1. Hydroelectric power plants harness the kinetic energy of flowing water by using a turbine connected to an electric generator. Water is stored in a reservoir behind a dam and then flows through a penstock to spin the turbine blades. 2. The turbine spins a shaft connected to a generator to produce electricity. Common types of turbines include Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines which are suited for different water flows and heads. 3. In addition to generating electricity, pumped storage plants can pump water back up to the reservoir during low demand to be available for power generation during peak loads. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source that produces no emissions.

1. SUBJECT-HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
SUMMITTED TO :- SUMMITTED BY :-
Mr. SAHROZ AHMAD AMIT KUMAR
(DEPARTMENT OF EE) ROLL No. 1605320659
COURSE:- B.Tech(EE)

2. Hydro Electric Power Plant
Introduction
Electric Energy Demand:-
Electric energy occupies the top grade in the energy hierarchy . It finds
innumerable uses in home , industry , agricultural and even in transport. The facts
that electricity can be transported practically instantaneously, is almost pollution
free at the consumer level and that its use can be controlled very easily, make
very attractive as compared to other form of energy. The per capita consumption
of electricity in any country is an index of the standard of living of the people in
the country.
The annual per capita consumption of the electrical energy in some of the
countries is : USA 14240 kWh, Canada 18400 kWh, Japan 84600 kWh, UK 7650
kWh, USSR 6420 kWh, and India 664.8 kWh.

3. Electric Energy Sources:-
The major sources of electrical energy, in India ,are the fossil fuels and water.
The present contribution by different type of plants are :-
Steam Plants 53.75%
Hydro Plants 26.19%
Nuclear Plants 2.95%
Diesel 0.91%
Gas Plants 10.35%
Renewable energy sources 5.86%

4. Hydro Electric Power Plant:-
• The mechanical energy obtained from kinetic energy of water on shaft is
converted into electrical power with the help of generator. The complete
arrangement is known as hydro power plant
• First hydro power plant is established in 1882 in America. Operation of power
plant is depend upon the amount of water and head of water
• In hydro power plant storage of water is necessary. Storage of water is done
in the form of dam. Study of hydro power plant is known as HYDROLOGY.

5. Selection of site for hydro power plant
The hydro electric power plant is only a small part of the whole project. The
power station should be near the dam and storage reservior.
1. Availability of water
2. Storage medium of water
3. Head available in water
4. Type of plant
5. Geological investigation
6. Water pollution
7. Environment effect
8. Access of site

6. Element of Hydro Power Plant:-
• Catchment area
• Slip-way
• Conducts
• Surge-tank
• Prime mover
• Draft tube
• Power house equipment
1. Catchment area:-The total area behind the dam in which water is
precipitated and stream floe is obtained is known as catchment area .
2. Slip-Way:- When the water is stored in the reservior the level of reservior is
increased. The weight of reservior also increase .Due to reason the stability
of dam is also affected . To remove this excess weight water ,a structure of
former around the reservior. The structure is known as slip-way .
3 . Conducts:- Also known as head race turbine work as a channel through
which water is reached into turbine wheel and tail race.
4. Surge tank:- It is small tank or reservior, which is used for increasing or
decreasing the level of water, so that the working of turbine and reservior
5. Prime mover:- It work as an energy conversion device. Also known as
Hydraulic turbine.

7. 6. Draft tube:- Function of draft tube as follows i.e
• It set the level of turbine above the tail-race which reduce head losses
• Help in maintenance and inspection
• With the help of the different user action it send the kinetic of water into
runner
7. Power house Equipment:- List of power house equipment as follows.
• Hydraulic turbine
• Electric generator
• Governor
• Water circulating pump
• Flow measuring equipment
• Switch board system
• Oil circuit breaker

8. Classification of Turbine.
1. Pelton Turbine:-
• It is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
• The water enters into the turbine at high head.
• At the end of the penstock a nozzle is attached . Due to flow through nozzle.
• The head of water is converted into high speed jet.
• Neddle or spear is used to control the flow of water in the nozzle.
• With the help of nozzle the potential energy of water is converted into kinetic
energy.

9. 2. Kaplan Turbine:-
• It is an axial flow reaction turbine in which water enters into the parallel direction
of shaft.
• Use the high amount of water is available at low head.
• Tis turbine requires low specific speed.
• The working and construction is similar to francis turbine of vanes.
• In kaplan turbine 8- vanes are attached . It is also known as popular turbine.

10. 3. Francis Turbine:-
• It is a reaction turbine.
• It is inward mixed flow turbine.
• Francis turbine is a medium and medium amount of water turbine.
• In the turbine the water flows in down word direction and reaches to the
circumference of runner with the help of stationary orifice . The stationary orifice
is known as guide vane.
• In the turbine two head are developed . First head is converted into kinetic energy
and second head is converted into pressure head.
• Speed of runner is affected by both potential and kinetic energy of water.

11. Hydro Electric Power Plant layout
Generation of electricity by hydropower (Potential energy store in water) is one of
the cleanest methods producing electric power.
The below image shows the typical layout of a hydro electric power plant and it’s
basic components

12. 1. Dam and Reservoir-
The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas to ensure sufficient water
storage at high.
The dam from a large reservoir behind it . The height of water level (Called as water
head) in the reservior determine how much of potential energy is stored in it.

13. 2. Control gate:-
Water from the reservior is allowed to flow through the penstock to the turbine. The
amount of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a
control gate .
3. Penstock:-
A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the reservior to the turbine.
The potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy at it follows down
through the pan stock due to gravity.
4. Water turbine:-
Water from the penstock is taken into water turbine. The turbine is mechanically
coupled to an electric . Kinetic energy of the water drives the turbine and
consequently the generator gets driven.

14. 5. Generator:-
A generator is mounted in the power house and it mechanically coupled to the
turbine shaft. When the turbine blades are rotated, it drives the generator and
electricity is generated which is then stepped up with of a transformer for the
transmission purpose.
6. Surge Tank:-
• Surge tank are usually provided in high or medium head power plant when
considerably long penstock is required.
• A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank which is open at the top.
• It is a fitted between the reservoir and the power house.

15. Pumped Storage Plants:-
In pumped storage plant a second reservoir is constructed near the water out flow
from the turbine. When the demand of electricity is low. The water from lower
reservoir is pumped into the upper (main) reservoir. This is to ensure sufficient
amount of water available in the main reservoir to fulfil the peak loads .
Governing of Hydraulic Turbine
Governing of hydraulic turbine means. To regulate the speed of rotor so that constant
work is obtained.Generally hydraulic turbine works at constant speed and change in
load does not affect the rotation of shaft. To the control speed we generally use oil
pressure governor , commonly we govern the water centred nozzle. The speed of
generator increase which decrease the speed of runner in turbine.

16. Advantage of hydro electric power plant:-
• Low operation cost and Fuel cost is zero.
• More reliable power plant and less maintenance required.
• High production rate capacity.
• Renewable source of energy and does not pollute the environment.
• Life is power plant is more.
disadvantage of hydro electric power plant:-
• Initial cost is high.
• Depend upon the availability of water.
• Commonly found in hill area
• Apparatus needs corrosion protection.
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