Immunodeficiency is a state in which the body is incapable of of protecting it from foreign pathogens. It is classified into two categories primary - which can be inherited and secondary - which is caused due to life style factors, drugs, nutrition. Treatments include - antibiotics- to suppress the symptoms , stem transplantation- done to introduce the deficient immune cells. There are many diseases associated with immunodeficiency.
Immunodeficiency refers to failure of immune system to encounter infections by different microbial pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoan. There are two types of immunodeficiency, Primary immunodeficiency disorder (genetic) and Secondary immunodeficiency disorder (acquired). Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are genetic or inherited disorders which make an individual more susceptible to any pathogenic infections. One in two thousands (2,000) children younger than 18 years are thought to have primary immunodeficiency disorder. Antibody, combined B-cell and T-cell, phagocyte and complement disorders are the most common types. Secondary immunodeficiency disorders (SID) arise due to factors such as malnutrition, fatigue, use of immunosuppressants, chemotherapy, skin damage, pregnancy, aging, and recurrent infections. Laboratory screening test for individuals with immunodeficiency disorders include a complete blood count with differential and measurement of serum immunoglobulins, Biopsy, Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB), Electrolytes assay and comple¬ment levels. The Management and Treatment of immunodeficiency disorders include Antiviral therapy like the such as amantidine and ramantadine which may be life-saving in the management of viral infections, Intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulins replacement, Bone marrow transplant, Blood transfusion, Thymus transplants , Gene therapy, Stem cell transplant and vaccines.
Immunodeficiency is a state in which the body is incapable of of protecting it from foreign pathogens. It is classified into two categories primary - which can be inherited and secondary - which is caused due to life style factors, drugs, nutrition. Treatments include - antibiotics- to suppress the symptoms , stem transplantation- done to introduce the deficient immune cells. There are many diseases associated with immunodeficiency.
Immunodeficiency refers to failure of immune system to encounter infections by different microbial pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoan. There are two types of immunodeficiency, Primary immunodeficiency disorder (genetic) and Secondary immunodeficiency disorder (acquired). Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) are genetic or inherited disorders which make an individual more susceptible to any pathogenic infections. One in two thousands (2,000) children younger than 18 years are thought to have primary immunodeficiency disorder. Antibody, combined B-cell and T-cell, phagocyte and complement disorders are the most common types. Secondary immunodeficiency disorders (SID) arise due to factors such as malnutrition, fatigue, use of immunosuppressants, chemotherapy, skin damage, pregnancy, aging, and recurrent infections. Laboratory screening test for individuals with immunodeficiency disorders include a complete blood count with differential and measurement of serum immunoglobulins, Biopsy, Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB), Electrolytes assay and comple¬ment levels. The Management and Treatment of immunodeficiency disorders include Antiviral therapy like the such as amantidine and ramantadine which may be life-saving in the management of viral infections, Intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulins replacement, Bone marrow transplant, Blood transfusion, Thymus transplants , Gene therapy, Stem cell transplant and vaccines.
Immunological Disorders can be classified into 3 distinct categories.They are Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency.Here in this presentation we talk about Immunodeficiency disorders.Get more on our blog : http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Immunological Disorders can be classified into 3 distinct categories.They are Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency.Here in this presentation we talk about Immunodeficiency disorders.Get more on our blog : http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Etiology- genetic mutations, infection, toxin exposure, autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, emboli, thrombosis, or diabetes mellitus.
Even after careful study, however, the cause often remains unknown, and the lesion is called idiopathic.
Inflammation of the glomerular capillaries is called glomerulonephritis.
Persistent glomerulonephritis that worsens renal function is always accompanied by interstitial nephritis, renal fibrosis, and tubular atrophy.
Primary Immunodeficiencies
SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID)
Different causes for SCID
WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME (WAS)
INTERFERON-GAMMA–RECEPTOR DEFECT
X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
X-LINKED HYPER-IgM SYNDROME
COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY (CVI)
HYPER-IgE SYNDROME (JOB SYNDROME)
ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA
Immune Disorders Involving The Thymus
Immunodeficiencies Of The Myeloid Lineage Affect Innate Immunity
Complement Defects Result in Immunodeficiency or Immune-Complex Disease
AIDS and Other Acquired or Secondary Immunodeficiencies
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. X-LINKED
AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Described by Bruton
First immunodeficiency disease that has been recognized
Seen only in male infants
Manifestations:-
> Recurrent pyogenic infections mainly from
pneumococci,streprococci,meningococci, pseudomonas etc.
4. Patient respond to viral infections such as
measles,chickenpox etc,
All classes of Igs are depleted in the serum
Marked decrease in B cells in circulation
CMI is not affected
Arthritis,hemolytic anemia
5. Management:-
>Maintenance of adequate Igs
>This can be by initial administration of 300 mg of gamma
globulin per kg of body weight in three doses followed by
monthly injection of 100 mg per kg
6. TRANSIENT
HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA OF
INFANCY
This is due to abnormal delay in IgG synthesis in some
infants
Manifestations:-
>Recurrent respiratory infections and otitis media are
common.
Management:-
>Prophylactic treatment with gammaglobulins
7. COMMON VARIABLE
IMMUNODEFICENCY
Late onset hypogammaglobulinemia-manifests in 15-35 yrs
Manifestations:-
>Recurrent pyogenic infections
>Malabsorption and giardiasis are common
>Total immunoglobulin will be low
Management:-
>Administration of gamma globulin IM or IV
8. SELECTIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN
DEFICENCIES
One or more immunoglobulin classes are deficient ,others
remain normal or elevated.
IgA deficiency is the most common
Manifestations:-
>Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and
steatorrhea.
>It is accompanied by atopic disorders also.
10. IMMUNODEFICENCY WITH
HYPER-IGM
Some are X-linked and some are autosomal recessive.
Manifestations:-
>Low IgA,IgG but with elevated IgM.
>Thrombocytopenia,neutropenia,hemolytic anemia and renal
lesions.
Management
>Intravenous immunoglobulintherapy.
11. TRANSCOBALAMIN II
DEFICENCY
Autosomal recessive trait.
Manifestations:-
>Megaloblastic anemia and intestinal villous atrophy
>Depleted plasma cells,diminished Igs and impaired
phagocytosis.
Management:-
>Vitamin B12 therapy.
13. DIGEORGE SYNDROME
Thymic hypoplasia
Developmental defects involving the endodermal
derivatives of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches.
It does not appear as hereditary or familial
Probably due to any intrauterine infections or any other
complications
14. Manifestations:-
>Neonatal tetany
>Susceptibility to viral,fungal and bacterial infections present.
>Associated with Fallots tetrology and the defects of great
vessels,
>Lymph nodes and spleen depleted of lymphocytes.
16. CHRONIC MUSCULOCUTANEOUS
CANDIDIASIS
Abnormal immunological response to Candida albicans
Manifestations:-
>Chronic candidiasis of mucosa,skin and nail.
>CMI to candida is deficient
Management:-
>Transfer factor therapy,along with amphotericin B
17. PURINE NUCLEOSIDE
PHOSPHORYLASE DEFICENCY
PNP is involved in sequential degradation of purine to
hypoxanthine and finally to uric avid.
Autosomal recessive trait.
Manifestations:-
>Hypoplastic anemia and recurrent pneumonia ,diarrhea and
candidiasis.
>Serum uric acid level is low.
20. NEZELOF SYNDROME
Cellular immunodeficiencies with abnormal
immunoglobulin synthesis
Group of disorders of varied origin,were depressed CMI is
associated with selctivly elevated,decresed or normal levels of
immunoglobulins.
Manifestation:-
>Patients susceptible to certain fungal,viral and bacterial
infections
21. >Abundant plasma cells are seen in
spleen,intestine,lymphnode etc.
>Thymic dysplasia
>Hemolytic anemia
Management:-
>Histocompatable bone marrow transplantation,transfer
factor and thymus transplantation.Antimicrobial therapy also.
23. >death occuars due to sinopulmonar infection
>graft rejection and delayed hypersensitivity reactions are
suppressed
Management:-
>Transfer factor therapy
24. WISCOTT-ALDRICH
SYNDROME
X-linked disease
Affected ladies survive the first decade due to infections,
hemorrhage etc.
Manifestations:-
>eczema
>thrombocytopenic purport
>recurrent infections
25. >cellular depletion of thymus with Para cortical areas of
lymph nodes.
Management:-
>Bone marrow transplantation and transfer factor therapy
29. SEVERE COMBINED
IMMUNO DEFICIENCES
Autosomal recessive trait
1)Swiss type agammaglobulinemia
>defect at the level of basic stem cell
2)Reticular dysgenesis of de Vaal
>defect is at the level multipotent hemopoetic stem cell
>lymphopenia,neutropenia,thrombocytopenia, anemia and
bone marrow aplasia
30. 3)Adenosine deaminase deficiency
>first immunodeficiency associated with enzymes
>ADA catalyses adenosine to Inosine
>There is marked chondrocyte defects also present in it.