The document discusses the solubility of solutions and factors that affect solubility. It states that solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent. The key factors are the nature of the solute and solvent, with like dissolving like (polar in polar, nonpolar in nonpolar). Temperature also affects solubility, with most solutes being more soluble in hotter solvents. Pressure only affects the solubility of gases in liquids. Examples demonstrate sugar dissolving well in water, wax not dissolving in water, and salt dissolving via ion-dipole interactions with water's polar molecules.

2. • The SOLUBILITY of
a solution is the
maximum quantity
of solute that can be
dissolved in a
certain quantity of
solvent.

3. •There are several
factors that can
effect the solubility
of a solute in a
solvent.

4. (a) Nature of Solute
and Solvent:
The phrase “like
dissolves like” is used
to summarize
how well a solute will
dissolve in a solvent.

5. - Polar solvents
generally dissolve
polar solutes
very well.
- Nonpolar solvents
generally dissolve
nonpolar
solutes very well.

6. However, polar solvents
do not dissolve
nonpolar solutes
very well and nonpolar
solvents do not
dissolve polar solutes
very well.

7. Factors That Affect Solubility
• Water is a VERY polar solvent.
• Small alcohols are SOMEWHAT polar solvents.
(the fewer carbon atoms the more polar the alcohol)
+
_
O
HH




_
+
H―C―OH
H
――
H
+ _ H―C―C―C―H
H
――
OH
―
――
―
HH
H H
+
_

8. Factors That Affect Solubility
• large alcohols are SOMEWHAT nonpolar solvents.
(the more carbon atoms the more nonpolar the alcohol)
• Hydrocarbons are VERY nonpolar solvents.
+ _H―C―C―C―C―C―OH
H――
H
―
――
―
HH
H H
H
HH
H
――
――H―C―C―C―C―C―C―H
H
――
H
―
――
―
HH
H H
H
HH
H
――
――
――
H
H

9. + - - +
- + + -
+ - - +
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

10. + - - +
- + + -
+ -
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

11. + - - +
- +
+ -
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

12. + -
- +
• Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

13. • Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water.
• LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!
Factors That Affect Solubility

14. • Trying to dissolving WAX (a nonpolar solute) in water.
• Nonpolar wax does NOT dissolve in polar water!
Factors That Affect Solubility

15. 
 
 
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

16. 
 

 
• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

17. 
 



• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

18. 
 



• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

19. 
 



• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

20. 






• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
Factors That Affect Solubility

21. 






• Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water.
• LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!
• All ionic solids are classified as polar solutes!
Factors That Affect Solubility

22. Factors That Affect Solubility
(b) Temperature:
The higher the temperature of the solvent the greater
the solubility of the solute.
Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve less in hotter
liquid solvents than in colder liquid solvents
(c) Pressure:
Pressure does not effect the solubility of most solutes
in a solvent.
Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve more in liquid
solvents at higher pressures than at lower pressures.

23. Factors That Affect Solubility
Ex.1) If water is a polar molecule and if gasoline does not
dissolve in water, then what can be concluded about
the molecular structure of the gasoline molecules?
__________________________________________
Ex.2) ___________ has little or no effect on the solubility of
solids solutes in liquid solvents.
Ex.3) The solubility of a gas in a liquid (increases,decreases,
remains the same) ____________________ as the
temperature of a liquid increases.
Ex.4) The solubility of a gas in a liquid (increases, decreases,
remains the same) ____________________ with a
increase in pressure.
Pressure
decreases
increases
gasoline molecules must be nonpolar molecules

24. Factors That Affect Solubility
Ex.5) As the temperature of a liquid increases, the solubility
of most solids in the liquid will
(1) increase (2) decrease (3) remain the same
Ex.6) The process by which ionic solutes are surrounded by
water molecules is called
(1) polymerization (3) distillation
(2) hydration (4) ionization
Ex.7) The reason why many salts dissolve in water is that
water
(1) consists of polar molecules
(2) contains ionic bonds
(3) has a linear structure
(4) contains two hydrogen atoms

25. Factors That Affect Solubility
Ex.8) Oxygen gas is most soluble in water under conditions
of
(1) low temperature and low pressure
(2) high temperature and high pressure
(3) low temperature and high pressure
(4) high temperature and low pressure
Ex.9) When table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, the forces
of attraction formed between the solute particles and
the water are called
(1) London-dispersion forces (3) hydrogen bonding
(2) Dipole-dipole forces (4) ion-dipole forces

27. Prepared by :
JINALYN C. CASISIEMPRE
BEED-1-3 DAY