Abstract: Monitoring Receivers form an important constituent of the Electronic support. In Monitoring
Receiver we can monitor, demodulate or scan the multiple channels.
In this project, the Implementation of algorithm for multi channel digital monitoring receiver. The
implementation will carry out the channelization by the way of Digital down Converters (DDCs) and Digital
Base band Demodulation. The Intermediate Frequency (IF) at 10.7 MHz will be digitalized using Analog to
Digital Converter (ADC) with sampling frequency 52.5 MHz and further converted to Base band using DDCs.
Virtually all the digital receivers perform channel access using a DDC. The Base band data will be streamed to
the appropriate demodulators. Matlab Simulink will be used to simulate the logic modules before the
implementation. This system will be prototyped on an FPGA based COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf)
development board. Xilinx System Generator will be used for the implementation of the algorithms.
Keywords: DDC, ADC, Digital Base band demodulation, IF, Monitoring Receiver.
Design And Simulation of Modulation Schemes used for FPGA Based Software Defi...Sucharita Saha
Design of a BPSK and QPSK digital Modulation scheme and its implementation on FPGAs for universal mobile telecommunications system and SDR applications. The simulation of the system is made in MATLAB Simulink environment and System Generator, a tool used for FPGA design. Hardware Co-Simulation is designed using VHDL a hardware description language targeting a Xilinx FPGA and is verified using MATLAB Simulink. It is then converted to VHDL level using Simulink HDL coder. The design is synthesized and fitted with Xilinx 14.2 ISE Edition software, and downloaded to Spartan 3E (XC3S500E) board.
Implementation Cost Analysis of the Interpolator for the Wimax Technologyiosrjce
The design of the multirate filter (programmable) has been proposed which can be used in digital
transceivers that meets 802.16d/e (wimax) standard in the wireless communication system. Wimax is a
technology emerging in the wireless communication system in order to increase the broadband wireless internet
access. As there is wide spread need of the digital representation of the signal for the transmission and storage
which create the challenges in DSP [1]. In this paper, analysis of the implementation cost of interpolator for the
wimax technology, and cost of interpolator is analyzed on the basis of number of adders and multiplier. The
Filters are designed using the FDA (filters design and analysis) tool in MATLAB.
Matlab Based Decimeter Design Analysis Wimax Appliacationiosrjce
A Digital down Converter (DDC), which is basically used to convert an intermediate frequency (IF)
signal to its baseband form, forms an integral part of wireless receivers. The major functional blocks of a DDC
constitute a mixer, Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) and an FIR filter chain. In this paper, We can
comparison of two window and see the costs of all Window filters
Design And Simulation of Modulation Schemes used for FPGA Based Software Defi...Sucharita Saha
Design of a BPSK and QPSK digital Modulation scheme and its implementation on FPGAs for universal mobile telecommunications system and SDR applications. The simulation of the system is made in MATLAB Simulink environment and System Generator, a tool used for FPGA design. Hardware Co-Simulation is designed using VHDL a hardware description language targeting a Xilinx FPGA and is verified using MATLAB Simulink. It is then converted to VHDL level using Simulink HDL coder. The design is synthesized and fitted with Xilinx 14.2 ISE Edition software, and downloaded to Spartan 3E (XC3S500E) board.
Implementation Cost Analysis of the Interpolator for the Wimax Technologyiosrjce
The design of the multirate filter (programmable) has been proposed which can be used in digital
transceivers that meets 802.16d/e (wimax) standard in the wireless communication system. Wimax is a
technology emerging in the wireless communication system in order to increase the broadband wireless internet
access. As there is wide spread need of the digital representation of the signal for the transmission and storage
which create the challenges in DSP [1]. In this paper, analysis of the implementation cost of interpolator for the
wimax technology, and cost of interpolator is analyzed on the basis of number of adders and multiplier. The
Filters are designed using the FDA (filters design and analysis) tool in MATLAB.
Matlab Based Decimeter Design Analysis Wimax Appliacationiosrjce
A Digital down Converter (DDC), which is basically used to convert an intermediate frequency (IF)
signal to its baseband form, forms an integral part of wireless receivers. The major functional blocks of a DDC
constitute a mixer, Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) and an FIR filter chain. In this paper, We can
comparison of two window and see the costs of all Window filters
Universal software defined radio development platformBertalan EGED
Award winning presentation at a NATO RTO IST symposium in 2006 on Universal Software Defined Radio (SDR) Development Platform and its use for prototyping radar system and spectrum monitoring receiver. Till this time I made several presentations on the topic, but this is the original version from 2006.
A Simulation of Wideband CDMA System on Digital Up/Down ConvertersEditor IJMTER
In this paper, I present FPGA implementation of a digital down converter (DDC) and
digital up converter (DUC) for a single carrier WCDMA system. The DDC and DUC is complex in
nature. The implementation of DDC is simple because it does not require mixers or filters. Xilinx
System Generator and Xilinx ISE are used to develop the hardware circuit for the FPGA. Both the
circuits are verified on the Spartan - 3 FPGA
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hardware Accelerated Software Defined Radio Tarik Kazaz
Advanced 5G wireless infrastructure should support any-to-any connectivity between densely arranged smart objects that form the emerging paradigm known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). While traditional wireless networks enable communication between devices using a single technology, 5G networks will need to support seamless connectivity between heterogeneous wireless objects, and consequently enable the proliferation of IoE networks. To tackle the complexity and versatility of the future IoE networks, 5G has to guarantee optimal usage of both spectrum and energy resources and further support technology-agnostic connectivity between objects. This can be realized by combining intelligent network control with adaptive software-defined air interfaces. In order to achieve this, current radio technology paradigms like Cloud RAN and Software Defined Radio (SDR) utilize centralized baseband signal processing mainly performed in software. With traditional SDR platforms, composed of separate radio and host commodity computer units, computationally-intensive signal processing algorithms and high-throughput connectivity between processing units are hard to realize. In addition, significant power consumption and large form factor may preclude any real-life deployment of such systems. On the other hand, modern hybrid FPGA technology tightly couples a FPGA fabric with hard core CPU on a single chip. This provides opportunities for implementing air interfaces based on hardware/software co-processing, resulting in increased processing throughput, reduced form factor and power consumption, while at the same time preserving flexibility. This paper examines how hybrid FPGAs can be combined with novel ideas such as RF Network-on-Chip (RFNoC) and partial reconfiguration, to form a flexible and compact platform for implementing low-power adaptive air interfaces. The proposed platform merges software and hardware processing units of SDR systems on a single chip. Therefore, it can provide interfaces for on-the-fly composition and reconfiguration of software and hardware radio modules. The resulting system enables the abstraction of air interfaces, where each access technology is composed of a structured sequence of modular radio processing units.
Software Defined Radio Engineering course samplerJim Jenkins
This 3-day course is designed for digital signal processing engineers, RF system engineers, and managers who wish to enhance their understanding of this rapidly emerging technology. Most topics include carefully described design analysis, alternative approaches, performance analysis, and references to published research results. Many topics are illustrated by Matlab simulation demos. An extensive bibliography is included.
SDR Training with HackRF - Tonex TrainingBryan Len
Length: 3 Days
SDR Training with HackRF, Advanced Software Defined Radio Training is a 3-day hands-on advanced SDR training course, Software-Defined Radio Development with GNU Radio utilizing HackRF One. The 3-day advanced SDR covers both hypothesis and application of SDR utilizing HackRF One.
.
SDR Training with HackRF. Advanced Software Defined Radio Training.
Participants will learn about:
Software Defined Radio and Digital Signal Processing
Theory and practice with hands-on SDR implementations using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) SDR platforms
Necessary SDR signal processing building blocks, SDR application development using Python and C++ concepts required for GNU Radio development
How to apply HackRF and GNU Radio
How to use and apply GNU Radio Companion (GRC)
Security applications of SDR and RF Vulnerabilities
Course Agenda
Principles of Signal processing and applied RF
Overview of SDR
Overview of GNU Radio
Overview of GNU Radio software libraries
Overview of GNU Radio Companion (GRC)
Overview of Python and C++
Overview of Linux
Overview of Universal software radio peripherals
SDR and GNU Radio modules
Systems using HackRF One
Assessments of physical RF devices
How to Fingerprint on RF spectrum?
Hunting signals
Hardware Hacking 101
Reversing and Instrumentation (embedded RF systems)
IoT Hacking with SDR
Overview of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Open source SDR LTE software / FM Radio
Principles of Radar detector
Principles of Remote Controlled Cars
SDR Offensive Security
Request more information regarding SDR Training with HackRF. Visit tonex.com for course and workshop detail.
SDR Training with HackRF - Tonex Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/sdr-training-with-hackrf-advanced-software-defined-radio-training/
Post Endodontic Restoration: Are You Serious?IOSR Journals
After root canal obturation of sound posterior teeth, dentists are always in hurry of giving full
crown. They are not serious in giving proper post endodontic restoration which results in fracture of tooth or
restoration, if patient delays the full crown treatment. The inherent causes of failures are rarely evaluated.
Thus, it was the purpose of this study to analyze the opinion of practicing dentist and after 24 months of clinical
observation to present a logical approach to this subject as the final success of endodontic treatment is depend
on the proper and timely coronal restoration.
Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters for Polyurethane Based Panel Air F...IOSR Journals
The polyurethane processing for panel air filters (flexible foam)for high yield (free of all defects) is
very critical and sensitive on account of Polyurethane making chemistry, short reaction times, process
conditions, ambient temperature and humidity , equipment dispensing-mixing precision and moulds’ surface
quality, moulds’ temperature and uniformity impacting the defects in filters like pin holes, short filling, over
filling or growth, skin damage, loose skin, voids, hardness variations, shrink marks, knit lines etc. Research is
conducted to study and establish a correlation between various parameters so that process settings can be
altered to ensure minimum variation to output in spite of variation in inputs and noise to the system.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
Ceiba Petandra is widely used in complementary medicine. Its stem bark extracts obtained via soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, acetone and ethanol gare alkaloids, Steroids, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, triterpenes and tannins when screened phytochemically. These extracts were further investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus klebsiella, pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa with ampicillina, as standard. Highest anti- bacterial activity with acetone extract at a concentration of 300mg/ml and least activity with ethanol extract at a concentration of 100mg/ml. n- Hexane extract showed no inhibition on the tested micro-organisms.
Universal software defined radio development platformBertalan EGED
Award winning presentation at a NATO RTO IST symposium in 2006 on Universal Software Defined Radio (SDR) Development Platform and its use for prototyping radar system and spectrum monitoring receiver. Till this time I made several presentations on the topic, but this is the original version from 2006.
A Simulation of Wideband CDMA System on Digital Up/Down ConvertersEditor IJMTER
In this paper, I present FPGA implementation of a digital down converter (DDC) and
digital up converter (DUC) for a single carrier WCDMA system. The DDC and DUC is complex in
nature. The implementation of DDC is simple because it does not require mixers or filters. Xilinx
System Generator and Xilinx ISE are used to develop the hardware circuit for the FPGA. Both the
circuits are verified on the Spartan - 3 FPGA
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hardware Accelerated Software Defined Radio Tarik Kazaz
Advanced 5G wireless infrastructure should support any-to-any connectivity between densely arranged smart objects that form the emerging paradigm known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). While traditional wireless networks enable communication between devices using a single technology, 5G networks will need to support seamless connectivity between heterogeneous wireless objects, and consequently enable the proliferation of IoE networks. To tackle the complexity and versatility of the future IoE networks, 5G has to guarantee optimal usage of both spectrum and energy resources and further support technology-agnostic connectivity between objects. This can be realized by combining intelligent network control with adaptive software-defined air interfaces. In order to achieve this, current radio technology paradigms like Cloud RAN and Software Defined Radio (SDR) utilize centralized baseband signal processing mainly performed in software. With traditional SDR platforms, composed of separate radio and host commodity computer units, computationally-intensive signal processing algorithms and high-throughput connectivity between processing units are hard to realize. In addition, significant power consumption and large form factor may preclude any real-life deployment of such systems. On the other hand, modern hybrid FPGA technology tightly couples a FPGA fabric with hard core CPU on a single chip. This provides opportunities for implementing air interfaces based on hardware/software co-processing, resulting in increased processing throughput, reduced form factor and power consumption, while at the same time preserving flexibility. This paper examines how hybrid FPGAs can be combined with novel ideas such as RF Network-on-Chip (RFNoC) and partial reconfiguration, to form a flexible and compact platform for implementing low-power adaptive air interfaces. The proposed platform merges software and hardware processing units of SDR systems on a single chip. Therefore, it can provide interfaces for on-the-fly composition and reconfiguration of software and hardware radio modules. The resulting system enables the abstraction of air interfaces, where each access technology is composed of a structured sequence of modular radio processing units.
Software Defined Radio Engineering course samplerJim Jenkins
This 3-day course is designed for digital signal processing engineers, RF system engineers, and managers who wish to enhance their understanding of this rapidly emerging technology. Most topics include carefully described design analysis, alternative approaches, performance analysis, and references to published research results. Many topics are illustrated by Matlab simulation demos. An extensive bibliography is included.
SDR Training with HackRF - Tonex TrainingBryan Len
Length: 3 Days
SDR Training with HackRF, Advanced Software Defined Radio Training is a 3-day hands-on advanced SDR training course, Software-Defined Radio Development with GNU Radio utilizing HackRF One. The 3-day advanced SDR covers both hypothesis and application of SDR utilizing HackRF One.
.
SDR Training with HackRF. Advanced Software Defined Radio Training.
Participants will learn about:
Software Defined Radio and Digital Signal Processing
Theory and practice with hands-on SDR implementations using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) SDR platforms
Necessary SDR signal processing building blocks, SDR application development using Python and C++ concepts required for GNU Radio development
How to apply HackRF and GNU Radio
How to use and apply GNU Radio Companion (GRC)
Security applications of SDR and RF Vulnerabilities
Course Agenda
Principles of Signal processing and applied RF
Overview of SDR
Overview of GNU Radio
Overview of GNU Radio software libraries
Overview of GNU Radio Companion (GRC)
Overview of Python and C++
Overview of Linux
Overview of Universal software radio peripherals
SDR and GNU Radio modules
Systems using HackRF One
Assessments of physical RF devices
How to Fingerprint on RF spectrum?
Hunting signals
Hardware Hacking 101
Reversing and Instrumentation (embedded RF systems)
IoT Hacking with SDR
Overview of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Open source SDR LTE software / FM Radio
Principles of Radar detector
Principles of Remote Controlled Cars
SDR Offensive Security
Request more information regarding SDR Training with HackRF. Visit tonex.com for course and workshop detail.
SDR Training with HackRF - Tonex Training
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/sdr-training-with-hackrf-advanced-software-defined-radio-training/
Post Endodontic Restoration: Are You Serious?IOSR Journals
After root canal obturation of sound posterior teeth, dentists are always in hurry of giving full
crown. They are not serious in giving proper post endodontic restoration which results in fracture of tooth or
restoration, if patient delays the full crown treatment. The inherent causes of failures are rarely evaluated.
Thus, it was the purpose of this study to analyze the opinion of practicing dentist and after 24 months of clinical
observation to present a logical approach to this subject as the final success of endodontic treatment is depend
on the proper and timely coronal restoration.
Sensitivity Analysis of Process Parameters for Polyurethane Based Panel Air F...IOSR Journals
The polyurethane processing for panel air filters (flexible foam)for high yield (free of all defects) is
very critical and sensitive on account of Polyurethane making chemistry, short reaction times, process
conditions, ambient temperature and humidity , equipment dispensing-mixing precision and moulds’ surface
quality, moulds’ temperature and uniformity impacting the defects in filters like pin holes, short filling, over
filling or growth, skin damage, loose skin, voids, hardness variations, shrink marks, knit lines etc. Research is
conducted to study and establish a correlation between various parameters so that process settings can be
altered to ensure minimum variation to output in spite of variation in inputs and noise to the system.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity on Stem Bark E...IOSR Journals
Ceiba Petandra is widely used in complementary medicine. Its stem bark extracts obtained via soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, acetone and ethanol gare alkaloids, Steroids, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, triterpenes and tannins when screened phytochemically. These extracts were further investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus klebsiella, pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa with ampicillina, as standard. Highest anti- bacterial activity with acetone extract at a concentration of 300mg/ml and least activity with ethanol extract at a concentration of 100mg/ml. n- Hexane extract showed no inhibition on the tested micro-organisms.
Efficacy Studies of Hepatoprotective Drug Isolated from Eclipta prostrata. L.IOSR Journals
In the commercial market, medicinal herbs are used as raw drugs, extracts or tinctures. Isolated
active constituents are used for applied research. Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective
drugs, Eclipta prostrata. L. with active principle Wedelolactone is the prime focus. In the present study to derive
hepatoprotective drug, the herb E. prostrata was grown in the Periyar Maniammai College Campus, Vallam
and 1kg of the plant leaves were collected and shade dried. Dried and powdered maetria l of E. prostrata was
extracted with 80% ethanol. The active principle was isolated and identified by chromatographic technique. The
protective effect of E. prostrata on Carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage was also studied with male
wistar albino rats (180-230g). The protective effect was also undergone for histological studies.
Effect of Antioxidant status on liver following Atrazine exposure and its pro...IOSR Journals
The efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extract was studied on atrazine induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract of AP (150mg/kg body weight) was found to protect the male wistar rats from hepato toxic action of atrazine as evidence by significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant defense system activity in the atrazine intoxicated rats. However, AP treatment ameliorated the effects of atrazine suggesting it as potential antioxidant against atrazine induced oxidative stress.
QSAR studies of some anilinoquinolines for their antitumor activity as EGFR i...IOSR Journals
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship studies has been performed on some anilinoquinolines . A variety of parameters including 2D- autocorelation, RDF, 3D- MoRSE, WHIM and GETAWAY parameters have been chosen for modeling the antitumor activity of these compounds. The multiple regression analysis reveals that the seven –parametric model is the best for modeling the activity of the compounds under present study. This model has been tested by using cross validated parameters. The results are also discussed on the basis of ridge regression.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Calabar, Cross ...IOSR Journals
Iron is a component of a number of proteins including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Inadequate iron intake can lead to varying degrees of deficiency, from low iron stores to early iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia and this is dangerous to both baby and mother. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. Seventy pregnant women within the age range of 15-45 years from University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were recruited as subjects in this study. The control consisted of fifty age-matched apparently healthy non-pregnant women . The tests that were carried out using standard method include include full blood count (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and red cell count), serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation,serum ferritin and soluble transferrin recptor. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05)><0.01)><0.01) increased in pregnant than non-pregnant. It was also shown that pregnant women in their third trimesters and multigravidae had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia while pregnant women in their second trimester had the highest prevalence of anaemia. In conclusion the study has shown that the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in the studied area were still high and can be considered public health problem.
Asif’s Equation of Charge Variation and Special RelativityIOSR Journals
The theory of special relativity plays an important role in the modern theory of classical electromagnetism. Considering deeply the effect of Special relativity in Electromagnetism, when a charge particle moves with high speed as comparable to the speed of light in vacuum tube or in space under influence of electromagnetic field, its mass varies under Lorentz transformation [1].The question arises that does its charge vary under Lorentz transformation? In this paper, Asif's equation of charge variation demonstrates the variation of electric charge under Lorentz transformation. The more sophisticated view of electromagnetism expressed by electromagnetic fields in moving inertial frame can be achieved by considering some relativistic effect including charge as well. One can easily achieve the mass-energy relation from Asif’s equation of charge variation as proved in this paper.
The need for a rapid, famous method for hair removal has led to the development of various laser for
hair removal. These include ruby, alexandrite, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers. This research discusses the basic
principles of laser hair removal, examines theoretically the properties of specific laser systems, and focuses on
patient selection and treatment protocols for the various systems designed to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Radiation dose to the eyes of readers at the least distance of distinct visio...IOSR Journals
This work reports the measurements of the radionuclide contents in some widely read daily newspapers published in Nigeria, using gamma spectrometry. The radionuclides detected in the newspapers measured consisted of the natural radionuclides belonging to the series headed by 228Ra and 226Ra as well as the singly occurring radionuclide 40K. The mean activity concentrations obtained for 40K, 226Ra and 228Ra respectively in the newspapers were 183.41±135.43, 9.06±3.64 and 6.11±1.36 Bqkg-1, 139.10±90.38, 7.58±1.87 and 5.29±1.33 Bqkg-1 and 152.10±114.32, 9.62±1.40 and 5.76±1.29 Bqkg-1 respectively from P1, P2 and P3. The doses to the eyes due to the measured activity concentrations in the newspaper samples were determined for a distance of 0.25 m (least distance of distinct vision) from the eyes. The annual effective doses to the eye resulting from the activities of the radionuclides identified with observed regularity in all the newspaper samples, obtained in this study are 0.012±0.010, 0.010±0.009, 0.010±0.009 μSv y-1 respectively for the newspapers. These values show that the doses to the lens of the eye from the Nigerian newspapers assessed in this work are very low compared to the annual dose limit of 15 mSv y
The Historical Lack of Capital Accumulation in Iran's Agricultural PartIOSR Journals
The increasing amount of income due to the discovery of oil in Iran has caused a gap between the production and need of agricultural products, causing the increase in the import of agricultural products in Iran's economy. The existing gap caused a drastic increase in the prices, and since the growth of agricultural products needed Infrastructure investment, it has been tried to control the increase in the prices with an increase in the import rate. So capital accumulation has not been done to the required rate and the production in agriculture has not increased to the expected rate. The share of workers in the agricultural sector of Iran has faced a decrease since 1980. This is while in the international level, agriculture for the growth of economy, decrease of poverty, food security, and the stability of environment is of high importance. A general investment can reduce risks in the agriculture and increase efficiency in private sectors, so the motives of farmers for investment will be increased.
Quark Model Three Body Calculations for the Hypertriton Bound StateIOSR Journals
Hyperspherical three body calculations are performed to study and review the various properties of
the hypertriton bound state nucleus
3H in the quark model using -N potentials. In these calculations we study
the different effects of the -N potentials on the hypertriton bound states as well as the separation energy B. A
combination of realistic two body N-N potentials with various - N potentials are considered. Complete
symmetric and mixed symmetric wave functions are introduced. using the renormalized Numerov method. The
agreement between the calculated
3H binding energies and the available experimental data basically depends
on the type of the -N interactions used in the calculations. It was found that the -N potentials are the most
effective part in the hypertriton binding energy as well as the separation energy B where the -N potentials is
very effective to bound or unbound the
3H hyper nucleus
Pacs numbers: 21.30. + y, 21.10.+dr,27.20.+n
Analysis Of Lpg Cylinder Using Composite MaterialsIOSR Journals
This paper aims is innovation of alternative materials of Liquid petroleum gas (LPG). So, the finite
element analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders made of Steel and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
composites has been carried out. Finite element analysis of composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure is
performed. Layered shell element of a versatile FE analysis package ANSYS (version 11.0) has been used to
model the shell with FRP composites.
A number of cases are considered to study the stresses and deformations due to pressure loading inside the
cylinder. First, the results of stresses and deformation for steel cylinders are compared with the analytical
solution available in literature in order to validate the model and the software. The weight savings are also
presented for steel, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composites LPG cylinders. Variations of stresses
and deformations throughout the cylinder made of steel and GFRP are studied.
Cataloging Of Sessions in Genuine Traffic by Packet Size Distribution and Ses...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Cataloging traffic keen on precise network applications is vital for application-aware network
organization and it turn into more taxing because modern applications incomprehensible their network
behaviors. Whereas port number-based classifiers work merely for a little renowned application and signaturebased
classifiers are not significant to encrypted packet payloads, researchers are inclined to classify network
traffic rooted in behaviors scrutinized in network applications. In this document, a session level Flood
Cataloging (SLFC) approach is proposed to organize network Floods as a session, which encompasses of
Floods in the equal discussion. SLFC initially classifies flood into the analogous applications by packet size
distribution (PSD) and subsequently faction Floods as sessions by port locality. With PSD, each Flood is
distorted into a set of points in a two-Dimension space and the remoteness among all Flood and the
representatives of preselected applications are calculated. The Flood is predicted as the application having a
least distance. Meanwhile, port locality is accustomed to cluster Floods as sessions since an application often
uses successive port statistics surrounded by a session. If flood of a session are categorized into diverse
applications, an arbitration algorithm is invoked to make the improvement.
Keywords: Flood Cataloging; session grouping; session Cataloging; packet size distribution
Implications of Organisational Culture on Performance of Business OrganisationsIOSR Journals
This article discusses the implications of organizational culture on the performance of business organizations in Nigeria. The first objective of the paper is to elaborate on organisational culture as a determinant of organisational performance. The second objective is to identify four dimensions of African culture as bases for more effective organization culture in the Nigerian context. Works of well known authors in the fields of Culture and Management were reviewed for perspectives and evidence. It is shown from the reviews that a relationship exists between organisational culture and performance of business organisations. In addition, the review suggests that relationship is mediated by reward perception and role perception. Social support, accommodation at work places, religious referencing, supervisor-subordinate age ratio and ethnic diversification are identified as culture factors likely to have positive impact on the performance of business organisations in Nigeria. It is recommended that business organizations in the country should give adequate attention to the development of corporate cultures that integrate the above factors in order to enhance their performance.
The Comparison of theMaterials in Styles of Iranian Architecture and its Effe...IOSR Journals
During the history,different elements have been determined as influential factors affecting the
architecture in different areas. The historical events and political alterations as well as religious and
economical changes can directly lead to the architecture style. One of the historical countries with rich
architectural history that can be increasingly exposed to more alterations is Iran. In general the architecture
styles in Iran can be categorised in six groups. These groups can be divided in two periods before and after
Islam’s emergence in Iran. The “Parsi” and “Parti” architecture styles belong to the former period and
“Razi”, “Khorasani”, “Isfahani” and “Azari” were common in the latter period, after Islam. Such alterations
brought in a variety of architecture styles, in this country, due to theoretical alterations. Furthermore, some
novel architectural styles were resulted from a number of physical conditions which had also effects on the
theoretical architecture. The current research intends to put an emphasize on the alterations in materials used
in two historical periods of Iran, “Achaemenid” Empire (550–330 BCE) and The “Sassanid” Empire (224 CE
to 651 CE) resulting in the changes in Iranian architecture. It also aims to explore the differences and the
reasons of changes in the materials used for constructions and the influence that these changes had on the
architectural style in the above mentioned periods
Enhancing Security of Multimodal Biometric Authentication System by Implement...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Conventional personal identification techniques for instance passwords, tokens, ID card and PIN
codes are prone to theft or forgery and thus biometrics isa solution thereto. Biometrics is the way of recognizing
and scrutinizing the physical traits of a person. Automated biometrics verification caters as a conducive and
legitimate method, but there must be an assurance to its cogency. Furthermore, in most of the cases unimodal
biometric recognition is not able to meet the performance requirements of the applications. According to recent
trends, recognition based on multimodal biometrics is emerging at a greater pace. Multimodal biometrics
unifies two or more biometric traits and thus the issues that emerge in unimodal recognition can be mitigated in
multimodal biometric systems. But with the rapid ontogenesis of information technology, even the biometric
data is not secure. Digital watermarking is one such technique that is implemented to secure the biometric data
from inadvertent or premeditated attacks.This paper propounds an approach that is projected in both the
directions of improving the performance of biometric identification system by going multimodal and, increasing
the security through watermarking. The biometric traits are initially transformed using Discrete Wavelet and
Discrete Cosine Transformation and then watermarked using Singular Value Decomposition. Scheme depiction
and presented outcomes justifies the effectiveness of the scheme.
Keywords: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Multimodal biometrics,
Singular Value Decomposition, Watermarking
Analytical Determination of Antihestamine drugs Pure and its pharmaceutical P...IOSR Journals
A quick and convenient method has been developed for the micro estimation of antihistamine drugs. 1-5 mg of sample is allowed to react with 10 ml of 0.02 M, N-bromosaccharin solution. Unconsumed reagent can be accurately titrated with 5 ml of 15% KI and 0.02N sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as indica-tor. SD and CV was calculated for reproducible and accurate result. The accuracy of the method is within + 1 % and possible course of reaction was suggested on the basis of stoichiometry as well as find reaction product.
Formulation of an anti-inflammatory drug as fast dissolving tabletsIOSR Journals
The demand for mouth dissolving tablets has been growing during the last decade especially for elderly and children who have difficulties in swallowing. Ketorolac tromethamine is an effective anti-inflammatory agent that has been extensively used for the prevention of pain and inflammation associated with a wide variety of reasons. This study was aimed to form Ketorolac tromethamine mouth dissolving tablets by direct compression using superdisintegratants as crospovidone (CP) ,crosscarmellose sodium (CCS), and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) at concentrations of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The physical mixtures of the drug and the used excipients were evaluated for their micromeretric properties such as angle of repose, particle size, Hausner's ratio and % compressibility. Also, FTIR spectroscopy and DSC calorimetry were performed to indicate any possible interaction between the drug with the used excipients.All the prepared tablets were evaluated for their weight variation, thickness, hardness, wetting time, and disintegration time. Also in-vitro release study was done for all the prepared tablets using distilled deionized water as dissolution medium at 37.5± 0.5 c˚. Based on in-vitro release study and stability studies, G5 (contained 3% CCS) was found to be the promising formulae and subjected to further studies.
EFFICIENT HARDWARE CO-SIMULATION OF DOWN CONVERTOR FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION...VLSICS Design
In this paper an optimized hardware co-simulation approach is presented to design & implement GSM based digital down convertor for Software Defined Radios. The proposed DDC is implemented using optimal equiripple technique to reduce the resource requirement. A computationally efficient polyphase decomposition structure is used to improve the hardware complexity of the overall design. The proposed model is implemented by using embedded multipliers, LUTs and BRAMs of target device to enhance the system performance in terms of speed and area. The DDC model is designed and simulated with Simulink and Xilinx System Generator, synthesized with Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST) and implemented on Virtex-II Pro based xc2vp30-7ff896 FPGA device. The results show that proposed design can operate at maximum frequency of 160 MHz by consuming power of 0.34004W 25 °C junction temperature. The proposed design is consuming very less resources available on target device to provide cost effective solution for SDR based wireless applications.
EFFICIENT HARDWARE CO-SIMULATION OF DOWN CONVERTOR FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION...VLSICS Design
In this paper an optimized hardware co-simulation approach is presented to design & implement GSM
based digital down convertor for Software Defined Radios. The proposed DDC is implemented using
optimal equiripple technique to reduce the resource requirement. A computationally efficient polyphase
decomposition structure is used to improve the hardware complexity of the overall design. The proposed
model is implemented by using embedded multipliers, LUTs and BRAMs of target device to enhance the
system performance in terms of speed and area. The DDC model is designed and simulated with Simulink
and Xilinx System Generator, synthesized with Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST) and implemented on Virtex-II
Pro based xc2vp30-7ff896 FPGA device. The results show that proposed design can operate at maximum
frequency of 160 MHz by consuming power of 0.34004W 25 °C junction temperature. The proposed
design is consuming very less resources available on target device to provide cost effective solution for
SDR based wireless applications.
Efficient Hardware Co-Simulation of Down Convertor for Wireless Communication...VLSICS Design
In this paper an optimized hardware co-simulation approach is presented to design & implement GSM based digital down convertor for Software Defined Radios. The proposed DDC is implemented using optimal equiripple technique to reduce the resource requirement. A computationally efficient polyphase decomposition structure is used to improve the hardware complexity of the overall design. The proposed model is implemented by using embedded multipliers, LUTs and BRAMs of target device to enhance the system performance in terms of speed and area. The DDC model is designed and simulated with Simulink and Xilinx System Generator, synthesized with Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST) and implemented on Virtex-II Pro based xc2vp30-7ff896 FPGA device. The results show that proposed design can operate at maximum frequency of 160 MHz by consuming power of 0.34004W 25 °C junction temperature. The proposed design is consuming very less resources available on target device to provide cost effective solution for SDR based wireless applications.
Software defined radios (SDRs) are highly motivated for wireless device modelling due to their flexibility and scalability over alternative wireless design options. The evolutionary structure of finite impulse response (FIR) filters was designed for a proposed reconfigurable canonical sign digit (CSD) approach. Considering the complex trade-off, this is accomplished with many FIR taps, which is a challenging assignment. On the baseband processing side, design is given with parameterization-controlled FIR filter tap selection. Optimal processing models to overcome the reconfigurable design issues associated with the SDR system for a multi-standard wireless communication system root cosine filter standard are often used to implement multiple FIR channelization topologies, each of which is tied to a particular in-phase and quadrature (IQ) symbol. Additionally, it demonstrates the viability of using a multi-modulation baseband modulator in the SDR system for next-generation wireless communication systems to maximise adaptability with the least amount of computational complexity overhead. The proposed multiplier-less FIR filter-based reconfigurable baseband modulator, according to the experimental results, offers a 6% complexity reduction and a 47% improvement in performance efficiency over the current SDR system
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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FPGA Implementation of Optimized CIC Filter for Sample Rate Conversion in Sof...idescitation
A software radio receiver is one which is tuned to
receive a transmitted signal on multiple communication
standards through software rather than hardware. To
incorporate multi-standard radio communications an
intermediate frequency of high ranges is used. Such high
intermediate frequencies when sampled with Nyquist rate
gets oversampled due to the phenomenon of Band Pass
sampling depending on the radio communication standard.
Hence a digital down converter (DDC) capable of reducing
the sampling rate in accordance with the radio communication
standard is required. Cascaded Integrated Comb (CIC) filters
are used for large sample rate conversion factors. In this paper
an optimized architecture for DDC employing CORDIC in
the mixer stage and the reconfigurable decimation factors for
CIC filters has been implemented. Optimized implementation
of CIC filter for sample rate conversion of multi-standard
radio communications reduces the hardware resources by more
than twenty percent when compared with the non-optimized
architecture.
Channel Coding and Clipping in OFDM for WiMAX using SDRidescitation
Recent developments in broadband wireless
technology heightened the need for WiMAX which assures
high-speed data services. Mobile WiMAX is grounded on
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing Access (OFDM/OFDMA)
technology which is an increasing important technique in
LTE systems. This paper describes the OFDM transceiver
implementation using software-defined radio system (SDR).
A SDR is a radio communication system where elements have
been generally implemented in hardware are rather
implemented by software on a personal computer. In this paper,
the software part is realized using GNU Radio and the
hardware part is implemented using USRP N210. OFDM poses
a problem of a Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) or high
crest factor. To stave off this problem either High Power
Amplifiers (HPAs) with large dynamic range or PAPR reduction
techniques are used. The former scheme raises cost of the
system, while the latter induces redundancy or distortion.
This paper presents a novel architecture (which combines
channel coding and clipping) for the PAPR reduction and
analyzes various parameters which effects the performance
of OFDM such as power spectral density, the crest factor and
BER. Channel coding part is framed of three steps
randomization, Forward Error Correction (FEC) and
interleaving. In clipping, certain threshold limits the
amplitude of time domain samples. Without filtering, clipping
causes out-of-band radiation. The paper analyzes the out band
radiation value (at 2.395 GHz) and PAPR reduction with respect
to clipping threshold value. This scheme is preferred because
of its lower complexity and hence would be cheaper to
implement than conventional reduction techniques.
Experimental results prove that the clipping method reduced
PAPR significantly as the number of clip and filtering level is
increased.
Enhancing Wireless Communication using Software-Defined Radio Architecture Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract – Software-Defined Radio (SDR) is a rapidly evolving technology that is receiving enormous recognition and generating widespread interest in the telecommunication industry. It facilitates implementation of the physical and link layer protocols-in effect entire wireless system,-in software. A side effect of the rapid growth of wireless system technology in the recent past is an excess of wireless system standards. Therefore the SDR concept is emerging as a pragmatic solution. It aims to build flexible radio systems which are multiple-Defined Radio architectures as a prototyping, tool for wireless baseband signal processor implementations is explored. Signal processing implementations is explored. Signal processing architectures and algorithms for the physical layer of IEEE 802.11g- the latest release from the popular IEEE family of wireless standards-is developed and simulated in Matlab and Simulink. The integrity of the developed model is verified by measurement of the constellation versus signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error Rate (BER) versus SNR graph, which are reported. The IEEE 802.11g PHY model is then translated to software (C++) with the aid of Real-Time workshop software tool. The generated codes can then be targeted on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or other programmable hardware modules.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Implementation of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring Receiver
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 6, Issue 4(May. - Jun. 2013), PP 19-23
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Implementation of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital
Monitoring Receiver
K Sridhar reddy, M.Tech(ES)1
, Satish Kumar V, M.Tech(DE&CS)2
, K Satish
Reddy, MS(ECE)3
, Shaik Basha, M.Tech(DE&CS)4
.
(1.Associate professor in Vardhaman College of Engg., Hyderabad)
(2.Assistant Professor in Vignan's Institute of Tech. and Aeronautical Engg., Hyderabad)
(3.Associate professor in Vardhaman College of Engg., Hyderabad)
(4.Associate professor in Vardhaman College of Engg., Hyderabad).
Abstract: Monitoring Receivers form an important constituent of the Electronic support. In Monitoring
Receiver we can monitor, demodulate or scan the multiple channels.
In this project, the Implementation of algorithm for multi channel digital monitoring receiver. The
implementation will carry out the channelization by the way of Digital down Converters (DDCs) and Digital
Base band Demodulation. The Intermediate Frequency (IF) at 10.7 MHz will be digitalized using Analog to
Digital Converter (ADC) with sampling frequency 52.5 MHz and further converted to Base band using DDCs.
Virtually all the digital receivers perform channel access using a DDC. The Base band data will be streamed to
the appropriate demodulators. Matlab Simulink will be used to simulate the logic modules before the
implementation. This system will be prototyped on an FPGA based COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf)
development board. Xilinx System Generator will be used for the implementation of the algorithms.
Keywords: DDC, ADC, Digital Base band demodulation, IF, Monitoring Receiver.
I. Introduction
The emergence of a promising, versatile technology into the commercial world seems to set the entire
communication industry into pure excitement. Not only has it definitely become a major focus of attention but it
is also catalyzing enhancement of new standards as the industry is taking its big steps towards the age of “fifth
generation” 5G communication. In general this project mainly serves two critical goals. Firstly, there was an
interest in the area of development of a radio system based on utilization of programmable processing to enable
the emulation of different military radio signals operating within a wide range of frequency. The other goal was
targeted at creating the possibility of allowing future incorporation of new coding and demodulation standards in
radio systems with advancement of new technologies. Various standardizations have been proposed to bring the
radio frequency to the intermediate frequency at which the signal processing is easy and down converted to
base-band signal. The base-band data is routed to the different analog demodulation schemes.
Monitoring Receiver forms an important constituent of Electronic Support (ES).
II. Software Defined Radio
Software-Defined Radio (SDR) is a rapidly evolving technology that is receiving enormous recognition
and generating widespread interest in the telecommunication industry. Over the last few years, analog radio
systems are being widely used for various radio applications in military, civilian and commercial spaces. In
addition to this, programmable hardware modules are increasingly being used in analog radio systems at
different functional levels. SDR technology aims to take advantage of these programmable hardware modules to
build open architecture based radio system software. SDR technology facilitates implementation of some of the
functional modules in a radio system such as modulation/demodulation, signal generation. This helps in building
reconfigurable software radio systems where dynamic selection of parameters for each of the above-mentioned
functional modules is possible. The main aim is to develop a model of Software defined Radio using
SIMULINK tool. Software Defined Radio is a radio communications transceiver system in which all the typical
components of a communication system such as mixers, modulators, demodulators, detectors are implemented
through software rather than hardware.
The Objectives and goals of SDR are stated as follows:
To develop a model of a Software Defined Radio which support the IEEE 802.11 a standard and
Bluetooth standard using the SIMULINK tool.
To implement all the main protocol stacks for WLAN and Bluetooth Protocols and verify their
functionality.
To implement point to point communication and data transfer for the Bluetooth standard.
2. Implementation Of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring Receiver
www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
Fig:1. SDR Receiver
RF and IF Section : The RF section consists of essentially analog hardware modules while IF and base
band sections contain hardware modules. The RF section is also called as RF front-end.
The RF section is responsible for transmitting/receiving the radiofrequency (RF) signal from the
antenna via a coupler and converting the RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The RF front-end
on the receive path performs RF amplification and analog down conversion from RF to IF. On the transmit path,
RF front-end performs analog up conversion and RF power amplification.
ADC: The ADC blocks perform analog-to-digital conversion (on receive path) conversion. ADC
blocks interface between the analog and digital sections of the radio system. DDC blocks perform digital-down
conversion (on receive path).
DDC : The DDC/DUC and base band processing operations require large computing power and these
modules are generally implemented using ASICs or stock DSPs. Implementation of the digital sections using
ASICs results in fixed-function digital radio systems.
If DSPs are used for base band processing, a programmable digital radio (PDR) system can be realized.
In other words, in a PDR system base band operations and link layer protocols are implemented in software.
The DDC functionality in a PDR system is implemented using ASICs. The limitation of this system is
that any change made to the RF section of the system will impact the DDC operations and will require non-
trivial changes to be made in DDC ASICs.
Base Band Processing:The base band section performs base band operations such as connection setup,
equalization, frequency hopping, timing recovery; correlation and also implements the various demodulation
schemes in order to recover the original signal which has been transmitted.
III. Proposed System
The system proposed can be simulated in two different approaches and the results of both the
approaches at last point out the same outputs but according vary only in terms of the representation of the blocks
which are used. The two approaches are
1. Using MATLAB Simulink Block Sets
2. Using MATLAB Simulink Xilinx Block Sets.
The systematic approach of both the methods will be discussed for the below mentioned block diagram.
Fig:2. Block Diagram of proposed for Multi-channel Monitoring Receiver, Fig: 3 DDC of Single Channel
RF: This block mainly receives the signal from the antenna which ranges from 20-3000MHz of
frequency and the bandwidth of the signal varies according to the signal type which is transmitted from the
transmitter and received by the receiver.
Example: For FM, BW is 150 KHz.
The RF range is very high where the processing of the signal is difficult so it brought down to a
frequency range known as “intermediate frequency (IF)” which is about 10.7 MHz. In simulation process, IF is
directly taken as the input.
ADC: In MATLAB Simulink, this block is available as “Quantizer”. The quantizer in this system
proposed behaves as an analog to digital convertor. The symbol and its parameter setting play a vital role for it
to be working like an ADC. In this ADC used will be 14 bit. Out of 14 bits 13 bits are used as the binary digits
and rest 1 bit is used as either signed or unsigned bit.
Antenna
RF Front –End ADC DDC
Base band
Processing
3. Implementation Of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring Receiver
www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
Digital Down Conveter(DDC): In the MATLAB SIMULINK, DDC is implemented using the product
blocks whose output is given to the filter and with the help of downsampler the sample time is reduced to the
desired range from 52.5MHz.The output of the DDC will be two components.They are
In phase component (I)
Quadrature phase component (Q).
The in phase component is obtained when same signals are multiplied with each other and quadrature
phase component occurs when different signals are product with each other.DDC is mainly used for down
converting the sample time from higher frequency to lower range where the processing is easy.
Band-Pass Filter (BPF): A Band-Pass Filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects
(attenuates) frequencies outside that range. Band-pass is an adjective that describes a type of filter or filtering
process. It is frequently confused with pass band, which refers to the actual portion of affected spectrum.
A band-pass signal is a signal containing a band of frequencies away from zero frequency, such as a signal that
comes out of a band-pass filter. An example of an analogue electronic band-pass filter is an RLC circuit . These
filters can also be created by combining a low-pass filter with a high-pass filter.
IV. Implementation Of DDC
This is the implementation of the digital down covertor using matlab simulink. Here,the input to two
product multipliers are given two inputs one is the output of the ADC and other is sine and cosine signals to get
the outputs I and Q components.The sample time through out the process must be same for any implementation
in MATLAB.Here before it is down sampled to the sample frequency of 52.5MHz and after the down sampled
the sample time is down converted to 300KHz where the signal processing is very easy.
The process how the DDC of down sample factor 175 is obtained is represented as in the below. The
down sample factor 175 is multiplied using three factors 5,7,5 with filter at each stage.
Fig:5. AM Demodulator algorithm.
Fig:4. DDC with different stages to form a down sample factor
of 175.
Fig:7. FM Mixed Dem odualtor Algorithm.
Fig:6.Implementation of Multi-channel Monitoring Receiver
The total implementation of the proposed system is represented further. As the signal which is received
may be either AM or FM signals with the different carrier frequencies and have a sampling frequency of
4. Implementation Of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring Receiver
www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
52.5MHz where the signal processing is difficult so it is down sampled with a factor of 175 so the sampling
frequency reduces to 300KHz of inphase and quadrature phase components which are given to the AM and FM
analog demodulator schemes. The demodulator schemes are implemented using the below two demodulator
techniques of AM and FM in practical as they differ from other schemes .
Based upon the output of DDC the inphase and quadrature phase components are given as the input to
AM and FM demodulator.The output of the AM and FM are given to the switch with either high (1) or low (0)
selection value to kown the desired signal.
V. Results
The output of the DDC depending upon the signal transmitted can be seen in spectrum scope which
gives the frequency domain analysis of the signal where as the scope gives the time domain analysis of the
signal.
Fig:8. Frequency domain analysis of Inphase and Fig:9.Time domain analysis of Quadrature component
Quadarture phase of DDC
Fig:10.Time domain analysis of Inphase component of DDC
The results of the DDC will have the low sampling time of around 300KHz as the transmitted signal
will have the high frequency of 52.5MHz, where the signal can’t be processed and the recovery of the orignial
signal which is transmitted.
At the 52.5MHz the signal cannot be analised so it is down converted to 300KHz using a
down sampler factor of 175. Based upon the signal received from the antenna which is transmitted
from transmitter which has a high sampling frequency of 52.5MHz which is down sampled to 300KHz with the
help of DDC. Based upon the number of channels of different frequencies which are transmitted from
transmitter which may be either AM or FM signals which are recovered after the DDC which may be having
multiple DDC’s whose outputs are inphase and quadrature phase components which are given to the suitable
analog demodualtor techniques to recover the original signal which is transmitted.As the system which is
proposed has been designed for receiver and recover of the signal which may be either AM or FM. The signal
received by the antenna may be detected with the help of the switch and the signal of the desired is obtained
from multiple signals of multi channels.
Fig:11. Frequency analysis of recovery of original
7KHz signal Fig:12. Time domain analysis of AM 7KHz signal
The above results implemented for the AM signal received by the receiver antenna for various carrier
frequencies of 8,9,10,11MHz of sampling frequency 52.5MHz and using the DDC algorithm.The original signal
5. Implementation Of Algorithms For Multi-Channel Digital Monitoring Receiver
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has been recovered with the same carrier frequencies of the signal i.e.8,9,10,11MHz of sampling frequency
300KHz.The results are represented below with frequency and time domain analysis.
VI. Conclusion
Finally we conclude that “IMPLEMENATTION OF ALGORITHMS FOR DIGITAL MONITORING
RECEIVER” has an emerging application in the Military applications in determining the modern battle scenario
protecting one’s own forces from attack; deny information to the enemy and intercepting and disrupting an
enemy’s voice communication and data links.
The “IMPLEMENATTION OF ALGORITHMS FOR DIGITAL MONITORING RECEIVER” has
been implemented using DDC’S for multi channels and the demodulation techniques used are only analog. As
the now-a-days technology is tending towards digital techniques, we can implement this proposed system for
digital demodulation techniques such as PSK, FSK, QPSK, ASK etc.
This proposed system may be of audio or data format and the signal processing and analysis of the
signal can be extended to digital techniques too. The above proposed system can also be implement in Xilinx
Block sets.
References
[1] http://www.sdrforum.org/faq.html
[2] http://www.xilinx.com/products/virtex4/overview/performance.htm.
[3] http://www.xilinx.com/xlnx/xil prodcatproduct.jsp?title=v2p_powerpc
[4] Virtex-4 Configuration Guide, Xilinx Inc, p. 81, 2004,http://direct.xilinx.com/bvdocs/userguides/ug071.pdf
[5] http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/isy/2003/3448/exjobb.pdf
[6] Murty, Ravi. (n.d.). Software-Defined Reconfigurable Radios: Smart, Agile, Cognitive, and Interoperable. Technology@Intel
[7] Magazine. Retrieved on November 3, 2004, from http://www.intel.com/update/contents/wi07031.htm
[8] Herbrig, H., Lundheim, L., Rossing, N. K., “SORT SW-Radio - From Concept towards Demonstration”, Proceedings of the ACTS
Mobile Communications Summit 1999.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
I Satish Kumar V, graduated from the Department of ECE in Joginpally B.R. Engg.
college during 2008 at Hyderabad, M.TECH(DECS) from Sri Indu College of Engineering.
& Technology and published two International conferences and National Conference and
interested Research in Image Processing and communication.
I Sridhar Reddy K, graduated from the Department of ECE in Farah College of Engg. &Tech
in 2005 at Hyderabad, M.TECH(EMBEDDED SYSTEMS) from CMR College of Engineering
&Technology and published two international Conference and interested Research in
communication.
I K Satish Reddy graduated from the Department of ECE in JNTU, Hyderabad in 2001,
MS(ECE) in USA and published one Naational Conference and interested in communication.
I Shaik Basha graduated from the Department of ECE in JNTU, Hyderabad in 2005,
M.TECH(DECS) in JNTU, Kakinada and published two National Conferences and interested in
Image processing and communication.