Fruits, Types of fruits, Fleshy fruits, Dry fruits, Simple fruits, Aggregate fruits, Multiple fruits, Classification of fruits, Dry Dehiscent fruit, Dry indehiscent fruits

1. R. NITHYA M. Sc., M. Phil., (Ph. D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
SRI ADI CHUNCAHNAGIRI WOMEN’S COLLEGE, CUMBUM, THENI
DT, TAMILNADU.

2. FRUITS
- Fertilized and ripened ovary with one or more seeds.
- Wall of the fruit is called pericarp.
- Pericarp is made of 3 layers
- outer epicarp
- middle mesocarp
- Inner endocarp
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS
The fruits are classified into three types.
Simple fruits
Aggregate fruits
Multiple fruits or composite fruits

3. POSITION OF OVARY
Hypogyny – The ovary is superior, ovary is at higher level,
other parts below the ovary.
Epigyny – The ovary is inferior, Ovary is at lower level,
other parts are arise above the ovary.
Perigyny- The ovary is half inferior, other parts are more or less at the same level

4. SIMPLE FRUITS
Fruit is developed from the ovary of a single flower,
whether monocarpellary or syncarpous, is known as simple
fruit.
Simple fruits are of two kinds
- Simple fleshy fruits
- Simple dry fruits
Dry Dehiscent fruits
Dry indehiscent fruits

5. SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS
The pericarp or fruit wall is fleshy and juicy.
- Berry
- Drupe
- Hesperidium
- Pome
- Pepo

6. BERRY
Develops from superior or inferior ovary of a syncarpous ovary.
Fleshy pericarp is differentiated into
an outer epicarp
inner mesocarp
And seeds are embedded in to fleshy mesocarp.

7. DRUPE
- Develops from a syncarpous ovary
- Pericarp is differentiated into
Outer epicarp, a middle mesocarp and an inner endocarp.
- Mesocarp is fleshy in mango and fibrous in coconut.

8. HESPERIDIUM
-Develops from a multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary.
-Pericarp is differentiated into outer thick epicarp, middle membranous
mesocarp and as inner divided endocarp.
- Endocarp grow out numerous, swollen hairs containing a syrupy juice.

9. POME
- Develops from syncarpous, inferior ovary.
- The torus becomes fleshy and form the major portion of the fruit.
- Torus forms the edible fleshy portion it surrounds the real fruit.
E.g. Apple, Pear

10. PEPO
- Develops from syncarpous
inferior ovary.
- Pericarp – an outer epicarp
and an inner mesocarp in which
seeds are embedded.
E.g. Cucumber

11. SIMPLE DRY FRUITS
In simple dry fruits the pericarp is dry and not fleshy.
Types of simple dry fruits
Dry dehiscent fruits
Dry indehiscent fruits.

12. DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS
LEGUME
Legume or pod develops from
monocarpellary gynoecium.
Pericarp splits open along
both the margins to liberate
the seeds.
E.g. Pea

13. FOLLICLE
- Develops from bicarpellary,
sub-apocarpous gynoecium.
- Pericarp breaks along one margin.
E.g. Calotropis.

14. LOMENTUM
In these fruit number of transverse constrictions are formed between the
seeds.
The fruit breaks up transversely into one-seeded parts.
E.g. Acacia, Mimosa.

15. CAPSULE
-Usually from a compound, syncarpous pistil, usually many seeded.
- Pericarp open with pores or slits.
E. g. Okra

16. TYPES OF CAPSULE
Based on mode of dehiscence the capsule
are of different types.
- Loculicidal capsule
- Septicidal capsule
- Septifragal capsule
- Porous capsule
- Pyxidium

17. a. LOCULICIDAL CAPSULE
- Pericarp breaks along the
middle of the locules.
E.g. Hibiscus esculentus.

18. b. SEPTICIDAL CAPSULE
-Pericarp breaks along the middle
of the locules.
- The dehiscence is along the septa
E.g. Aristolochia

19. c. SEPTIFRAGAL CAPSULE
- The dehiscence is loculicidal or
septicidal.
-The pericarp valves fall-off, leaving
the seeds attached to the central axis.
E.g. Datura.

20. d. POROUS CAPSULE
- When the fruits are ripe, a number
of small holes or pores are
developed on the top of the fruit.
- The seeds are liberated through
the holes.
E.g. Poppy

21. e. PYXIDIUM
- The upper part of pericarp
thrown off as a lid then the
seeds are exposed.
- Transverse dehiscence.
E.g. Eucalptus.

22. SILIQUA
Develops from a superior,
bicarpellary ovary.
The ovary is unilocular first
but due to the formation of false septum
it becomes bilocular.
The pericarp spit into two halves.
The seeds are attached to repulum.
E.g. Brassica

23. SILICULA
- Similar to siliqua,
contains few seeds
- And the replum is
shorter and flattened.
E.g. Capsella

24. SCHIZOCARP
- Derived from syncarpous
multilocular ovary.
-It is really a septicidal capsule
it dehisces along the
ventral suture(joint), but in
schizocarp it dehisces into two
mericarps, which is indehiscent.
E.g. Coriander.

25. DRY INDEDISCENT FRUITS
-Pericarp does not break open and the seeds are exposed only after the pericarp
decays.

26. ACHENE
- Develops from the syncarpous
unilocular inferior ovary.
- Pericarp is fused with
testa of seeds.
E.g. Naravelia, Helianthus

27. UTRICLE
Simple dry indehiscent
one seeded fruit.
Seed is small occupies
small portion of fruit.
E.g. Amaranthus

28. CARYOPSIS
Develops from
Superior
Monocarpellary
Ovary.
The pericarp
is fused with
the testa of
the seed.
E.g. Wheat, Maize.

29. SAMARA
This type of one seeded
fruit developed from
monocarpellary gynoecium.
The pericarp is winged.
E.g. Pterocarpus,Ventilago.

30. NUT
- One seeded fruit
developed from unilocular,
one ovuled and syncarpous,
superior ovary.
- Pericarp is hard and woody.
E.g. Cashew-Nut.

31. AGGREGATE FRUITS
Fruits developed from a
polycarpellary, apocarpous pistil
of a single flower.
The ovary of each carpel
develops into a fruitlet.
E.g. Annona, Polyalthia,
Artabotrys.
In Annona, the fruit is
aggregate of berries.

32. In Polyalthia and Artabotrys the berries are free.
Inflorescence Fruits

33. AGGREGATE OF FOLLICLES
In Michelia, the fruit is
an aggregate of follicles.

34. AGGREGATE OF DRUPES
In Raspberry the fruit is an Aggregate of drupes.

35. AGGREGATE OF ACHENES
In Clematis, the fruit is
an aggregate of achenes

36. MULTIPLE FRUITS
Fruits are developed from
inflorescence.
Multiple or collective fruits
Ovary – fruits
Fruits of all flower of the inflorescence
fuse together to form a compound or
multiple fruit.

37. SOROSIS
- The fruit is developed from
an inflorescence.
- Flowers are unisexual.
- Female spike develops into fruit.
- Perianth become thick and succulent
and form the sweet edible fakes.
- Seed present in membranous sac.
- The bag is the pericarp.
- There are numerous flat, elongated
whitish structures - sterile and
unfertilized flowers.
E.g. Jackfruit.
Male and Female part of flower

39. SYCONIUM
- Developed from the hypanthodium inflorescence.
-The fleshy receptacle forms the edible part.
E.g. Ficus

40. MORINDA
- Develops from inferior
ovaries of the flowers of
an inflorescence.
-Ovary of each flower
develops into one-seeded
berry.
- All the berries united and
form the compound fruit.