fetal membrane : Yolk sac
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The fetal membranes include the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, umbilical cord, connecting stalk, allantois, vitelline duct, and placenta. The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that is formed from hypoblast cells next to the embryonic disk. It undergoes several modifications from a primitive yolk sac at 9 days to a final yolk sac by 8 weeks as the embryo develops.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes in males. It involves the transformation of spermatogonia into mature sperm through two stages: spermatocytogenesis where primordial germ cells develop into spermatids, and spermiogenesis where spermatids are transformed into mature sperm. In humans, it takes approximately 74 days to complete and produces around 300 million sperm cells daily. Oogenesis is the similar process that occurs in females within the ovaries to produce eggs.
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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fetal membrane : Yolk sac
- 2. Names of the Fetal membrane: • yolk sac • chorion, • amnion, • umbilical cord, • connecting stalk • allantois, • vitelline duct, • placenta,
- 4. Yolk sac
- 5. yolk sac • Definition The yolk sac is a membranous sac Attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the Hypoblast adjacent to the Embryonic disk
- 6. Modifications of yolk sac • Primitive yolk sac /exocoelomic cavity. • Secondary yolk sac • Final yolk sac
- 7. 9 days
- 8. 12 days
- 9. 13 days
- 10. 17 days
- 11. 22 days
- 12. 24 days
- 13. 28 days
- 14. Final 8 weeks
- 17. Thank you