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Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)
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Bindia Kumari
Wireless communication is one of the mainly active areas of tools progress and has become an ever more essential and prominent part of everyday life. Simulation of wireless channels accurately is very important for the intend and performance evaluation of wireless communication systems and components. We evaluated the act of available transmission modes in LTE. However, performance analysis can be done straightforward using evaluation of LTE. The performance of transmission modes are evaluated by calculating probability of Bit Error Rate BER versus Signal Noise Ratio SNR under the frequently used three wireless channel models AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician . We will consider the data modulation and data rate to analyze performance that is BER vs. SNR. A comparative analysis of QPSK and 16QAM, 32 QAM and 64 QAM will also provide knowledge base which helps for application development in real world. Parvesh Kumar | Shalini Bhadola | Kirti Bhatia ""Evaluation of BER in LTE System using Various Modulation Techniques over different Modulation Schemes"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23315.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23315/evaluation-of-ber-in-lte-system-using-various-modulation-techniques-over-different-modulation-schemes/parvesh-kumar
Evaluation of BER in LTE System using Various Modulation Techniques over diff...
Evaluation of BER in LTE System using Various Modulation Techniques over diff...
ijtsrd
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V9/i6/IRJET-V9I6401.pdf
PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES ON MILLIMETER WAVE (5G) RADIO OV...
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IRJET Journal
Hybrid ldpc and stbc algorithms to improve ber reduction in ofdm
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IAEME Publication
In this paper, a bit error rate analysis is presented for multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) system with finite-bit feedback is considered in PSK modulation technique, where a transmit signal consists of a rotational precoder followed by an orthogonal space–time block code (OSTBC) which achieve full diversity when a linear receiver, such as, zeroforcing (ZF) or minimum mean square (MMSE), is used. By choosing different parameters, codes with different symbol rates and orthogonally can be obtained .In this paper, we compare the performance of a family of space-time codes. Simulations show how the precoders obtained by our proposed criterion and method perform better bit error rate reduction compared to the existing ones.
Performance Analysis of OSTBC MIMO Using Precoder with ZF & MMSE Equalizer
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Teaching effects after 128 hours of Building Information Modeling course in Cracow, Poland. Natalia works in Revit, Navisworks and Dynamo for BIM Coordination position. More https://bim.edu.pl or https://bimedu.eu
Natalia Rutkowska - BIM School Course in Kraków
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bim.edu.pl
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management. This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business. The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty. For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed. Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
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AI for workflow automation optimizes business operations by automating repetitive tasks, improving efficiency, and reducing errors. It is used in various sectors for automating data entry, enhancing customer service with chatbots, and performing predictive maintenance. Key benefits include increased productivity, cost reduction, and improved accuracy. Implementing AI-driven workflows involves integrating machine learning, natural language processing, and robotic process automation tools. This enables businesses to focus on strategic activities, drive innovation, and maintain a competitive edge. https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-for-workflow-automation/
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mahaffeycheryld
Now a day’s education plays a great role in development of any country. Many of education organizations try to increase education quality. One of the aspects of this improvement is managing of school resources. Education Management System carried on by any individual or institution engaged in providing a services to students, teachers, guardians and other persons are intermediary that performs one or more of the following functionalities – Student Admission, Employee Registration, Student List, Employee List, Student Attendance, Employee Attendance, Student Routine, Result Management, Payroll & Accounts. Education Management System (EMS) is such a service which provides all services for an educational institute to make your life easier and faster by assuring its performance. Easy User Management System, Easy Admission Process, Easy Attendance System. EMS is a system that will provide you a bird’s eye view of the functioning of the entire educational institution. It is a management information system helps to manage the different processes in an educational institution like General Administration, Staff Management, Academics, Student Management, and Accounts etc. The information is made using the latest technologies and help’s to make decision making a lot faster, effective and easier than ever before. Also helps to improve the overall quality of education of the institution. We use database and database technology are having a major impact on the growing use of computers. The implementation of the system was done using c# and SQL Server 2012 technologies, allowing system to be run in Windows OS. In a nutshell, Education Management Software managed your education institution by simplifying and automating processes and addressing the needs of all stakeholders helping them to be more efficient in their respective roles.
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İTÜ CAD and Reverse Engineering Workshop
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This project is being considered in order to reduce and totally eliminate loss of customers to competitors, and save the company from folding up. The current system is manual and it is time consuming. It is also cost ineffective, and average return is low and diminishing. Currently, customers can call or walk-in in order to rent or reserve a vehicle. The staff of the company will check their file to see which vehicle is available for rental. The current system is error prone and customers are dissatisfied. The goal of this project is to automate vehicle rental and reservation so that customers do not need to walk-in or call in order to reserve a vehicle. They can go online and reserve any kind of vehicle they want and that is available. Even when a customer chooses to walk-in, computers are available for him to go online and perform his reservation. When he choose to reserve by phone, any of the customer service representatives can help him reserve the vehicle speedily and issue him a reservation number. The VRS will maintain the database of all vehicles the company has. It will also keep track of all vehicle reservation and return. Reports will be generated bi-weekly. Reports for the Accounts Manager will detail the cost incurred to maintain each vehicle and revenue accrued on each vehicle. Reports for the Maintenance Manager will detail the present mileage of the car in order for him to take care of the vehicle servicing, and when each vehicle will be due for tag renewal. The Branch Manager’s report will detail total cost incurred and total revenue accrued, and the status of each vehicle so that he can decide whether to sell the vehicle or still keep it.
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This is a assigned group presentation given by my Computer Science course teacher at Green University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh. My Presentation Topic was - Cloud Computing This group presentation includes the work Md. Shahidul Islam Prodhan, pages no 10 - 15. www.facebook.com/TheShahidul www.twitter.com/TheShahidul www.linkedin.com/TheShahidul
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The project developers created a system entitled Resort Management and Reservation System; it will provide better management and monitoring of the services in every resort business, especially D’ Rock Resort. To accommodate those out-of-town guests who want to remain and utilize the resort's services, the proponents planned to automate the business procedures of the resort and implement the system. As a result, it aims to improve business profitability, lower expenses, and speed up the resort's transaction processing. The resort will now be able to serve those potential guests, especially during the high season. Using websites for faster transactions to reserve on your desired time and date is another step toward technological advancement. Customers don’t need to walk in and hold in line for several hours. There is no problem in converting a paper-based transaction online; it's just the system that will be used that will help the resort expand. Moreover, Gerard (2012) stated that “The flexible online information structure was developed as a tool for the reservation theory's two primary applications. Computer use is more efficient, accurate, and faster than a manual or present lifestyle of operation. Using a computer has a vital role in our daily life and the advantages of the devices we use.
RESORT MANAGEMENT AND RESERVATION SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
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Arduino based vehicle speed tracker project
Arduino based vehicle speed tracker project
Rased Khan
Our vision is to make ONLINE CAR SERVICING SYSTEM is needed for the country as technology grows fast in the world. The purpose is to develop this project to provide a better solution to the problems that the customers faces. This website will provide customers to reserve their car services from their home or from office. Customer feels hard to send their car for the service, either they need to reserve using mail system or walk in to send their car for service. At the end of these project, a prototype of justified system will develop which will provide a solution for the identify problem to improve the organizations revenue and performance. This system will be web based system where it is able to conduct an overall process of online registration and bookings too. The data will be stored in keep as privacy for each customer who has register.
ONLINE CAR SERVICING SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
ONLINE CAR SERVICING SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
Kamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message. When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely. When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item. Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdf
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdf
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ASME IX 2007 Full
ASME IX(9) 2007 Full Version .pdf
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AhmedHussein950959
This document is by explosives industry in which document discussed manufacturing process and flow charts details by nitric acid and sulfuric acid and tetra benzene and step by step details of explosive industry explosives industry is produced raw materials and manufacture it by manufacturing process
Explosives Industry manufacturing process.pdf
Explosives Industry manufacturing process.pdf
884710SadaqatAli
Laundry firms currently use a manual system for the management and maintenance of critical information. The current system requires numerous paper forms, with data stores spread throughout the laundry management infrastructure. Often information is incomplete or does not follow management standards. Records are often lost in transit during computation requiring a comprehensive auditing process to ensure that no vital information is lost. Multiple copies of the same information exist in the laundry firm data and may lead to inconsistencies in data in various data stores. A significant part of the operation of any laundry firm involves the acquisition, management and timely retrieval of great volumes of information. This information typically involves; customer personal information and clothing records history, user information, price of delivery and received date, users scheduling as regards customers details and dealings in service rendered, also our products package waiting list. All of this information must be managed in an efficient and cost wise fashion so that the organization resources may be effectively utilized. We present the design and implementation of a laundry database management system (LBMS) used in a laundry establishment. Laundry firms are usually faced with difficulties in keeping detailed records of customers clothing; this little problem as seen to most laundry firms is highly discouraging as customers are filled with disappointments, arising from issues such as customer clothes mix-ups and untimely retrieval of clothes. The aim of this application is to determine the number of clothes collected, in relation to their owners, as this also helps the users fix a date for the collection of their clothes. Also customer’s information is secured, as a specific id is allocated per registration to avoid contrasting information.
Laundry management system project report.pdf
Laundry management system project report.pdf
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FPGA Implementation of BIST in OFDM Transceivers
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1231 FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF BIST IN OFDM TRANSCEIVERS Rinitha.R1, Ponni.R2 1PG student, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kings College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kings College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Testing of VLSI circuits is an essential one to ensure the high quality and proper functionality ofthesystem. Due to the circuit complexity, it is very difficult to test it. For this issue the concept of Built-in Self-Test (BIST) is introduced. BIST is a mechanism that permits a circuit to test itself. Small additional circuitry, power or envelope detectors can be used for BIST purpose. BIST in wireless communication system measure the imbalance parameters and non linear characteristics. Here the BIST is usedinOrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transceivers forthedetection of Bit Error Rate (BER) and also reduce it. BER can be demarcated as the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that can be affected due to noise, interference and distortion or bit synchronization errors. This system mainly focuses the performanceofOFDM – PSK, BPSK and QPSK system by using Reed-Solomon codes. These codes are used to encode the data stream that can be passed through communication channels resembling AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel. Various simulations are performed for different modulationschemes inMATLABto find best BER performance. Key Words: Built-in Self-Test (BIST),Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM),BitErrorRate(BER),Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN), Reed-Solomon codes. 1.INTRODUCTION Test cost becomes a significant contributor to the production cost. Efforts to reduce the manufacturing cost require the need of BIST implementation in contrast to Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) which results in higher capital and operational cost. It helpsreductionoftesttimeas it reduces the switching time of ATE instruments and measurement of complex circuitry using low cost testing solutions. In most Built-in-Self-Test (BIST) techniques, a small piece of circuit is added to the design in order to convert the system response to a simpler form with lower frequency that makes on-chip analysis feasible. The Radio Frequency (RF) to low frequency conversion in BIST can be enabled using peak, power, or envelope detectors. Such BIST techniques havebeenproposedtocharacterize RF blocks, such as low noise amplifiers (LNAs), or power amplifiers (PAs), or the entire transmitter chain. The BIST circuit detects amplitude alterations at the outputs of the differential LNA due to parametric orcatastrophic faults,and provides a single digital Pass/Fail indication signal. Most of the prior work on BIST for transceivers focuses on the characterization of noise figure, gain and nonlinearity of the devices. However, the Bit Error Rate (BER) is also detrimental and need to be characterized.SotheBISTcircuit is used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system for the measure of BER. In wireless communication the system performance is determined by the BER performance. It is increasingly believed that OFDM results in an improved downlink multimedia service require high data rate communications, but this condition is significantly limitedbyinter-symbol interference(ISI)dueto the existence of the multiple paths. There are many multicarrier modulation techniques. During digital data transmission and storage operations, performance criterion is commonly determined by BER.Itis the ratio of the number of error bits to the number of total bits. Noise in transmission medium disrupts the signal and causes data corruptions. Relation between signal and noise power is described with SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio). Generally, SNR is explained with signal power/BER. It means, the less the BER result is the higher the SNR and the better communication quality. To meet the requirements discussed above, BIST circuit isusedinOFDMbased wireless communication system. 2. CONCEPT OF BIST IN TRANSCEIVERS The increasing functional complexity of electronic components and system makes testing a demanding task, particularly under the constraints of high quality and low cost. The different test approaches have been developed to describe the circuit at different levels based on the existing variety of models. They are Functional testing, IDDQ test, Scan test etc. But compare to other testing methods BIST is more efficient and also consist of many advantages over testing. The basic architecture of BIST is shown in Figure 1 which consist of Input, CUT and Output Fig-1: Basic BIST architecture The above BIST architecture consist of three steps: The
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1232 first step is defined as initial state or it uses some functionality by applying the input response tothecircuit.In the second step the circuit processestheinput response.The third step is checking and produces the correct output response of the circuit. Generally the BIST circuit is used in transceiver for the measurement of non-linear parameters like phase noise, noise margin, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), in-phase and quadrature imbalance. The BIST circuit with Reed Solomon (RS) coder blocks in the transceivers forthemeasureofBER. 3. PROPOSED BIST IN OFDM TRANSCEIVERS Generally in the concept of BIST, a part of a circuit is used to test the circuit itself. In this paper the BIST circuit is implemented using RS coder as it includes the in-built RS encoder and RS decoder blocks. Hence, differentmodulation schemes are compared in this proposed system. The modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK and PSKhavebeen used. The BER performances for the above mentioned schemes have been derived and the Bit Error Rate performances of the different modulation schemes have been compared and the best modulation scheme with the least BER is identified. Fig-2 : Block diagram of BIST circuit in OFDM system Figure 2 shows the block diagram of proposed system which consist of BIST circuit, modulator and de-modulator, sub-carrier and sub-carrier de-mapping, IFFT and FFT, cp- cyclic prefix. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.. OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi- carrier modulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data streamsorchannels.Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme(suchas quadrature amplitudemodulation or phase- shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth. 3.1 Reed Solomon Encoding and Decoding Blocks Figure 3 shows the RS block diagram of the procedure of encoding and decoding data. First in the RS encoder block, the input data is converted to symbols (each m binary data converted to a decimal symbol).Thissymbolsisconvertedto a number of parallel messages (message length= s)knowing that, before this procedurezerosmust bepaddedtogenerate an integer number of messages if necessary. Then the data encoded (messages become codes). After that the parallel codes are converted to serial codes. These codes are passed through a transmitter (modulation procedure), channel and receiver (demodulation process). In the RS decoder block, the procedure that has been applied on the received codes will be opposite to that in the RS encoder block. Fig-3: Reed Solomon block diagram 3.2 Mathematical Description OFDM consists of multiple carriers. Each carrier can be presented as a complex waveform Sc(t)=Ac(t) (1) Where Ac(t) is amplitude of the signal Sc(t) and is phase of the signal Sc(t). The complexsignal canbedescribed by the Eq(2) as Ss(t)= (2) This is a continuous signal. Each component of the signal over one symbol period can take fixedvaluesofthevariables like: → An(t) → An Where n is the number of OFDM block. T is the time interval and the signal is sampled by then it can be represented by the Eq(3)as: SS(kT)= (3)
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1233 Let then the signal becomes : SS(kT) = (4) The signal is compared with general Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT): g(kT) = (5) Here, s(kT) is time domain signal . Here, is symbol duration period. The OFDM signal can be defined by Fourier Transform. The use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can obtain frequency domain OFDM symbols and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) can obtain time domain symbols. These can be written as: Fast Fourier Transform (6) Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (7) Where, 0 BER Calculation: The BER of BPSK in AWGN can be calculated as: or Since there is only one bit per symbol, this is also the symbol error rate. For M-PSK (8) For QPSK (9) The symbol error rate is given by: 4.SIMULATION RESULT AND OBSERVATIONS The simulation results of different modulation schemes with corresponding BER obtained from the MATLAB. Table 1 OFDM simulation parameters Parameters used in the simulation of OFDM inthispaper are summarized in Table 1. The performance of OFDM in BIST circuit with the Reed-Solomon coder was simulated in different modulation techniques. The BER is the numbers of received bits that have been attenddueto noise,interference and distortion, divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. Parameters Values No of data bits 493 Signal cancellation M = 4 Total no of bits to be transmitted over the transmitter n = 511 Size of each OFDM block block-size = 7 Length of cyclic prefix 0.1 * Block-size No of IFFT and FFT points 8-Points SNR variation 0-30 dB Modulation Types M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK Channel Type AWGN Algorithm RS-codes
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1234 Fig-4: BER performance of M=8 PSK Fig-5: BER performance of M=16 PSK Fig-6: BER performance of QPSK Fig-7: BER performance of BPSK On comparing the Bit error rate for M=8PSK,M=16PSK, QPSK and BPSK it is conclude that for the same number of transmitted bit the BER for M=16PSK is 83%, M=8 PSK is 68 %, QPSK is 39 % and BPSK is 15% so BER for BPSK is high in comparison with QPSK and M-PSK with same channel characteristics. 5. FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF BIST CIRCUIT On comparing the different modulation schemes BPSK can be viewed as the best for BER performance. This can be further implemented in FPGA to reduce the computational complexity and time consumption. Figure 8 shows the FPGA implementation of BIST circuit. Fig-8: FPGA implementation of BIST circuit 6. CONCLUSION In this paper the BIST circuit explores an idea about the comparative evaluation on the basis of BER for different styles of modulation schemes incorporating the RS encoder and RS decoder. The BER is approaching theoretical limits. Simulation is done to improve the BER and reliability. The BIST circuit in transceivers eliminates the dependence on expensive instrumentation. The imbalance parameter and nonlinear characteristics are measured by BIST in wireless communication. The proposed system compares the performance of OFDM-PSK, BPSK & QPSK system by making use of the Reed Solomon coder. The best modulationscheme is classified and identified which has the least BER. Various modulation schemes are simulated and compared in MATLAB to find the best BER performance. BIST circuit detects the BER performance and also reduces it. REFERENCES [1] Afsaneh nassery,sirnathbyregowda ,”Built-inSelf-Test of transmitter I/Q mismatch and non-linearity using self-mixing envelope detector”IEEE ,vol 23,No.2,February 2015. [2] Alireza Tarighat, Rahim Bagheri and Ali H. Sayed, “compensation schemes and performance analysis of
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Feb-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1235 IQ imbalance in OFDM Receivers”,IEEE, vol.53,No.8,August 2005. [3] Manish Trikha, Neha Sharma ,Manas Singhal, “BER performance comparison between QPSK and 4-QA modulationschemes”,MITIJEIE,vol.3,No.2,August2013. [4] Shriram Gupta, Sarita Singh Bhadauria,”comparisionof Bit error rate in OFDM system by using MMSE equalizer”,IJRET,vol.1,Issue 3,August 2013. [5] Saroj Kanta Pattanaik, Shubhendu Kumar Sarangi,”Performance of BER in OFDM system using different channels and modulation techniques”,IJERA, vol.3,Issue 4,August 2014. [6] J.P.Panwar, Dr.Y.V.Jain,”Evalution of BER and PAPR by using different modulation schemes in OFDM system”,IJCNCS,vol.3,No.7,JULY 2015. [7] LambrosE.Dermentzoglou, Angela Arapoyanni,”ABuilt- in test circuit for RF differential Low Noise amplifiers”,IEEE,Vol.57,No.7,July 2010.
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