The document provides an overview of general embryology, covering topics like fertilization, formation of the germ layers and trilaminar disc, differentiation of tissues and organs, fetal membranes and placenta. It discusses the key stages of embryo development from the pre-embryonic period through the embryonic and fetal periods. Diagrams illustrate structures like the bilaminar disc, primitive streak, somites and developing organ systems. Abnormalities are also briefly mentioned for structures like the chorion, yolk sac and umbilical cord.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and development of the male genitalia and its importance in legal cases. It describes the external structures including the penis, scrotum, and internal structures like the testes, epididymis, and accessory glands. Key details are provided on spermatogenesis and the descent of the testes during fetal development. Finally, it outlines the medicolegal importance of understanding male anatomy in civil cases involving impotence or paternity disputes, and criminal cases related to rape, murder, or concealment of birth.
The document provides an overview of the histology of the female genital system, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, placenta, cervix, external genitalia, and mammary glands. It describes the ovarian cycle of follicle growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation. It also summarizes the histological changes that occur in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle, including the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases. Key structures and functions of each organ are highlighted.
This document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from ovulation through implantation. It describes how ovulation is triggered by hormones, followed by fertilization if sperm penetrate the egg's barriers. The zygote then undergoes cell division as it develops into a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine wall. Successful implantation depends on cellular interactions between the trophoblast and endometrium.
The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
1. The document summarizes the key embryonic changes that occur during the first and second weeks of pregnancy. It describes the processes of fertilization, zygote formation, implantation, and development of the inner cell mass and outer cell mass.
2. During the second week, the inner cell mass rearranges to form two layers (the bilaminar germ disk) that will develop into the embryo, while the outer cell mass forms the trophoblasts and primary villus, which are precursors to the placenta.
3. A hormone called HCG is produced from the syncytiotrophoblast cells starting around 8 days after fertilization, and can be detected in pregnancy tests.
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak, primitive node, buccopharyngeal membrane, and cloacal membrane. Epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak and invaginate to form the endoderm, mesoderm, and remaining ectoderm layers. The notochord develops from the primitive pit through the stages of the notochordal process, canal, and plate. It will eventually form the primitive axial skeleton and nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs.
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes (ova/eggs) are formed. It begins during fetal development with primordial germ cells that migrate and undergo mitotic division, resulting in around 7 million primary oocytes by the 8th week of gestation. These enter meiotic arrest in prophase I. Folluculogenesis is the growth and maturation of follicles containing the ova. It occurs in four stages from primordial to tertiary follicles, with the late tertiary follicle being around 20mm and containing the nearly mature ovum.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and development of the male genitalia and its importance in legal cases. It describes the external structures including the penis, scrotum, and internal structures like the testes, epididymis, and accessory glands. Key details are provided on spermatogenesis and the descent of the testes during fetal development. Finally, it outlines the medicolegal importance of understanding male anatomy in civil cases involving impotence or paternity disputes, and criminal cases related to rape, murder, or concealment of birth.
The document provides an overview of the histology of the female genital system, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, placenta, cervix, external genitalia, and mammary glands. It describes the ovarian cycle of follicle growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation. It also summarizes the histological changes that occur in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle, including the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases. Key structures and functions of each organ are highlighted.
This document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from ovulation through implantation. It describes how ovulation is triggered by hormones, followed by fertilization if sperm penetrate the egg's barriers. The zygote then undergoes cell division as it develops into a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine wall. Successful implantation depends on cellular interactions between the trophoblast and endometrium.
The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
1. The document summarizes the key embryonic changes that occur during the first and second weeks of pregnancy. It describes the processes of fertilization, zygote formation, implantation, and development of the inner cell mass and outer cell mass.
2. During the second week, the inner cell mass rearranges to form two layers (the bilaminar germ disk) that will develop into the embryo, while the outer cell mass forms the trophoblasts and primary villus, which are precursors to the placenta.
3. A hormone called HCG is produced from the syncytiotrophoblast cells starting around 8 days after fertilization, and can be detected in pregnancy tests.
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak, primitive node, buccopharyngeal membrane, and cloacal membrane. Epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak and invaginate to form the endoderm, mesoderm, and remaining ectoderm layers. The notochord develops from the primitive pit through the stages of the notochordal process, canal, and plate. It will eventually form the primitive axial skeleton and nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs.
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes (ova/eggs) are formed. It begins during fetal development with primordial germ cells that migrate and undergo mitotic division, resulting in around 7 million primary oocytes by the 8th week of gestation. These enter meiotic arrest in prophase I. Folluculogenesis is the growth and maturation of follicles containing the ova. It occurs in four stages from primordial to tertiary follicles, with the late tertiary follicle being around 20mm and containing the nearly mature ovum.
During the third to eighth week embryonic period (also called the period of organogenesis):
- Each of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
- By the end of this period, the main organ systems have been established and the external body form is recognizable.
- The ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neural crest derivatives, sensory epithelium of ears/eyes, epidermis, and other structures. The mesoderm gives rise to supporting tissues, muscles, blood and lymph cells, kidneys, gonads, and other structures.
1. Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through birth. This includes general embryology (embryogenesis) and special embryology (organogenesis).
2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
3. Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic period of development. Cleavage and blastulation occur over the first week as the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into a blastocyst.
1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
3. By the end of the 4th week, the primitive streak begins to regress and disappear, and the embryonic disc becomes elongated with broad and narrow ends.
This document describes human development from fertilization through the third week. In the first week, fertilization occurs along with cleavage and the formation of the morula and blastocyst. In the second week, implantation of the blastocyst occurs along with changes forming the chorionic vesicle. The third week involves the formation of three types of chorionic villi from the chorion and gastrulation forming the trilaminar disc.
Cleavage, implantation of the embryo and bilaminarRobinson Wafula
1. Cleavage is the initial phase of rapid cell division of the zygote following fertilization which generates a large number of cells without growth. This leads to the formation of a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining begins around day 7. The trophoblast cells erode into the endometrium and the blastocyst is fully embedded by day 10.
3. By the end of the second week, a bilaminar embryonic disc called the bilaminar disc forms consisting of the epiblast and hypoblast cell layers. This gives rise to the three germ layers.
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube. This initiates cell division and the development of an embryo.
2) By day 5, the embryo has developed into a blastocyst stage and begins to implant in the uterine wall. Implantation is completed by day 12.
3) For successful implantation, the blastocyst must attach to the endometrium and the trophoblast cells must invade the uterine tissues to establish blood flow from the mother. This allows the embryo to receive nutrients for growth and development of a pregnancy.
The document provides information about mesoderm development in human embryos, including:
- The mesoderm arises from epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive streak during gastrulation.
- The mesoderm is initially divided into paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. Lateral mesoderm further splits into splanchnic and somatic mesoderm.
- The mesoderm gives rise to various tissues and organs, including muscle, bone, kidney and other parts of the urogenital system. It also forms the walls of body cavities.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
The testis is divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules lined with spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells form tight junctions that create the blood-testis barrier. Between tubules is the interstitial tissue containing Leydig cells that secrete testosterone. Upon maturation, sperm exit the tubules into the epididymis, a highly coiled duct lined with stereocilia that stores and transports sperm for several months before the vas deferens.
01.28.09(b): Histology of the Male Reproductive SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
The developmental anatomy of reproductive systemSahar Hafeez
This lecture encompasses the pertinent structural details of the sequence of embryological development of the male and female reproductive tracts. Focusing over the detail of differentiation of gonadal ridges into male & female gonads and development of the duct systems in both sexes during the first few weeks intrauterine life.
This document describes the formation of the notochord and differentiation of the intra-embryonic mesoderm in 5 steps. It explains that the intra-embryonic mesoderm forms from proliferating cells on the sides of the primitive node and streak. This mesoderm then differentiates into the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital system, while the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm separated by the intra-embryonic coelom.
The male reproductive system functions to produce, store, nourish, and transport gametes and facilitate fertilization. It includes the testes, ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm are stored and mature in the epididymis before passing through the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra to be ejaculated. Hormones regulate sperm production and male sexual characteristics. Common diseases include hydrocele, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction.
During the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, important developmental processes occur. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate through the processes of neural folding and closure of the neural tube. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the embryo and give rise to many tissues. Somite formation along the paraxial mesoderm results in the segmentation of the body plan and the formation of tissues including bone, muscle and skin. Organogenesis is also occurring as the heart, brain and other organs begin to form and develop. Certain environmental factors during this critical period can disrupt development and cause birth defects.
Fertilization is a complex process beginning with sperm contact with an oocyte and ending with fusion of maternal and paternal chromosomes. It can occur externally or internally. Key steps include capacitation and acrosomal reaction of sperm, penetration and activation of the oocyte, and fusion of pronuclei to form a zygote. The zona pellucida plays an important role through interactions with sperm that allow penetration and hardening after fertilization. Fertilization restores diploidy and shuffles genes, providing variation in offspring. Assisted reproductive technologies can help with fertilization in vitro or intrafallopian transfer.
3rd week of development and derivatives of germAbdul Ansari
During the third week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disk transforms into a trilaminar structure through the process of gastrulation. The primitive streak forms and epiblast cells migrate through it to form the mesoderm germ layer. Neurulation also occurs as the neural plate forms and folds in on itself to become the neural tube. This establishes the basis for the nervous system. By the end of the third week, the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—have formed and begun developing into tissues and organs.
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules over 70-75 days. It is a continuous process throughout a man's lifetime where spermatogonia develop into mature sperm cells. The document then discusses maturation arrest, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome as conditions that can affect spermatogenesis. Spermiogenesis is also mentioned, which is the differentiation of spermatids into functional spermatozoa through nuclear shaping, flagellum formation, acrosome formation, and shedding of the residual body.
Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth. Here's a breakdown of the major areas within embryology:
Gametogenesis: This is the process by which male and female sex cells are formed. In males, it’s called spermatogenesis and involves the formation of sperm cells. In females, it’s called oogenesis and involves the formation of egg cells.
Fertilization: This is the process where the sperm cell joins with an egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote. This marks the beginning of the embryo's development.
Embryonic Development: Post fertilization, the zygote begins a series of rapid divisions called cleavage, leading to the formation of a multicellular stage known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst then implants in the uterine wall, where it develops into an embryo. During this stage, the basic body plan and primary tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are established.
Fetal Development: After the initial stages of embryonic development, the developing organism is referred to as a fetus. This period is characterized by the rapid growth and maturation of tissues and organs that were formed during the embryonic period.
Teratology: This is the study of abnormalities of physiological development. It often focuses on congenital birth defects, their causes, and their prevention.
This document provides an overview of general embryology, covering topics such as the development of embryology from early theories to modern experimental embryology. It discusses the processes of fertilization, formation of the blastocyst and implantation. It describes the formation of germ layers and differentiation of the trilaminar disc into embryonic structures. It also covers the development of fetal membranes and placenta, as well as twins and multiple births. The stages of preembryonic, embryonic and fetal periods are outlined.
During the third to eighth week embryonic period (also called the period of organogenesis):
- Each of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
- By the end of this period, the main organ systems have been established and the external body form is recognizable.
- The ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neural crest derivatives, sensory epithelium of ears/eyes, epidermis, and other structures. The mesoderm gives rise to supporting tissues, muscles, blood and lymph cells, kidneys, gonads, and other structures.
1. Embryology is the study of prenatal development from fertilization through birth. This includes general embryology (embryogenesis) and special embryology (organogenesis).
2. Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into male and female gametes. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes to produce sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries to produce eggs.
3. Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm to form a zygote, initiating the embryonic period of development. Cleavage and blastulation occur over the first week as the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into a blastocyst.
1. Gastrulation begins around day 14-15 with the formation of the primitive streak on the dorsal surface of the embryo, through which epiblast cells migrate inward to form the mesoderm and endoderm.
2. Cells invaginating the primitive pit move forward to form the notochordal process, which later forms the definitive notochord, a solid cord of cells.
3. By the end of the 4th week, the primitive streak begins to regress and disappear, and the embryonic disc becomes elongated with broad and narrow ends.
This document describes human development from fertilization through the third week. In the first week, fertilization occurs along with cleavage and the formation of the morula and blastocyst. In the second week, implantation of the blastocyst occurs along with changes forming the chorionic vesicle. The third week involves the formation of three types of chorionic villi from the chorion and gastrulation forming the trilaminar disc.
Cleavage, implantation of the embryo and bilaminarRobinson Wafula
1. Cleavage is the initial phase of rapid cell division of the zygote following fertilization which generates a large number of cells without growth. This leads to the formation of a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining begins around day 7. The trophoblast cells erode into the endometrium and the blastocyst is fully embedded by day 10.
3. By the end of the second week, a bilaminar embryonic disc called the bilaminar disc forms consisting of the epiblast and hypoblast cell layers. This gives rise to the three germ layers.
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube. This initiates cell division and the development of an embryo.
2) By day 5, the embryo has developed into a blastocyst stage and begins to implant in the uterine wall. Implantation is completed by day 12.
3) For successful implantation, the blastocyst must attach to the endometrium and the trophoblast cells must invade the uterine tissues to establish blood flow from the mother. This allows the embryo to receive nutrients for growth and development of a pregnancy.
The document provides information about mesoderm development in human embryos, including:
- The mesoderm arises from epiblast cells that migrate through the primitive streak during gastrulation.
- The mesoderm is initially divided into paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. Lateral mesoderm further splits into splanchnic and somatic mesoderm.
- The mesoderm gives rise to various tissues and organs, including muscle, bone, kidney and other parts of the urogenital system. It also forms the walls of body cavities.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
The testis is divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules lined with spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells form tight junctions that create the blood-testis barrier. Between tubules is the interstitial tissue containing Leydig cells that secrete testosterone. Upon maturation, sperm exit the tubules into the epididymis, a highly coiled duct lined with stereocilia that stores and transports sperm for several months before the vas deferens.
01.28.09(b): Histology of the Male Reproductive SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
The developmental anatomy of reproductive systemSahar Hafeez
This lecture encompasses the pertinent structural details of the sequence of embryological development of the male and female reproductive tracts. Focusing over the detail of differentiation of gonadal ridges into male & female gonads and development of the duct systems in both sexes during the first few weeks intrauterine life.
This document describes the formation of the notochord and differentiation of the intra-embryonic mesoderm in 5 steps. It explains that the intra-embryonic mesoderm forms from proliferating cells on the sides of the primitive node and streak. This mesoderm then differentiates into the paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital system, while the lateral plate mesoderm splits to form the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm separated by the intra-embryonic coelom.
The male reproductive system functions to produce, store, nourish, and transport gametes and facilitate fertilization. It includes the testes, ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm are stored and mature in the epididymis before passing through the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra to be ejaculated. Hormones regulate sperm production and male sexual characteristics. Common diseases include hydrocele, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction.
During the embryonic period from 3-8 weeks, important developmental processes occur. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate through the processes of neural folding and closure of the neural tube. Neural crest cells migrate throughout the embryo and give rise to many tissues. Somite formation along the paraxial mesoderm results in the segmentation of the body plan and the formation of tissues including bone, muscle and skin. Organogenesis is also occurring as the heart, brain and other organs begin to form and develop. Certain environmental factors during this critical period can disrupt development and cause birth defects.
Fertilization is a complex process beginning with sperm contact with an oocyte and ending with fusion of maternal and paternal chromosomes. It can occur externally or internally. Key steps include capacitation and acrosomal reaction of sperm, penetration and activation of the oocyte, and fusion of pronuclei to form a zygote. The zona pellucida plays an important role through interactions with sperm that allow penetration and hardening after fertilization. Fertilization restores diploidy and shuffles genes, providing variation in offspring. Assisted reproductive technologies can help with fertilization in vitro or intrafallopian transfer.
3rd week of development and derivatives of germAbdul Ansari
During the third week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disk transforms into a trilaminar structure through the process of gastrulation. The primitive streak forms and epiblast cells migrate through it to form the mesoderm germ layer. Neurulation also occurs as the neural plate forms and folds in on itself to become the neural tube. This establishes the basis for the nervous system. By the end of the third week, the three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm—have formed and begun developing into tissues and organs.
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules over 70-75 days. It is a continuous process throughout a man's lifetime where spermatogonia develop into mature sperm cells. The document then discusses maturation arrest, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome as conditions that can affect spermatogenesis. Spermiogenesis is also mentioned, which is the differentiation of spermatids into functional spermatozoa through nuclear shaping, flagellum formation, acrosome formation, and shedding of the residual body.
Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth. Here's a breakdown of the major areas within embryology:
Gametogenesis: This is the process by which male and female sex cells are formed. In males, it’s called spermatogenesis and involves the formation of sperm cells. In females, it’s called oogenesis and involves the formation of egg cells.
Fertilization: This is the process where the sperm cell joins with an egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote. This marks the beginning of the embryo's development.
Embryonic Development: Post fertilization, the zygote begins a series of rapid divisions called cleavage, leading to the formation of a multicellular stage known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst then implants in the uterine wall, where it develops into an embryo. During this stage, the basic body plan and primary tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are established.
Fetal Development: After the initial stages of embryonic development, the developing organism is referred to as a fetus. This period is characterized by the rapid growth and maturation of tissues and organs that were formed during the embryonic period.
Teratology: This is the study of abnormalities of physiological development. It often focuses on congenital birth defects, their causes, and their prevention.
This document provides an overview of general embryology, covering topics such as the development of embryology from early theories to modern experimental embryology. It discusses the processes of fertilization, formation of the blastocyst and implantation. It describes the formation of germ layers and differentiation of the trilaminar disc into embryonic structures. It also covers the development of fetal membranes and placenta, as well as twins and multiple births. The stages of preembryonic, embryonic and fetal periods are outlined.
During the first 3 weeks of development, the zygote undergoes cleavage to become a morula, then a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants into the uterus between days 6-7. During the second week, the amniotic cavity and yolk sac form and the bilaminar disc develops. In the third week, gastrulation occurs forming the trilaminar disc. The notochord and neural tube begin developing, marking the start of the "period of threes" where the three germ layers and other structures form. This sets the stage for organogenesis in subsequent weeks.
This document discusses early embryogenesis in various species. It defines key terms like syngamy, zygote, embryo and fetus. It describes the development stages from ootid to morula and blastocyst. It explains the role of tight and gap junctions in compaction and blastulation. It compares timing of pre-attachment development across cows, mares and women. It outlines gastrulation and formation of germ layers and extraembryonic membranes like the placenta.
Fertilization, implantaion and embryologyobgymgmcri
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
The document summarizes the key stages of fertilization and embryonic development in humans. It describes:
1) Fertilization occurring when the sperm fuses with the ovum in the fallopian tube to form a zygote, which undergoes cell division over several days to become a morula and then a blastocyst.
2) The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and the trophoblast develops to form the placenta, while the inner cell mass forms the embryo and its structures.
3) It outlines the major developmental milestones from weeks 3-31, including organ formation, growth of limbs and senses, and increasing activity of the fetus.
This document summarizes the process of fetal development from fertilization through the fetal periods. It describes the key stages and events, including fertilization and development of the zygote, pre-embryonic and embryonic periods where the blastocyst implants and the three germ layers form. It then covers the fetal period and development of major organ systems like the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and others. It concludes with a section on placenta development from the chorionic villi fusing with the decidua.
1) The document discusses the key stages in the first week of human development including fertilization, cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation.
2) Fertilization involves the fusion of an ovum and spermatozoa to form a zygote, which occurs in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions as it moves through the uterine tube.
3) By day 5-6, the blastocyst has formed with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium around day 7, initiating formation of the placenta and decidua. Abnormal implantation can result in
1) The document discusses the key stages in the first week of human development including fertilization, cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation.
2) Fertilization involves the fusion of an ovum and spermatozoa to form a zygote, which occurs in the fallopian tube. The zygote then undergoes cleavage divisions as it moves through the uterine tube.
3) By day 5-6, the blastocyst has formed with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer. Around day 7, the blastocyst implants in the uterine lining, initiating formation of the placenta and decidua. Abnormal implantation can result in ect
The document describes the development of the placenta and umbilical cord from fertilization through gestation. It discusses the stages of embryogenesis including cleavage, morula, blastula, and gastrula. It then describes the formation and differentiation of the chorionic villi and decidua, and the roles they play in nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus. Finally, it summarizes the key functions of the mature placenta including breathing, nutrition, waste removal, and establishing an immunological barrier between mother and fetus.
The document describes the key stages in human embryonic development from fertilization through the first trimester. It discusses spermatogenesis and oogenesis, followed by fertilization which involves the fusion of egg and sperm cells. Next is a description of cleavage, which produces a ball of cells from the zygote. Morula, blastula and gastrulation are then summarized, involving cell migration that establishes the three germ layers. The stages of development from weeks 1 through 12 are outlined, highlighting growth of the embryo and formation of major structures.
The document describes the key stages in human embryonic development from fertilization through the first trimester. It discusses spermatogenesis and oogenesis, followed by fertilization which involves the fusion of egg and sperm cells. Next is a description of cleavage, which produces a ball of cells from the zygote. Morula, blastula and gastrulation are then summarized, involving cell migration that establishes the three germ layers. The stages of embryogenesis through the first trimester are outlined, including implantation, organogenesis, and the development of major organs and structures.
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm to produce a new organism. It begins with the collision of sperm and egg and ends with the formation of a single-celled zygote. Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division called cleavage over the next few days as it is transported down the fallopian tube through the uterus and into the womb. By the fourth day, it develops into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst which implants in the uterine wall, where it continues to develop into an embryo.
1. The document provides an overview of key topics in general embryology, including fertilization and cleavage, formation of the blastocyst and bilaminar germ disc, implantation and early placentation, and gastrulation.
2. During the second week, the trophoblast differentiates into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. The embryoblast also differentiates into the epiblast and hypoblast layers, forming the bilaminar germ disc. The extraembryonic mesoderm divides into the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric layers.
3. In the third week, gastrulation occurs as migrating epiblast cells form
This document summarizes key stages of human embryology from fertilization through the first 3 weeks of development. It describes fertilization, where a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote. It then discusses cleavage and blastocyst formation, implantation, and the establishment of the bilaminar and trilaminar embryos through gastrulation, forming the three germ layers of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm that give rise to the body's organs. Diagrams illustrate these stages of embryogenesis.
This document summarizes key stages of human embryology from fertilization through the first 3 weeks of development. It describes fertilization, where a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote. It then discusses cleavage and blastocyst formation, implantation, and the establishment of the bilaminar and trilaminar embryos through gastrulation. The formation of the amniotic sac, yolk sac, and primitive streak are also summarized. Key events include fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation and the formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
This document summarizes key stages of human embryology from fertilization through the first 3 weeks of development. It describes fertilization, where a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote. It then discusses cleavage and blastocyst formation, implantation, and the establishment of the bilaminar and trilaminar embryos through gastrulation, forming the three germ layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm that give rise to the body's organs. Diagrams are included illustrating these developmental processes.
This document summarizes key stages of human embryology from fertilization through the first 3 weeks of development. It describes fertilization, where a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote. It then discusses cleavage and blastocyst formation, implantation, and the establishment of the bilaminar and trilaminar embryos through gastrulation. The formation of the amniotic sac, yolk sac, and primitive streak are also summarized. Key events include fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation and the formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. It is a multi-stage process beginning with sperm penetration of the egg's outer layers and ending with the fusion of genetic material to form a single cell called a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cell division called cleavage as it travels through the fallopian tube. Around 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus, where it derives nourishment and establishes the beginnings of the placenta and embryonic development. Implantation normally occurs in the uterine wall, but can sometimes occur in abnormal locations leading to ectopic pregnancy.
K wires are commonly used in orthopedic surgery to fixate small bone fractures and dislocations. They were introduced in 1909 and are made of stainless steel or nickel titanium alloy. K wires are inserted using fluoroscopic guidance to stabilize bone fragments while allowing early range of motion. Proper technique and wire placement is important to avoid complications like loss of fixation, infection, or stiffness.
Two cases of scalp avulsion injuries requiring microvascular replantation are described. In the first case of total scalp avulsion, the replant was initially successful but later developed segmental necrosis requiring debridement and skin grafting. The second case of partial scalp avulsion had a successful replant with some minor spotty necrosis also requiring grafting. Both patients ultimately had satisfactory hair growth and healing of the scalp, demonstrating that microvascular replantation can restore function and appearance despite risks of partial necrosis.
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to detect variations in blood flow velocity over time, represented as a Doppler spectrum waveform. In arteries, normal flow appears monophasic during conditions like fever, exercise, or temporary arterial occlusion. Veins show spontaneous flow without augmentation. Venous flow changes with respiration and a normal vein can collapse on compression, while a non-compressible vein suggests thrombosis. Applying distal compression or using Valsalva's maneuver can identify refluxing vessels without occlusive thrombus.
The ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus that provides motor innervation to muscles in the forearm, hand, and fingers. It passes through the cubital tunnel in the elbow and Guyon's canal in the wrist. In the forearm, it gives off motor branches and sensory branches. In the hand, the ulnar nerve divides into superficial and deep branches, with the superficial branch supplying sensation to the little and half of the ring finger and motor innervation to the thenar muscles, and the deep branch supplying motor innervation to the majority of hand muscles.
The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery after passing through the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet connects the neck to the thorax and contains many structures including the subclavian vessels and brachial plexus. Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when these structures are compressed as they pass through the thoracic outlet, most commonly due to scalene muscle abnormalities. It can cause neurogenic, venous, or arterial symptoms in the upper limb that are exacerbated by arm movements above the head. Treatment depends on the type of thoracic outlet syndrome but may include surgery or stenting.
NPWT (negative pressure wound therapy), also known as vacuum-assisted closure, promotes wound healing through applying sub-atmospheric pressure using foam and suction. It works through mechanisms like wound contraction, edema removal, blood flow restoration, granulation tissue formation, and bacterial reduction. NPWT alters gene expression to increase growth factors and is used for both acute and chronic wounds. Contraindications include fistulas, malignancy, and exposed vessels or nerves. It provides advantages like rapid wound preparation and decreased edema but has disadvantages like fluid shifts and cost. Complications can include skin issues, mechanical failures, bleeding, and infection.
Dr. Akshai George Paul discusses various techniques for lip reconstruction after defects or loss of tissue. Primary closure is used for small defects less than one third of the lip. The Abbe flap and Eslander flap are indicated for defects between one third to half the lip, with the Abbe flap preserving muscular continuity but requiring two stages, and the Eslander flap allowing single-stage reconstruction but resulting in an insensate lip. The Karpandzic flap can reconstruct over half the lip in a single stage while maintaining sensation and function. Larger defects may use the Bernard-Burow cheiloplasty or a free radial forearm flap with palmaris longus for total reconstruction. Post-
The sympathetic nervous system is formed from preganglionic fibers exiting the spinal cord from T1-L2 levels. These fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in sympathetic ganglia near the spinal cord or travel to other ganglia nearer the organ. Sympathectomy increases blood flow by vasodilating arterioles, and is used to treat primary hyperhydrosis, Raynaud's syndrome, and other conditions. It can be performed chemically via percutaneous injection of alcohol/phenol or surgically via open, thoracoscopic, or laparoscopic approaches. Complications may include compensatory hyperhydrosis, gustatory sweating, or Horner's syndrome.
This document discusses various techniques for monitoring free flaps post-operatively. It begins by defining a free flap as a unit of tissue transferred to another site using a blood vessel pedicle. Close monitoring is important to detect any issues early to improve salvage rates. The gold standard is clinical assessment but non-invasive methods are also discussed, including Doppler ultrasound, laser Doppler, temperature monitoring and tissue oxygen saturation. Invasive methods mentioned include implantable Doppler probes, flow couplers, transcutaneous oxygen tension, microdialysis and contrast enhanced Doppler. The document concludes with brief case examples of different free flaps used to reconstruct various defects.
This document discusses rehabilitation protocols for flexor tendon injuries. It outlines the goals of rehabilitation as promoting healing, decreasing adhesions, and achieving smooth finger function. Protocols discussed include immobilization, early passive mobilization, and early active mobilization. Specific protocols described in detail include Duran and Houser, Kleinert, Belfast and Sheffield, and Strickland. The document concludes that the appropriate protocol depends on the extent of injury and patient compliance, and aspects of different protocols can be combined to fit each patient's needs.
Sites to look for pallor include the lower palpebral conjunctiva, tip and dorsum of the tongue, soft palate, nail beds, and palmar or plantar creases. Pallor is a sign of low hemoglobin but does not always indicate anemia, which is diagnosed through laboratory tests. Causes of pallor include anemia when hemoglobin is below 8-9 g/dL, as well as physiological factors, shock, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, skin edema, and pheochromocytoma. Anemia develops when the blood lacks sufficient healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin.
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of the brain as seen on CT scans. It begins by outlining the systematic approach used to interpret CT scans, including assessing symmetry, midline structures, cross-sectional anatomy, and skull and soft tissues. It then describes key anatomical structures visible on CT such as the cranial fossae, meninges, fissures, ventricles, grey and white matter. The document also discusses how CT is used to identify ischemic strokes at different stages, from immediate changes like hyperdense vessels, to acute swelling, subacute resolving swelling, and chronic infarction. It notes CT perfusion can identify the infarct core and penumbra using parameters like CBV, CBF, MTT and
This document provides information about hysteroscopies, including what they are, the equipment used, procedures, indications, and complications.
Hysteroscopies allow direct visual inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity and can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Equipment includes rigid or flexible hysteroscopes connected to a light source, camera, and monitor. Distension media like carbon dioxide, glycine, or saline is used to distend the uterine cavity during the procedure. Diagnostic hysteroscopies are used to evaluate conditions like abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility while operative hysteroscopies can be used to remove polyps, fibroids, or adhesions. Potential complications include issues from anesthesia, bleeding,
This document summarizes several disorders of specific immunity involving defects in humoral and cellular immunity. It describes various primary immunodeficiencies such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM, DiGeorge syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, and severe combined immunodeficiencies. It discusses the manifestations and management of each condition.
Mid-parental height is used to estimate a child's genetically determined height potential. It is calculated differently for boys and girls based on the average of the parents' heights. This value is plotted on a growth chart at age 18-20 to estimate the child's target height percentile. Evaluating short stature involves ruling out common causes through blood tests and imaging. If these are normal, tests are done to check for growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and Turner syndrome. Growth hormone therapy can increase final adult height by 20-30 cm for children with growth hormone deficiency.
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are conditions that can occur after a streptococcal throat infection. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, skin, and blood vessels. It is characterized by lesions called Aschoff bodies and rheumatic granulomas. Long term, it can lead to rheumatic heart disease where the heart valves are damaged. The disease process involves an immune response to streptococcal antigens that causes inflammation and tissue damage. Symptoms vary by the organs involved but can include fever, arthritis, heart valve abnormalities, and skin rashes.
- Edema is an increase in interstitial fluid caused by altered Starling forces that increase fluid flow from blood vessels into tissues.
- It can be generalized or localized. Localized edema includes venous, lymphatic, and inflammatory types. Edema can also be pitting or non-pitting.
- Common causes of edema include decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, tissue factors, increased capillary permeability, and sodium and water retention.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret a normal chest x-ray (CXR), including the major views, factors that affect technical quality, and a systematic approach. It discusses the posteroanterior (PA), anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and lateral decubitus views. Inspiration, exposure, and rotation can impact quality. A systematic approach examines the airway, bones and soft tissues, cardiomediastinal silhouette, diaphragm, lung fields, gastric bubble, hilum and mediastinum, and any ICU tubes or lines.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified into simple, compound, derived and miscellaneous lipids. Fatty acids are the most common components of lipids in the body. They are aliphatic carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon side chains. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids occur naturally. Phospholipids are an important class of compound lipids that form structural components of biological membranes and are involved in various metabolic functions. The most abundant phospholipid is lecithin, which contains phosphoric acid esterified to glycerol and choline.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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2. GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
1. Development of embryology
2. Germ cell and fertilization
3. Blastocyst and implantation
4. Formation of the germ layer
5. Differentiation of trilaminar germ and
formation of embryo
6. Fetal membrane and placenta
7. Twins and multiple birth
3. Preembryonic period: 1st week to end of 2nd week
fertilization to formation of bilaminar germ disc
Embryonic period: 3rd week to end of 8th week
formation of embryo
Fetal period: 9th week to birth
growth
Perinatal stage: 26th week to 4 week after birth
7. Germ cell and fertilization
Germ cell
spermatozoon and ovum
1. Spermatozoon
Capacitation:In female reproductive tract, the sperms were
enabled to bind to the zona pellucida receptors.
removal of glycoproteins (decapacitation factor) which cover the
sperms
2. Ovum
secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase in the second meiotic
division
8. Fertilization: The process in which the spermatozoon penetrates
into the ovum to form fertilized ovum.
In the ampulla of oviduct
9. nucleus acrosome
Penetration and
release of acrosomal
enzyme
Cell
membrane
of ovum
Process of fertilization
Sperm bind to sperm receptor ZP-3 induce
Acrosome reaction:release of acrosomal enzyme
11. The second meiotic division
of the secondary oocyte is
rapidly lifted and the second
polar body is released,
leaving a haploid female
nucleus.
Zona reaction: Cortical granules→perivitelline space
→degrade ZP-3, alteration of zona pellucida →barrier
for sperm penetration
16. ① Fusion of the
membrane of
sperm and ovum
② The nucleus
of sperm
penetrate into
ovum
③ Formation of
pronuclei
④ Fusion of
pronuclei
Process of fertilization
Alteration of ovum 24 h
17. 2.Condition of fertilization
① Normal ovum
② Normal sperm
sufficient numbers
③ Certain time
12-24h
④ Free reproductive tract
19. Formation of blastocyst
and implantation
Cleavage and formation of blastocyst
1. Cleavage: early division of fertilized egg
2. Blastomere:daughter cells from cleavage
3. Morula:12 to 16- cell stage, enclosed in the zona pellucida,
like morus
4. Blastocyst:about 100 blastmeres
blastocoele、inner cell mass and trophoblast
polar trophoblast
24. Implantation (imbed)
The process by which the blastocyst settles
into endometrium. 6th day to 11th day
Fundus and body of uterus
zona pellucida disappear at the 5th day
1.Trophoblast:proliferate and differentiate into two layers
①Syncytiotrophoblast:outer layer, fused each other, cell
boundaries disappear
②Cytotrophoblast:inner layer, cell boundaries distinct,
simple cuboidal cells
26. Implantation at 7th day
Endometrium
Polar trophoblast
Inner cell mass
Cytotrophoblast
27. 2.Decidua:
endometrium implantation decidua
decidual response
Decidua basalis:under the implantation site
Decidua capsularis:between the implantation
site and the uterine lumen
Decidua parietalis:remaining endometrium
51. 1、Differentiation of ectoderm
Anterior neuropore closed at 25th
Posterior neuropore closed at 27th
Neural tube
Neural fold
closed at 22nd day, from 4th somite
53. ②Neural crest: blastema of PNS
chromaffin cell, parafollicular cell
some of bone, cartilage and
muscle of head
③Superficial ectoderm: after formation of neural tube
epidermis
54. 2.Differentiation of mesoderm 17th day
①Paraxial mesoderm:somite at 20th day, from the head
Dermotome→ dermis, hypodermis
Myotome → skeletal muscle,
Sclerotome → axial skeleton.
②Intermediate mesoderm:urinary and
reproductive system
③Lateral mesoderm:parietal mesoderm,
viseral mesoderm,
intraembryonic coelomic cavity
58. 3. Differentiation of endoderm
Epithelium of primitive gut →
epithelium of digestive tract, digestive gland,
respiratory tract and lung
Primitive pharynx →5 pairs of pharyngeal pouch
61. Formation of embryonic body (4-8th week)
Disc Columnfolds
the number of somite increase
face development, formation of branchial pouch
breach of buccopharyngeal membrane
5th week: upper and lower limb buds
6th week: hand and foot plates
7th week: formation of face, disappear of somite
8th week: breach of cloacal membrane
20-30th day
80. 5. Umbilical cord:50 cm
(CT, umbilical vein, umbilical artery,
degenerated yolk sac and allantois)
covered with amniotic membrane
Abnormality: >80 cm,
<35 cm
connect fetus with placenta
84. 2.Placental membrane:
Structure between the blood of mother and fetus
①Syncytiotrophoblast;
②Cytotrophoblast and its basal lamina;
③Connective tissue;
④Endothelium and its basal lamina
protection
86. 3.Function:
① Substance exchange
O2, nutriment, CO2, waste
② Hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin, HCG;
Human placental lactogen, HPL;
Human placental progesterone, HPP,
Human placental estrogen, HPE