Fruits
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This document defines and describes different types of fruits. It begins by explaining that a fruit develops from the ovary of a flower and protects the seeds as they develop. There are three layers that make up the pericarp of a fruit: exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Fruits are classified as simple, aggregate, or multiple. Simple fruits develop from a single ovary, aggregate from separate ovaries of one flower, and multiple from ovaries of several flowers. Fleshy fruits include berries, drupes, hesperidiums, and pomes. Dry fruits can be dehiscent like follicles, legumes, and capsules, or indehiscent like achenes,
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Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
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Fruits develop from the ovary of flowering plants and serve several functions including seed protection, dispersal, and defense. There are three main types of fruits - simple, aggregate, and multiple. Simple fruits develop from a single pistil, while aggregate and multiple fruits develop from multiple pistils or flowers fused together. Fruits are also classified as fleshy or dry. Dry fruits include dehiscent fruits that split open at maturity to release seeds like legumes, follicles, siliques, and capsules. They also include indehiscent fruits that do not split open like achenes, utricles, caryopses, cypselas, samaras, and nuts. Some fruits like schizocar
Stem anatomy
The four functions of stems are to support leaves, move water and minerals throughout the plant, produce food through photosynthesis, and store food. The tip of the external stem is called the terminal bud, which contains the apical meristem tissue responsible for increasing stem length. Leaves and buds attach to stems at nodes, and when they fall off they leave behind leaf scars. The three main internal tissues are xylem, which conducts water and minerals upward; phloem, which conducts food downward; and cambium, which increases stem thickness. Specialized stems include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers.
Fruits: Parts and Classification
Fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants that contain seeds and help with seed dispersal. A fruit is composed of a pericarp, which surrounds the seed. The pericarp has three regions - the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Fruits are classified as simple, aggregate, or multiple. Simple fruits develop from one ovary, aggregate fruits from one flower with many fruitlets, and multiple fruits from many flowers fused together.
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Fruits develop from the ovary of flowering plants and serve several functions including seed protection, dispersal, and defense. There are three main types of fruits - simple, aggregate, and multiple. Simple fruits develop from a single pistil, while aggregate and multiple fruits develop from multiple pistils or flowers fused together. Fruits are also classified as fleshy or dry. Dry fruits include dehiscent fruits that split open at maturity to release seeds like legumes, follicles, siliques, and capsules. They also include indehiscent fruits that do not split open like achenes, utricles, caryopses, cypselas, samaras, and nuts. Some fruits like schizocar
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Fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants that contain seeds and help with seed dispersal. A fruit is composed of a pericarp, which surrounds the seed. The pericarp has three regions - the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. Fruits are classified as simple, aggregate, or multiple. Simple fruits develop from one ovary, aggregate fruits from one flower with many fruitlets, and multiple fruits from many flowers fused together.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of fruits. It discusses simple fruits, aggregate fruits, multiple fruits, berries including drupes, pomes, hesperidiums, and pepos. It also covers dry fruits including dehiscent fruits like legumes, follicles, and capsules, and indehiscent fruits such as achernes, nuts, samaras, grains, and schizocarps. Examples are provided for each type of fruit.
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A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
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Phelloderm
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Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
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Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
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1. Leaves are lateral outgrowths of stems that are typically flattened and expanded. They have several key parts including the petiole, lamina or blade, and sometimes stipules.
2. Leaf anatomy includes the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. Dicot leaves have distinct palisade and spongy mesophyll layers while monocot leaves do not.
3. Leaves can be simple or compound. Compound leaves are divided into leaflets and can be pinnately or palmately arranged. Leaves display a variety of shapes, margins, venation patterns, and phyllotaxy.
Fruits and their classification.pptx
In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
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The epidermis is a single layer of compact parenchyma cells with a cuticle and stomata. Below this is the hypodermis of compact sclerenchyma cells. The ground tissue makes up most of the stem and contains loosely arranged parenchyma cells with spaces. Vascular bundles are irregularly scattered throughout the ground tissue and each has a sclerenchyma bundle sheath. The bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed with endarch xylem formation.
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This document compares the leaf anatomy of dicots and monocots. Dicot leaves have a dorsiventral orientation with stomata on the upper epidermis. Their mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma, and their vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath cells made of collenchyma. Monocot leaves have an isobilateral orientation with stomata on both epidermis. Their mesophyll is not differentiated and contains bulliform cells that control leaf curling. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by sclerenchyma bundle sheath cells.
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Stems serve both supportive and conductive functions for plants. They develop from the epicotyl of seeds and connect other plant organs like leaves, flowers, and fruit. Stems can be modified for storage, protection, or propagation. Some common modified stems include rootstocks, bulbs, corms, caudices, rhizomes, stolons, cladodes, and tubers. Rootstocks like bulbs, corms, and caudices remain underground during harsh conditions. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems while tubers are thick underground storage stems lacking scales. Stolons are stems that propagate horizontally just below the soil surface.
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This document provides definitions and descriptions of various plant anatomical and reproductive structures. It discusses the parts of a flower including the calyx, corolla, gynoecium, and androecium. It then describes the types of fusion and arrangements of these structures. The rest of the document covers topics like pollination types, fruit types, inflorescence types, and characteristics of pollen grains including composition, stratification, and exine sculpture.
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This document summarizes key trends in plant evolution such as the reduction of the gametophyte generation and specialization of the sporophyte generation. It also describes the development of vascular tissue which improved water and nutrient transport within plants. Additionally, it reviews plant classification including bryophytes, seedless vascular plants like ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. Seedless vascular plants were dominant during the late Devonian through early Permian time periods but today are more marginal in their success.
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A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a protective seed coat that contains stored food. Seeds allow plants to maintain dormancy until conditions are suitable, protect the vulnerable young plant, provide food until photosynthesis is possible, and aid in plant dispersal. The main structures of a seed include the seed coat, hilum, embryo containing cotyledon, epicotyl/hypocotyl, plumule, and radicle. The seed coat protects the embryo while the cotyledon stores food and the epicotyl/hypocotyl and radicle form the basis of the stem and root.
A Look at Fruit Types
This is a general presentation on fruit types and the specific information used to distinguish them. In my class, this input was provided prior to a full-on exploration of as many different types of fruit we could get our hands on.
In a very rare move for me... images were shamelessly borrowed from all over for educational purpose.
Fruits
The document discusses different types of fruits based on their physical characteristics and development. It describes simple fruits as developing from a single ovary, and divides them into fleshy fruits like berries, drupes, and pomes, and dry fruits like legumes, follicles, and capsules. Compound fruits develop from multiple ovaries, including aggregate fruits formed from separate carpels and multiple fruits where individual fruits merge together. Accessory fruits are also discussed, where non-ovary tissues contribute to the fleshy part, like in strawberries. Specific examples like tomatoes, bananas, grapes, and nuts are provided for different fruit categories.
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This document provides information on the leaf structure and morphology of plants. It defines a leaf and describes leaf characteristics such as shape, size, texture, venation, and margin. It discusses leaf types including simple, compound, and modified leaves. The internal structure of leaves is examined including the epidermis, mesophyll, vascular tissue, and trichomes. Stomata types and distribution are covered. Specific leaf details are given for Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata, medicinal plants used for their cardiac glycoside content.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of fruits. It discusses simple fruits, aggregate fruits, multiple fruits, berries including drupes, pomes, hesperidiums, and pepos. It also covers dry fruits including dehiscent fruits like legumes, follicles, and capsules, and indehiscent fruits such as achernes, nuts, samaras, grains, and schizocarps. Examples are provided for each type of fruit.
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A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
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Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
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1. Leaves are lateral outgrowths of stems that are typically flattened and expanded. They have several key parts including the petiole, lamina or blade, and sometimes stipules.
2. Leaf anatomy includes the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. Dicot leaves have distinct palisade and spongy mesophyll layers while monocot leaves do not.
3. Leaves can be simple or compound. Compound leaves are divided into leaflets and can be pinnately or palmately arranged. Leaves display a variety of shapes, margins, venation patterns, and phyllotaxy.
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In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
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The epidermis is a single layer of compact parenchyma cells with a cuticle and stomata. Below this is the hypodermis of compact sclerenchyma cells. The ground tissue makes up most of the stem and contains loosely arranged parenchyma cells with spaces. Vascular bundles are irregularly scattered throughout the ground tissue and each has a sclerenchyma bundle sheath. The bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed with endarch xylem formation.
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The document describes the external parts and functions of a stem. It lists and defines various stem parts including buds, bud scales, leaf scars, nodes, bundle scars, terminal buds, lateral buds, lenticels, and bark. It explains the functions of stems in supporting the plant, conducting water and food, and facilitating photosynthesis in new green stems. Key stem parts and their functions are buds, which can be leaf or flower buds; leaf scars, which are left where leaves were attached; and nodes, which are segments where leaves and buds are attached.
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This document compares the leaf anatomy of dicots and monocots. Dicot leaves have a dorsiventral orientation with stomata on the upper epidermis. Their mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma, and their vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath cells made of collenchyma. Monocot leaves have an isobilateral orientation with stomata on both epidermis. Their mesophyll is not differentiated and contains bulliform cells that control leaf curling. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by sclerenchyma bundle sheath cells.
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Stems serve both supportive and conductive functions for plants. They develop from the epicotyl of seeds and connect other plant organs like leaves, flowers, and fruit. Stems can be modified for storage, protection, or propagation. Some common modified stems include rootstocks, bulbs, corms, caudices, rhizomes, stolons, cladodes, and tubers. Rootstocks like bulbs, corms, and caudices remain underground during harsh conditions. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems while tubers are thick underground storage stems lacking scales. Stolons are stems that propagate horizontally just below the soil surface.
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This document discusses asexual plant propagation techniques used in horticulture. It describes various methods such as stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, budding, layering, separation, tissue culture, and grafting. For each method, it provides details on the process and diagrams for visual explanation. The advantages of asexual propagation and tissue culture are also summarized, such as reproducing exact clones of plants and producing new plants faster than seed propagation.
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This document provides definitions and descriptions of various plant anatomical and reproductive structures. It discusses the parts of a flower including the calyx, corolla, gynoecium, and androecium. It then describes the types of fusion and arrangements of these structures. The rest of the document covers topics like pollination types, fruit types, inflorescence types, and characteristics of pollen grains including composition, stratification, and exine sculpture.
Seedless vascular plants
This document summarizes key trends in plant evolution such as the reduction of the gametophyte generation and specialization of the sporophyte generation. It also describes the development of vascular tissue which improved water and nutrient transport within plants. Additionally, it reviews plant classification including bryophytes, seedless vascular plants like ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. Seedless vascular plants were dominant during the late Devonian through early Permian time periods but today are more marginal in their success.
Seed structure
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a protective seed coat that contains stored food. Seeds allow plants to maintain dormancy until conditions are suitable, protect the vulnerable young plant, provide food until photosynthesis is possible, and aid in plant dispersal. The main structures of a seed include the seed coat, hilum, embryo containing cotyledon, epicotyl/hypocotyl, plumule, and radicle. The seed coat protects the embryo while the cotyledon stores food and the epicotyl/hypocotyl and radicle form the basis of the stem and root.
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A Look at Fruit Types
This is a general presentation on fruit types and the specific information used to distinguish them. In my class, this input was provided prior to a full-on exploration of as many different types of fruit we could get our hands on.
In a very rare move for me... images were shamelessly borrowed from all over for educational purpose.
Fruits
The document discusses different types of fruits based on their physical characteristics and development. It describes simple fruits as developing from a single ovary, and divides them into fleshy fruits like berries, drupes, and pomes, and dry fruits like legumes, follicles, and capsules. Compound fruits develop from multiple ovaries, including aggregate fruits formed from separate carpels and multiple fruits where individual fruits merge together. Accessory fruits are also discussed, where non-ovary tissues contribute to the fleshy part, like in strawberries. Specific examples like tomatoes, bananas, grapes, and nuts are provided for different fruit categories.
Types of fruits
There are several types of fruits, including indehiscent, dehiscent, fleshy, and aggregate/multiple fruits. Indehiscent fruits do not split open at maturity and include achenes, samaras, caryopses, and nuts. Dehiscent fruits open at maturity to release seeds and include follicles, legumes, and capsules. Fleshy fruits are generally moist and edible, consisting of drupes, berries, false berries, hesperidiums, and pomes. Aggregate fruits are composed of ovaries from one flower, like raspberries and strawberries, while multiple fruits are composed of ovaries from several flowers, such as pineapples.
Types Of Fruits
There are two main types of fruits - simple fruits which develop from a single ovary, and aggregate/multiple fruits which develop from multiple ovaries or flowers. Simple fruits can be fleshy like berries, drupes, and pomes, or dry like legumes, follicles, capsules, achenes, and nuts. Fleshy fruits like berries become soft and juicy, while a drupe has a hard stone or pit surrounding its seed. A pome is an accessory fruit with multiple carpels fused together. Dry fruits either open at maturity to release seeds like legumes and follicles, or stay closed like achenes and nuts.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Fruits
- 1. FRUITSFRUITS Professor Joan S. AwinganProfessor Joan S. Awingan
- 2. A fruit isA fruit is the mature ovary of a flower the organ in angiosperms which contains the seeds its function is to protect the seeds as they develop and help in their dispersal
- 3. It is the product of the development of the ovary wall; the seeds are its fertilized ovules The mature ovary wall of the fruit is the PERICARP. It is made up of three distinct layers namely: EXOCARP – outermost MESOCARP – middle ENDOCARP - innermost
- 5. TYPES OF FRUITSTYPES OF FRUITS SIMPLE – from a single ovary of a single flower Fleshy - Berry, Drupe, Pome, Hesperidium, Pepo Dry Dehiscent – capsule, legume, follicle Indehiscent – achene, caryopsis (grain), samara, nut AGGREGATE – from separate simple ovaries of a single flower MULTIPLE – from the ovaries of several flowers borne close together on a single axis
- 6. Fleshy FruitsFleshy Fruits Soft and pulpy atSoft and pulpy at maturitymaturity
- 7. DrupeDrupe Exocarp and mesocarp are soft andExocarp and mesocarp are soft and fleshy, juicyfleshy, juicy Endocarp becomes hard and stonyEndocarp becomes hard and stony (pit) is usually one seed(pit) is usually one seed Sometimes these are called stoneSometimes these are called stone fruits.fruits.
- 8. Drupe: plum, peach, almond, cherry,Drupe: plum, peach, almond, cherry, coconut, mango, siniguelascoconut, mango, siniguelas
- 10. BerryBerry Entire pericarp becomes softEntire pericarp becomes soft and fleshyand fleshy With few to many seedsWith few to many seeds Examples: grape, tomato, banana,Examples: grape, tomato, banana, watermelon, kiwi, lansoneswatermelon, kiwi, lansones
- 12. HesperidiumHesperidium Outer soft rind, thick leatheryOuter soft rind, thick leathery skin containing oil and loculesskin containing oil and locules filled with fleshy outgrowthsfilled with fleshy outgrowths containing juicecontaining juice Citrus Fruits belong here.Citrus Fruits belong here.
- 13. Hesperidium: orange, lemon,Hesperidium: orange, lemon, grapefruit, limegrapefruit, lime
- 14. PomePome The receptacle becomes thick andThe receptacle becomes thick and fleshy out to the covering.fleshy out to the covering. A few seeds are inside a core whichA few seeds are inside a core which is not eaten because it has ais not eaten because it has a leathery interior coating.leathery interior coating. The endocarp around the seeds isThe endocarp around the seeds is papery and leatherypapery and leathery
- 15. Pome: pear, applePome: pear, apple Pome: with core
- 16. DRY FRUITSDRY FRUITS fruits whose mesocarp isfruits whose mesocarp is definitely dry at maturitydefinitely dry at maturity
- 17. Dehiscent fruitsDehiscent fruits Fruits which openFruits which open at maturity to shedat maturity to shed their seeds.their seeds.
- 19. FollicleFollicle Fruit splits open along ONEFruit splits open along ONE seam.seam. Ex: kalachuchi, magnoliaEx: kalachuchi, magnolia
- 21. LegumeLegume Fruit splits open alongFruit splits open along TWO seams.TWO seams. Ex: ipil-ipil, peaEx: ipil-ipil, pea
- 23. CapsuleCapsule Fruit opens by variousFruit opens by various means, usually alongmeans, usually along more than two seams.more than two seams. Ex: cotton, poppyEx: cotton, poppy
- 25. Indehiscent FruitsIndehiscent Fruits Dry fruits which doDry fruits which do not split along definitenot split along definite lines to release seeds atlines to release seeds at maturity.maturity.
- 27. AcheneAchene Seed coat notSeed coat not fused with ovaryfused with ovary wall.wall.
- 28. Achene: Sunflower SeedAchene: Sunflower Seed
- 29. SamaraSamara Ovary wall forms aOvary wall forms a winglike structure.winglike structure. Dry; frequently used forDry; frequently used for seed dispersal by wind.seed dispersal by wind. Ex: narra, mahoganyEx: narra, mahogany
- 31. Caryopsis (grain)Caryopsis (grain) Seed coat fusedSeed coat fused with ovary wall.with ovary wall. Ex: rice, wheat, barleyEx: rice, wheat, barley
- 33. NutNut Ovary wall is tough andOvary wall is tough and woody.woody. Ex: chestnut, pili nutEx: chestnut, pili nut
- 34. Nut: acorn, oakNut: acorn, oak
- 35. Aggregate FruitsAggregate Fruits From a single flower with many pistils.From a single flower with many pistils. Each pistil developing into small fruitlets,Each pistil developing into small fruitlets, but mature as a single fruit in a singlebut mature as a single fruit in a single receptaclereceptacle Example: guyabano, strawberry, atisExample: guyabano, strawberry, atis
- 36. Multiple FruitsMultiple Fruits Fruit composed of mature ovaries fromFruit composed of mature ovaries from several flowers. Each flower has its ownseveral flowers. Each flower has its own receptacle, but as the flower maturesreceptacle, but as the flower matures separately into fruitlets, theyseparately into fruitlets, they develop together into adevelop together into a single large fruitsingle large fruit Example: pineappleExample: pineapple