3. Introduction
ď Abbreviated for;
High-performance liquid chromatography
OR
High-pressure liquid chromatography
ď Defined as;
âA chromatographic technique used to separate components of
mixture for the purpose to identify, quantify or purify the
individual components of the mixture â.
ď Widely used in field of biochemistry and analytical chemistry.
4. History
ď Invented by Martin and Synge as extension of gas
chromatography.
ď The main idea was that;
âSmall sorbent particles and pressure could produce fast
liquid chromatography techniquesâ.
ď The method was used practically in late 1960s for separation
amino acids.
6. 1. Mobile phase reservoir:
⢠Commonly glass bottles with caps are used.
⢠Teflon tubings and filters are connected to purge gas (helium) for
degassing.
⢠Vaccum for 5-10 min is also used for degassing.
2. Pump:
⢠It forces the mobile phase to pass through column.
⢠Flow rate is 1-2 ml/ min.
⢠Trypical pressure is 6000 â 9000psi.
3. Injector:
⢠Can be manually (syringe) or automated.
⢠Sample volume 5-20¾l.
⢠Ideal to stand pressure of mobile phase.
⢠Autosampler is used for analysis of many samples automatically.
7. 4. Stationary phase (Column):
⢠Heart of HPLC.
⢠Separate sample components on basis of physical and chemical
parameters.
⢠Lenght 10-30cm.
⢠Diameter 4-10nm.
⢠Packing material 5-10nm thick.
5. Detector:
⢠Detection of elutes from column.
⢠Quantitative analysis of sample components.
⢠Output transferred to recorder/ computer.
6. Computer:
⢠Data system that controls modules of HPLC.
⢠Signals from detector are interpreted to determine elution time,
quantitative and qualitative analysis of sample.
10. Operation
⢠Operation strategies are explained as follows;
1. Sample:
ď The sample to be analyzed is introduced into stream of mobile
phase in minute quantity, mostly in microliters.
ď The components of sample moves through different velocities
reaching the column where it physically interacts with the
sorbent.
ď Velocity of sample components depends on;
⢠Chemical nature of sample
⢠Nature of column
⢠Composition of mobile phase
11. 2. Column:
⢠Also known as stationary phase.
⢠Composed of sorbent material varying in particle size, and surface
chemistry.
⢠Size of particles can be smaller which improves chromatographic
resolution.
⢠In terms of surface chemistry, the column can be hydrophobic and
polar in nature.
12. A B
A. Plant extracts separated by HPLC by passing through stationary phase (column)
B. Columns used in HPLC device
13. 3. Eluent:
⢠Also known as mobile phase.
ď Type of solvent used:
⢠Commonly it is composed of water miscible with organic solvents. For
example methanol.
⢠Some HPLC utilizes water free mobile phase and uses acids such as
formic acid or phosphoric acid.
⢠Many mobile phase works well by using salts such as sodium
phosphate.
14. ď Composition of eluent:
⢠It depends on;
⢠Intensity of interactions between analytes and stationary phase. For
example;
i. Hydrophobic interactions in reversed-phase HPLC
ii. Polar interactions in normal phase HPLC
iii. Ionic interaction in ion exchange HPLC
⢠Often a series of trial runs are performed with the sample in
order to find the HPLC method which gives adequate separation.