cost Ash Removal O & M Cost
Wind (Land) $ 2200 / KW 0 0 $ 40 / KW
Service: 5 yrs., Interest: 4%, Availability: 30%
1. Construction Cost: $ 2200 / KW x 73.448 MW x 1000 KW / MW = $ 161.5 x 106
2. Depreciation: Construction Cost / Service Life

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= $ 161585600 / 5 = $ 32317120/ yr.
3. Interest: 4% x Construction Cost
= 0.04 x $ 161585600 = $ 6423424 / yr.
4. Operation and Maintenance Cost: $ 40 / KW x 73.448 MW x 1000 KW/MW
= $ 2937920 / yr.
5. Total Annual Cost: Depreciation Cost + Interest + Operation and Maintenance Cost
= 32317120 + 6423424 + 2937920
= $ 41678464 / yr.
6. Power Generation: Availability 30% x (73.448 MW x 1000 KW/MW x 24 hr./day x 365
days/yr.)
= 0.3 x 643404480
= 193021344 KWh/ yr.
Hence, Generation Cost per KWh: Total Annual Cost / Power Generation
= 41678464/ 193021344
= $ 0.216 or 21.6 cents
= 21.6 cents
10. Back Up Option for Wind Energy Plant
There is no requirement of an alternative option for Tenafly for a power plant, as it has Tenafly
Hydro power plant as there is Hudson river passing by the Tenafly but because of the
government's inefficiency, the residents of Tenafly are facing lots of power problems.
Though the wind energy power plant is planned to build in a place which has plentiful of wind,
but these winds start only from late summers to early springs. So, to provide electricity to the
people of Tenafly, wind energy power plant can be replaced by Hydro power plant.
A. Cost Estimation for Hydro Power Plant
Table 11: Hydro Plant Cost Estimation
Plant Type Plant Cost Fuel Cost Ash Removal O & M Cost
Hydro $ 3300/ kW - - $ 20/kW
Service Life: 25 Yrs., Interest: 4%, Availability: 100%

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Power Plant Economics and Emission Generation
Formula MSW Units
Construction Cost $ 242378400 $
Depreciation $ 9695136 $/yr.
Interest $ 9695136 $/yr.
Operation & Maintenance Cost $ 1468960 $/yr.
Fuel - $/yr.
Ash - $/yr.
Taxes - $/yr.
Carbon Tax - $/yr.
Total $20859232 $/yr.
Power Generation 643404480 kWh/yr.
Generation Cost 3.24 ¢/kWh
Table 12: Hydro Power Plant Generation cost
1. Construction Cost: $ 3300 x 73.448 MW x 1000 KW/MW = $ 242378400
2. Depreciation: Construction Cost / Service Life
= 242378400 / 25 = $ 9695136 / yr.
3. Interest: 4% x Construction Cost
= 0.04 x 242378400 = $ 9695136 / yr.
4. Operation and Maintenance Cost: $ 20 x 73.448 MW x 1000 KW/MW
= $ 1468960 / yr.
5. Total Annual Cost: Depreciation + Interest + Operation and Maintenance Cost
= 9695136 + 9695136 + 1468960
= $ 20859232 / yr.
6. Power Generation: 73.448 MW x 1000 KW/MW x 24 hr./day x 365 days/yr.
= 643404480 KWh/ yr.
7. Hence, Generation Cost per KWh: Total Annual Cost / Power Generation
= 20859232 / 643404480= $ 0.0324 or 3.24 cent = 3.24 cents

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11. Conclusion
The achievability of the wind powered energy plant is conceivable and is an awesome answer
for the up and coming increment in vitality request from the expansion in populace in Jamaica
Estates. The nation's wind supply is abundant. Over the past 10 years, cumulative wind power
capacity in the United States increased an average of 30% per year, outpacing the 28% growth
rate in worldwide capacity. The average residential electricity rate in New Jersey
is 15.78¢/kWh, which ranks 7th in the nation and is 32.83% greater than the national average
rate of 11.88¢/kWh.
Likewise, this will be the biggest plant in New Jersey State which will pull in consideration
and urge individuals to be more vitality cognizant. We are encountering to a great degree hot
summers and our future era is at danger. It is our obligation to save our planet and lessen our
effect on the planets environment. This average (residential) electricity rate in Tenafly is 5.7%
less than the New Jersey average rate of 15.78¢/kWh.

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12. References
1. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Power." Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind
Power. Web. 04 May 2016.
<http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/wind8.htm >
2. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 04 May 2016.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_design#Tower>
3. "Home - NEC Retail, Electric Provider in Corpus Christi, RGV, Houston, San Antonio Texas."
NEC Retail-Residential & Commercial Electric Service Provider-Texas. Web. 14 Apr. 2016. <
https://necretail.com/ >
4. "Climate: Tenafly." - Climate Graph, Temperature Graph, Climate Table. Web. 04 May 2016.
< http://en.climate-data.org/location/19198/>
5. "Tenafly, New Jersey." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 04 May 2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenafly,_New_Jersey>
6. "Components for Wind Turbine Systems – Maximum Availability ..." Web. 4 May 2016.
<http://wind-energy.tripod.com/components.html>
7. "Tower." Tower. Web. 04 May 2016.< http://wind-energy.tripod.com/tower.html>
8. "Rotor and Rotor Blades: An Overview." Rotor and RotorBlades: An Overview. Web. 04 May
2016.< http://wind-energy.tripod.com/rotor.html>
9. "U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis." U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). Web. 04 May 2016.
<http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=NJ>
10. "Tenafly, NJ Electricity Rates." Electricity Local. Web. 04 May 2016.
<http://www.electricitylocal.com/states/new-jersey/tenafly/>
11. "The Inside of a Wind Turbine." Department of Energy. Web. 04 May 2016.
<wind.energy.gov>

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