The document provides an overview of the department of histopathology and its various benches. It describes histopathology as the microscopic examination of tissue to study disease manifestations. The key benches mentioned are processing, gross sectioning, tissue processing, embedding, cutting, staining including H&E, immunohistochemistry, special stains, cytology, cytogenetics, and semen analysis. The roles of each bench are briefly outlined.

1. OVERVIEW OF HISTOPATHOLOGY
BY
SEEMA DERO
TRANIEE TECHNOLOGIST

2. INTRODUCTION TO DEPARTMENT OF
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Histopathology is the department of clinical lab which
deals with the study of diff types of tissues
The department is based on following benches:
 Processing
 Gross
 Tissue processing
 Embedding,cutting,H&E
 Immunohistochemistry
 Special stains
 Cytology
 Semen DR
 Cytogenetics

3. WHAT IS HISTOPATHOLOGY?
Greek word
Histo- tissue
Pathos- disease suffering
 refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order
to study the manifestations of disease.
 histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or
surgical specimen by a pathologist,
 after the specimen has been processed and histological
sections have been placed onto glass slides

4. BENCHES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
1.PROCESSING
Specimen categories
 Tissues (with history)
 Bone (with x- ray)
 Autopsy (consent form)
 Body fluids
 CSF
 PBCR

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2.GROSS SECTION (grossing)
 specimens are inspected with the bare eye
 diagnostic information
 further microscopic examination.
Tissues are saved in different cassettes having different color
 Yellow (liver, renal)
 Green (routine)
 White(bones)
 Grey(skin)
 Pink(lymph nodes)

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3.TISSUE PROCESSING
 fixing tissue into paraffin
 dehydration and clearing
 tissue is infiltrated with the embedding agent, (paraffin)
 Tissue processing is always automated for the large volumes of
tissues.
 Automation consists of an instrument that moves the tissues
around through the various agents on a preset time scale.

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4.EMBEDDING
 Orientation of tissue in melted parafin which provide a firm
medium for keeping all parts of tissue intact
 Temp of parafin (58-60 C)
 Instrument used (embedding station)
CUTTING
Microtome used for cutting about 3-5 micron
H&E
Hematoxlyin (water based dye)
Eosin(counter stain)
They stains nucleus & cytoplasm

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5.IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
 Ag-Ab specific reaction
 Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing diagnosis of tumor
histogenesis
 Can be used to locate particular cells and proteins
 Can be used to identify cellular events – e.g.apoptosis

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6.SPECIAL STAINS
 Required when diagnosis is not identified with H&E
staining
Some of the stains used are
 Connective tissue ( rapid trichome)
 Nucleic acid (methylene green pyronin)
 Carbohydrates(PAS & PASD)

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7.CYTOGENETICS
Study of chromosomes and its abnormalities
 chromosome number
 structure
 function
 behavior in relation to gene inheritance,
 organization and expression
Types of disorders:
 Deletions
 Inversions
 Translocation
 Addition(insertion)

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Types of specimen
 Blood
 Bone marrow
 Amniotic fluid
Procedures done
 Karyo typing
 G-banding
 FISH

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8.CYTOLOGY
Study of cells to know the infection,pre malignant and
malignanent changes
2 types of samples
 Gyane
(pap smears)
 Non Gyane
(bodyfluids,CSF,urine,pericardial,pleural.asitic.synovial)

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Procedures done in cytology
 FNACP
 FNAC
 FNAB
Staining in cytology
 H&E
 Pap
 Dry (rapi)
 Gimesa

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9.SEMEN DR
Fresh sample of seminal fluid is examined for :
 Liquefaction
 Motility
 Number
 Morphology
Elements of analysis
 Quantity
 Color
 Liquefaction
 pH

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Tests done are
 Detailed report
 IUI (intra uterine insemination)
 Anti sperm antibody

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