botanical morphology and classification of fruits with easy to understand photographes and diagrams. for 11th science NCERT students, botany scholars and Ayurveda Dravyaguna Scholars.
In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
botanical morphology and classification of fruits with easy to understand photographes and diagrams. for 11th science NCERT students, botany scholars and Ayurveda Dravyaguna Scholars.
In botany · Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) · In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit and their compound, stipulate leaves.
It discuss about the total morphology of a leaf. It explains leaf characters, size, types, shape, Base of Sessile Leaves, kinds, functions, leaf modifications types, Phyllotaxis types, leaf margin, apex, lamina and leaf structure in detail.
This is a general presentation on fruit types and the specific information used to distinguish them. In my class, this input was provided prior to a full-on exploration of as many different types of fruit we could get our hands on.
In a very rare move for me... images were shamelessly borrowed from all over for educational purpose.
Solanaceae family is also known as the potato family.
Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants belong to this family.
Solanaceae is a family of angiosperms.
It is widely distributed all over the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
It includes a number of spices, medicinal plants, agricultural crops, etc.
Vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant are included in the Solanaceae family.
Many plants are of medicinal importance. The main medicinal plants are Atropa belladonna, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Datura, etc.
Some alkaloids are toxic too. Some of the important alkaloids are tropanes, nicotine, capsaicin, solanine, hyoscyamine, etc.
Many ornamental plants also belong to this family. E.g. Petunia, Lycianthes, Cestrum, etc.
These are important sources of spices. E.g. chilly
The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are a major source of tobacco. Tobacco is a commercially very important plant.
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit and their compound, stipulate leaves.
It discuss about the total morphology of a leaf. It explains leaf characters, size, types, shape, Base of Sessile Leaves, kinds, functions, leaf modifications types, Phyllotaxis types, leaf margin, apex, lamina and leaf structure in detail.
This is a general presentation on fruit types and the specific information used to distinguish them. In my class, this input was provided prior to a full-on exploration of as many different types of fruit we could get our hands on.
In a very rare move for me... images were shamelessly borrowed from all over for educational purpose.
Solanaceae family is also known as the potato family.
Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants belong to this family.
Solanaceae is a family of angiosperms.
It is widely distributed all over the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
It includes a number of spices, medicinal plants, agricultural crops, etc.
Vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant are included in the Solanaceae family.
Many plants are of medicinal importance. The main medicinal plants are Atropa belladonna, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Datura, etc.
Some alkaloids are toxic too. Some of the important alkaloids are tropanes, nicotine, capsaicin, solanine, hyoscyamine, etc.
Many ornamental plants also belong to this family. E.g. Petunia, Lycianthes, Cestrum, etc.
These are important sources of spices. E.g. chilly
The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are a major source of tobacco. Tobacco is a commercially very important plant.
this data prepared for pharmacy students. it includes:
1.Brief introduction to fruits (definition + function+ classification).
2. General characters of family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae).
2. Fennel (Origin, Morphology, microscopical characters, T.S., Active constituents & uses)
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Prepared by: Mahmoud sallam (Assistant lecturer of pharmacognosy at Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University)
This presentation is based on the anatomy of fruit, types of fruit, their description and the reproductive part of fruit which is seed, and the anatomy of seed and the types of germination.
Classification of Fruits
A. On the basis of Growth Habit
1) Tree. e.g. Mango, Litchi.
2) Herbaceous. e.g. Banana, Papaya.
3) Shrub. e.g. Lemon. 4) Vine. e.g. Grape, Strawberry.
B. On the basis of Life Cycle
1) Annual (monocarpic). e.g. Banana, Pineapple.
2) Perennial (Polycarpic). e.g. Mango.
C. On the basis of Origin of Fruit
1) True fruit. e.g. Mango.
2) False fruit. e.g. Apple.
3) Parthenocarpy (Development of ovary takes place without fertilization) fruit. e.g. Banana.
D. On the basis of Pollination
1) Self pollinated. e.g. Mango.
2) Cross pollinated. e.g. Papaya.
E. On the basis of Climatic Requirement
1) Tropical fruit. e.g. Mango.
2) Subtropical fruit. e.g. Guava.
3) Temperate fruit. e.g. Apple.F.
On the basis of Inorescence of Fruit
1) Simple fruit. e.g. Mango, Litchi.
2) Aggregate fruit. e.g. Custard apple.
3) Multiple fruit. e.g. Jackfruit.
G. On the basis of Fruit Production Season
1) Mrigbahar: JuneAugust. e.g. Guava.
2) Ambebahar: FebruaryMarch. e.g. Mango, Litchi.
3) Year round. e.g. Papaya, Banana.
H. On the basis of Respiratory pattern of Fruit
1) Climatic Fruit. e.g. Mango, Banana.
2) Nonclimatic fruit. e.g. Coconut.
I. On the basis of Texture of Pericarp
1) Dry fruit.
i. Dry dehiscence. e.g. Tamarind.
ii. Dry indehiscence. e.g. Cashew nut.
iii. Schizocarpic fruit. e.g. wild carrot.
2) Fleshy.
i. Drupe. e.g. Mango.
ii. Berry. e.g. Banana.
iii. Pepo. e.g. Water melon.
iv. Pome. e.g. Apple.
v. Hesperidium. e.g. Citrus.
J. On the basis of Light Requirement
1) Short day fruit.
2) Long day fruit.
K. On the basis of Leaves Drop
1) Evergreen. e.g. Mango, Jackfruit.
2) Deciduous. e.g. Deshy amra.
L. On the basis of Cotyledon
1) Monocot. e.g. Banana.
2) Dicot. e.g. Mango.
M. On the basis of Time of growing after Planting
1) Quick growing. e.g. Banana.
2) Medium growing. e.g. Guava, Pomegranate.
3) Delay growing. e.g. Mango, Jackfruit.
N. On the basis of Height
1) Tall. e.g. Mango.
2) Intermediate. e.g. Guava.
3) Dwarf. e.g. Strawberry.
O. On the basis of Water Relation
1) Mesophytic. e.g. Mango.
2) Zerophytic. e.g. Pineapple, Date palm.
3) Hydrophytic. e.g. Water chestnut.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. Types of Fruit
Dr. Rakesh Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Botany
V. S. P. Govt. (PG) College,
Kairana (Shamli) UP
2. Definition
A fruit is the product of ripened
ovary and adnate regions like
thalamus. It contains seeds. Simply
we can say that fruit is ripened ovary
and seeds are ripened ovules.
4. Types of Fruits
On the basis of development, fruits are
of following three types:
1. Simple
2. Aggregate
3. Multiple
5. Types of Fruits
1. Simple fruit:
This type of fruit is developed from a monocarpellary
or polycarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. In this case
a single fruit is developed from a single flower. Eg.
Tomato, Pea, Watermelon etc.
6. Types of Fruits
2. Aggregate Fruit:
This type of fruit is developed from polycarpellary
apocarpous gynoecium. In this case many fruits
are developed from a single flower. Eg. Strawberry,
Rubus, Michelia etc.
7. Types of Fruits
3.Multiple fruit:
This type of fruit is developed from several flowers or
entire infloresence. Eg. Pineapple, Mulberry, Ficus etc.
8. Types of Simple Fruits
On the basis of pulp or juice, the simple fruits
again may be of two types:
1. Dry fruits
2. Fleshy or Succulent fruits
9. Types of Simple Dry fruits
Simple dry fruits may further be classified as:
1. Dry and indehiscent simple fruits,
2. Dry and dehiscent simple fruits, and
3. Dry and schizocarpic simple fruits
10. Types of Simple Dry indehiscent fruits
1. Achene: These are single seeded fruit which
develops from monocarpellary superior ovary. In
it, pericarp is free from the seed coat eg.
Clematis, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia.
2.Utricle: It is an achene with thin, loose,
bladder like pericarp, eg., Chenopodium album.
3. Caryopsis: These are small, single seeded
dry fruits. It develop from monocarpellary,
superior ovary. Pericarp of these fruits is fused
with the seed coat and form a joint surface. eg.
Members of family Poaceae.
11. Types of Simple Dry indehiscent fruits
4. Cypsela: It is a small, single seeded dry fruit which
develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous inferior ovary.
Pericarp and seed coat are free from each other. In
these fruits a bunch of hair is attached with the fruit
which is known as Pappus. Pappus helps in fruit
dispersal. eg. Members of Asteraceae family.
5. Simple Samara: These are dry indehiscent one
seeded feathery fruit. It develops from bi or tri
carpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. The main
character of these fruits is wing like structure develops
from its pericarp which helps in dispersal. eg.
Holoptelia..
6. Nut: This is a single seeded fruit which develop
from bicarpellary or multicarpellary syncarpous
superior ovary. In it pericarp is hard eg. Quercus
(oak), Anacardium occidentale (Cashewnut) Trapa,
(Water chest-nut), Litchi.
12. Types of Simple Dry dehiscent fruits
1. Legume: These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular,
superior ovary. It is generally long and multi-seeded fruit.
Dehiscence of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. Dorsal and ventral
side. Dehiscence start from apex and reaches to basal part. eg.
Pea, Beans.
2. Follicle: It is also multi-seeded fruit which develops from superior
unilocular, monocarpellary ovary but the dehiscence of it occur only
at ventral suture. eg. Asclepias, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Calotropis,
Delphinium.
3. Siliqua: This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous superior
ovary with parietal placentation. Dehiscence occurs at both dorsal
and ventral suture and starts from lower part and proceeds upward.
Due to formation of false septum (replum) ovary become bilocular.
Eg. Members of family Brassicaceae or Cruciferae family (Mustard).
13. Types of Simple Dry dehiscent fruits
4. Silicula: A flat, short and broad siliqua is known as
Silicula. It is also found in Cruciferae family. eg.
Candytuft (lberis amara), Capsella.
5. Capsule: This is dry multichambered and multi-
seeded fruit and develop from multicarpellary
syncarpus, superior or inferior ovary. In it, Axile
placentation is found and dehiscence occurs by various
methods. Poricidal (Poppy), loculicidal (cotton),
septifragal (Datura), septicidal (Lineseed).
14. Types of Simple Dry schizocarpic fruits
1. Cremocarp: It develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular, inferior
ovary with one ovule in each locule. The fruit dehisces from two indehiscent
single seeded mericarps, which remain attached with carpophore. eg.
Coriander, Cuminum, Foeniculum (Apiaceae).
2. Carcervulus: It is a dry fruit which develops from bicarpellary or multi-
carpellary, syncarpous superior ovary. Number of mericarps is more than
locules because of formation of false septum. It divides into four one
seeded locules. eg. Ocimum (Basil), Salvia. In hollyhock and abutilon
(family malvaceae) the no. of locules is more than four.
3. Regma: This fruit develops from tri to pentacarpellary, syncarpous
superior trilocular ovary. It splits in many parts called cocci. At the outer
surface of pericarp, spinous tubercles are found. eg. Euphorbiaceae family,
Castor has three cocci, Geranium has 5 cocci.
15. Types of Simple Dry schizocarpic fruits
4. Lomentum: It develops like legume from monocarpellary
superior ovary. Fruits are constricted or divided in one
seeded mericarps, after maturity these are dehisces
transversely. Eg. Acacia, Tamarind, Cassia fistula, Mimosa
pudica, Archis hypogea, Desmodium.
5. Double Samara: It develop from bi-to-tricarpellary,
syncarpous superior ovary having single ovule in each
locule. Pericarp develops into two wings. On maturation it
divides in two single seeded mericarp eg . Dodonaea, Acer.
16. Types of Simple fleshy fruits
1. Berry: It is indehiscent, many seeded fruit with thin epicarp, fleshy
and edible endocarp. These fruits develop from mono or
multicarpellary syncarpous superior or inferior ovary. Initially seeds
are attached with placenta of fruit but after maturation these seeds
are and spread randomly in fleshy part. Eg. Tomato, Grapes,
Brinjal, Guava, Banana.
2. Hesperidium: It is a berry with hard and leathery pericarp. This fruit
develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular superior
ovary. This fruit is specially found in plants of Rutaceae family. eg.
Orange, Lemon, Citrus fruit.
3. Pepo: These fruit develops from tricarpellary, syncarpous and
inferior ovary. This fruit is unilocular and have parietal placentation.
These fruits are fleshy and spongy. eg. fruits of Cucurbitaceae
family.
17. Types of Simple fleshy fruits
4. Drupe: These fruit develops from mono or multicarpellary, syncarpous,
superior ovary. In these fruits endocarp is hard and stony so these fruits
are also called stony fruits. eg. Mango, coconut almond, Peach walnut,
plum. In mango Epicarp is thin, mesocarp is fleshy and edible but
endocarp is hard. In coconut mesocarp is thick and fibrous. Eg. Mango,
Coconut, Almond.
5. Pome: This is pseudocarp or false fruit. This fruit develops from bi or
multicarpellary, syncarpous inferior ovary. The rind and fleshy pulp are
made up of thalamus. The main part of ovary is hard and inedible. Seeds
are present in it. eg. Apple, Pear.
6. Balausta: It is a multilocular multi-seeded fruit, which develops from
inferior ovary. Its pericarp is hard. Persistent calyx is arranged in the form
of crown. Seeds are irregularly arranged on placenta. Endocarp is hard.
Testa is fleshy and edible. eg. Pomegranate (Punica granatum).
18. Types of Aggregate Fruits
1. Etaerio of achenes: In this aggregate fruit, each fruitlet is
an achene. eg. Ranunculus, Strawberry, Rose, Lotus.
2. Etaerio of follicles: Each fruitlet is a follicle. eg.,
Catharanthus, Magnolia.
3. Etaerio of berries: It is an aggregate of small berries. eg.
Polyalthia, Annona squamosa (Custard apple).
4. Etaerio of drupes: In this type of fruit, many small drupes
develop from different carpels. eg. Raspberry.
19. Types of Multiple Fruits
1. Sorosis: This fruit develops from spike, spadix
or catkin inflorescence. Parianth becomes fleshy.
Sometimes Peduncle also become fleshy and
edible. eg. Jack fruit, Pandanus (screwpine),
Pineapple, Mulberry.
2. Syconus: This fruit develops from hypanthodium
inflorescence. In this case peduncle is hollow,
fleshy and edible. eg. Ficus species like Fig,
Peepal
